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Abstract Background Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) between antiretroviral therapy (ART) and commonly used co-medications in HIV patients, especially women, impact treatment efficacy and patient safety. Objective This study aimed to study the prevalence and types of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) between antiretroviral therapy drugs (ARTs) and comedications among a female population with HIV. Additionally, the study investigates the association of these DDIs with ART medication changes and treatment adherence. Methods This cross-sectional study included 632 adult women living with HIV (WLHIV). Data was retrospectively extracted from patient files. Drug.com interaction checker website was used to assess DDIs between ART and non-ART medications. Changes to the ART regimen previously attributed to ART side effects or patient non-adherence were considered drug changes. Results A total of 429 WLHIV (mean age: 44.05 ± 9.50) were eligible. The prevalence of DDIs between ART and non-ART medications was 21.4%, with 4.7% minor, 18.4% moderate, and 8.9% major interactions. The highest prevalence of DDI was among cardiovascular medication users (71.7%), followed by central nervous system drugs (69.2%). Changing medications resulted in a decrease in DDIs, with significant reductions in total and minor interactions. Participants without DDIs had better adherence to ART. DDI between ART and non-ART medications was significantly associated with ART drug change, even after accounting for side effects attributed to ARTs, indicating an independent twofold association (OR = 1.99, CI 1.04–3.77). Moreover, further adjustments for HIV viral load and CD4 + cell count did not change the significance of the association (OR = 2.01, CI 1.03–3.92). Conclusion DDIs in WLHIV impact adherence to ART. Altering ART may not be directly related to ART side effects, but rather primarily due to interactions with non-ART medications. Modifying non-ART drug regimens can reduce the likelihood of DDIs.

Background: There are some debates about the possible unintended effects of genetically modified (GM) crops on consumer health. The gut microbiota plays an important role in maintaining the health of the host, especially in gastrointestinal diseases. The current review focuses on the studies with the aim of evaluating whether their outcomes indicate any adverse effects of feeding genetically modified (GM) crops on alteration and the count of gut microbiota.Methods: A structured literature search was performed independently by three authors on Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Embase on the 1st of July 2019. In total, 333 publications were obtained by the search strategy, which decreased to 306 after excluding the duplicates. Furthermore, experimental studies that have designed a control group and were written in English were included in the review. After reviewing the full texts, 16 studies were included. To access the quality of articles, we used the Cochrane checklist.Results: Ten publications (62.5%) used 50% or more genetically modified (GM) diet in the treatment group. In 11 studies (68.7%), the duration of animal feeding was 90 days or more. There were no significant differences in the experimental and control groups of both male and female rats on the 90th day; it can be concluded that non-genetically modified (GM) and genetically modified (GM) rice diets did not cause any changes in the gut bacteria. Data analysis of different animal models showed that the most changes in the microbial flora were observed in the chicken and the least in the rat. In the studies in this review, all microbial isolates were anaerobic, and the Lactobacillus and Enterococcus families were common organisms.Conclusion: Based on our literature review, we claim that there is not any significant difference in gut microbiota between the control group and the group with a transgenic diet. The mechanisms of the effects of genetically modified (GM) foods on the gut microbiota in animals should be explicated in future studies. Nevertheless, this study provides valuable information for research on genetically modified (GM) foods and whether they are useful or detrimental to human health.

Abstract Introduction Toxoplasma gondii infection is considered as one of the most important opportunistic infections and cause of death in HIV patients. Methods In this cross‐sectional study, 334 HIV positive patients were included. The molecular test was performed by the restriction fragment length polymorphism–polymerase chain reaction method. Allelic frequency, haplotype analyses, and linkage disequilibrium were calