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Background and Aim: Induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is associated with an overexpression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and exacerbation of clinical symptoms. This study aimed to investigate the effect of physical activity on the gene expression of IDO1 and arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) in the cerebellum of the mice with EAE. Materials and Methods: 30 C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into three groups of 10: healthy control, EAE control, and physical activity in the enriched environment. Mice were placed in an enriched environment after induction of EAE with MOG35-55 for 4 weeks and then the cerebellum tissue was dissected and the expression of IDO1 and AANAT genes were measured by real time-PCR method in all three groups. Analysis of variance test was used for data analysis at a significance level of less than 0.05. Results: The group with physical activity in an enriched environment showed significant reduction in the gene expression of IDO1 (P = 0.02) and AANAT (P = 0.04) genes, and also significantly reduced the clinical score (P = 0.001) compared to the EAE group. Conclusion: Changing the environment and lifestyle in the enriched environment can prevent the progression of the autoimmune diseases such as MS, through downregulation of the expression of the IDO1 and AANAT genes.

Abstract Background Skeletal muscle contractions due to exercise lead to the secretion of many proteins and proteoglycan peptides called myokines. Myostatin (MSTN) and Myogenin (MyoG) are two of the most important skeletal muscle growth regulatory factors related to myoblast differentiation and muscle hypertrophy. The present study aims at investigating the effects over eight weeks of high-intensity circuit training (HICT) on serum MyoG and MSTN in male soccer players. Method The present study is a quasi-experimental study on 21 male soccer players (Experimental group: n = 11, Control group: n = 10) (ages 15.0 ± 3.4 years, body mass 55.7 ± 7.8 kg, height 173.3 ± 8.0 cm, Body mass index 18.4 ± 1.9 kg m−2, maximum oxygen uptake 61.89 ± 3.01 ml kg−1 and the peak height velocity 14.5 ± 0.3 years). Participants were randomly divided into two groups: training group and a control group. The first resting blood samples were obtained in the morning-fasting state, and the second blood samples were obtained after the maximum aerobic test at pre- and post-HICT. Results There were non-significant differences in resting serum values of MyoG (p = 0.309, p > 0.05) but significant differences in resting serum values of MSTN between the training and control groups after eight weeks of HICT (p = 0.003, p

Background and Purpose: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with decreases in neurons in several important areas for memory and learning in the brain, especially in the hippocampus. AD is a progressive brain disorder that causes gradual loss of memory, impaired learning ability, and connection problems with other people. Researchers have found that people with diabetes are 1.5 times more likely to develop AD. And suggests that Alzheimer's disease may indicate a specific type of diabetes in brain. Although this issue needs more research. Astrocytes are one of the most abundant types of glial cells that change and become hypertrophy in response to any damage to the central nervous system (CNS). An important feature of the glial reaction is the increased synthesis of GFAP protein, which is a protein that mediates cytoskeletal fibers and is the main determinant of the reactivation of astrocytes and cell damage. This phenomenon is known as the astrogliosis reaction and is one of the most common injuries in type 3 diabetes and AD. White matter changes in the hippocampus are one of the best biomarkers for recognizing the progression of Alzheimer's disease.Materials and Methods: Twenty-five rats were randomly divided into five groups: 1-type 3 diabetes group (DM III), 2-healthy control group (Control), 3-type 3 diabetes and involuntary training (DM III + HIIT), 4-type 3 diabetes and voluntary activities in an enriched environment group (DM III + RE), and 5-the sham group (Sham). The activity method of the rats in the involuntary training group was performed as high intensity interval training and in accordance with the test of maximum training capacity by Wang et al. The rats of the voluntary training group were placed in the enriched environment for five days a week for two hours a day and simultaneously with the activity of the involuntary training group. GFAP was measured by DAB immunohistochemical method. Morris water maze test was used to evaluate spatial learning and memory of animals. Shapero-Wilk test was used to measure the normal distribution of data. One-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc test with a significance level of 5% was used to analyze the data. Statistical calculations were performed by GraphPad Prism software version 8, SPSS version 21, and Microsoft Excel software version 2010.Results: The present study results showed that the type-3 diabetes control group had the highest amount of GFAP expression. This difference with all the research groups was statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05). The voluntary exercise group in the enriched environment and the involuntary exercise group had significantly lower GFAP than the type-3 diabetes control group. The voluntary exercise group had a lower GFAP expression percentage (23.67%) than the involuntary training group (26.01%). However, the difference between these two training groups was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The Morris water maze test showed that the healthy control and sham groups spent more significant time in the target area and this difference was statistically significant only with the type-3 diabetes group (P ≤ 0.05). Both exercise groups spent more time in the target area than the type-3 diabetic group, but this difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The voluntary exercise group spent more time in the target area and this group performed better in remembering information and spatial memory than the involuntary exercise group. Still, this difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05).Conclusion: Voluntary group activities in an enriched environment may have greater effects in reducing GFAP in the hippocampus white tissue of the diabetic type 3 rats. However, involuntary high-intensity interval training was also able to reduce the astrogliosis reaction compared to the diabetic type 3 control group. The voluntary exercise group in the enriched environment performed better in the Morris water maze test than the involuntary exercise group so the time spent in the target area quadrant by them was higher than the involuntary high-intensity exercise group.

Purpose: Myocardial infarction (MI) is the irreversible cell death by ischemia in parts of myocardium. The molecular process of increased capillary density in response to activity and its appropriate intensity is not clear yet. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the effect of 6-week high intensity interval training on expressions of MMP-9, eNOS and the ratio of VEGF to COL-18 genes on rats with myocardial infarction. Methods: 12 Wistar male rats of 10 weeks old and mean weight 250-300gr were allocated to two groups of experimental (60 minutes of interval treadmill running for 4 minutes with the intensity of 85-90 percent of VO2max and 2 minutes of active rest at 50-60 percent of VO2max for 4 days a week for 6 weeks) and control group (without any training). Real-time PCR was used to assess the expression of MMP-9, eNOS VEGF and COL-18 genes after inducing MI, and shortening fractional and ejection fraction were investigated as echocardiographic indices. Data were analyzed in SPSS18 using independent t test (P≤ 0.05). Results: The findings showed that the amount of MMP-9 in HIIT (3.541 mg/ml) is significantly much more than the control group (1.002 mg/ml) (P=0.012) and the amount of eNOS in HIIT group (4.23 mg/ml) was also significantly much more than control group (3.68 mg/ml) (P=0.014) but there was no significant increase in the VEGF/COL-18 ratio in the HIIT group (1.856 mg/ml) as compared with the control group (1.245 mg/ml) (P=0.263). Conclusion: In general, 6 weeks of high intensity interval training can effectively increase MMP-9, eNOS and the ratio of VEGF to COL-18 genes and improve myocardial function in male Wistar rats after MI.

Background and Objectives: One of the major problems during aging is sarcopenia, which one of its important involved mechanisms is loss of motor neurons. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of age with the expression of denervation marker in the neuromuscular junction of male Wistar rats. Methods: In this study, 7 young adult male rats of 4 to 6 months of age and 7 old male rats of 24 to 26 months of age, were tested. after a two-week familiarization period, the soleus and plantaris muscles of the rats were removed, embedded, and subjected to immunohistochemically staining to determine the neuromuscular junction site and neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) expression rate. The results were analyzed by analysis of variance at the significant level of p ≤ 0.01. Results: The results showed that the expression of NCAM was significantly higher in the aged group compared to the young adult group, and in both groups, the expression rate of this protein in the fast plantaris muscle was more than slow soleus muscle. Conclusion: With age, the peripheral nerve degradation process occurs in both slow contraction muscles and fast contraction muscles, but the severity of this denervation is higher in the fast contraction muscles compared to the slow contraction muscles.

Background and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 6 sessions of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on fat oxidation, VO2max and body fat percentage in sedentary overweight young males. Materials and Methods: Overall, 16 inactive young males voluntarily participated in this study and were randomly divided to 2 Groups: Group A (HIIT-1) and Group B (HIIT-2). Two groups performed 3 HIIT sessions per week for 2 weeks. Group A (4 × 1 min /4 min R) and Group B (4×30s /2 min R) performed maximal sprint running within a 20 m area. Respiratory gas was collected 24 hours before and after the exercise protocol in a fasting state. Independent t test and paired t test were applied using the SPSS-18 software to analyze the data. Results: Statistical analysis showed that 6 sessions of HIIT led to an increase of 43% of fatty oxidation in Group A during the exercise test; these changes were significant compared to Group B (P

Background: Amylin is a polypeptide hormone prevents weight gain and obesity by loss of appetite. Therefore, the purpose of this study was the effect of eight weeks high-fat diet with endurance training on body weight and plasma levels of amylin in male wistar rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 24 young male Wistar rats were divided into three groups (n=8) includes control (C), high fat diet + training (ET+HFD) and high fat diet (HFD) groups in age range 50 to 60 days and average weight 160±10 g. The (ET+HFD) group rats run on treadmill without slope by 5 day/week, per session 20-63 min, 15-30 m/min velocity for eight weeks and they used a high fat diet. The control group used for initial sampling and high fat diet (HFD) group no train. High fat diet was included 60% fat, 24% CHO and 16% protein available two groups; C and ET. Blood sampling was conducted after latest training session with 12h fasting. The amylin concentration was measured by Cusabio Biotech elisa kit. The collected data were analyzed using the ANOVA and Tukey Post-Hoc tests (P

Objective(s):Consumption of high-fat foods is one of the major causes of obesity. Physical exercise is a strategy used to counteract obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks endurance training and high-fat diet (HFD) on appetite-regulating hormones in rat plasma. Materials and Methods:Twenty eight male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control group with standard diet (CSD), endurance training with a standard diet (ESD), control group with high-fat diet (CHFD) and endurance training with high-fat diet (EHFD). Twenty-four hr after the last training session, the blood samples were obtained and analyzed for hormones levels. Results: The significant increased weight gain and food intake and decreased plasma nesfatin-1 and PYY3-36 levels were observed in CHFD group, while exercise under the HFD antagonized these effects. There were no significant changes in ghrelin, insulin and leptin levels in different groups. Conclusion: These results suggest that exercise can prevent fattening effect of HFD. Probably, performing exercise makes a reduction of food intake and weight gain in rat via the increase in nesfatin-1 and PYY levels. However, further studies are necessary to understand the exact mechanisms involved in this field.

Introduction: high intensity interval training (HIIT) enhances capacity for fat oxidation and mitochondrial enzyme activity, but the effect of HIIT on plasma adiponectin levels is not yet clear. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of six weeks HIIT on resting plasma levels of adiponectin, insulin sensitivity and resistance and fat loss in sedentary young women. Material and Methods: Twenty tow students voluntarily participated in this study and the randomly divided into two groups: Experimental and Control groups. Experimental group performed three HIIE sessions per week for 6 weeks. Each session consisted of either four to six repeats of maximal sprint running within a 20 m area with 20–30 s recovery. Fasting blood samples were collected 24 hours before and after exercise protocol. Data were analyzed by dependent t test and paired t test. Results: Statistical analysis data showed, resting adiponectin levels post-intervention in the experimental group had significantly increased (p=0.047). Significant improvements (P

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of whole body vibration training (WBVT) and creatine (Cr) supplementation on lower extremity performance and balance in elderly males. Methods & Materials: In this semi-experimental study, twenty two eligible males from the members of an elderly daycare center with more than 60 years of age were enrolled and were divided into three groups randomly, WBVT+Cr(n=7), WBVT+Pgroup (n=7), and control group (n=8). In WBVT+Cr and WBVT+P groups exercises were performed on the whole body vibration device for 10 days with 30-35 Hz intensity and 5 mm amplitude. The WBVT+Cr group consumed 20g/day Crsupplement for the first 5 days followed by 5g/days for the next 5 days of protocol. The WBVT+P group consumed dexterous. The control group neither did any exercise nor consumed any supplement during the protocol. Static balance by standing time on one leg, dynamic balance by TUG test and lower extremity performance by 30-meter walking test, sit and stand test and tandem gait test weremeasured. Paired sample t-test and one way ANOVAwere used for data analysis (α=0.05). Results: Our results showed that dynamic balance, lower body performance in 30- meter walking and tandem gait improved in experimental groups. However, ANOVA did not show any significant increase in static balance (P=0.514), dynamic balance (P=0.153), lower body performance in 30-meter walking test (P=0.339), sit and stand test (P=0.578) and tandem gait (P=0.151). Conclusion: In conclusion, it seems that WBVT plus Cr supplementation improves some of the motor fitness factors in elderly males during a short time.

The main purpose of this research is to study the effect of caffeine consumption on the non-aerobic power, the fatigue index and the blood lactate levels in the male athlete students. Therefore, 16 individuals with the average weight (68/1 ± 9/1kg), height (1/73±7cm), and age (24±2 years) were selected based on the simple-randomized method from among volunteer participants, and they were divided as match pairs, based on pre-examined fatigue index, into the two groups of caffeine (n=8) and placebo (n=8). Subjects were asked to refrain from having any intensive physical activity 24 hours before the test starts and avoid eating or drinking any caffeine foods or drinks 48 hours before the test. The primary RAST test (pre-test) was performed at least 4 hours after having a meal, and then the individuals blood lactate levels was measured after 6 minutes of the test. The secondary RAST test was done after a week exactly like the first session. The subjects continued caffeine consumption as usual and interrupt it 48 hours prior to the next test. In post-test, the subjects took 6mg caffeine or placebo in the form of gelatin capsules per one kilogram of their weight one hour prior to the test. The analysis of the result, with applying the statistical t-test method (p=0.05) to the dependent and independent groups, showed that consumption of caffeine has a significant positive effect on average power; minimum power and fatigue index, while it does not have any significant effect on maximum power and the amount of blood lactate. It seems that caffeine consumption is effective in the recovery of fast short-term shuttle activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]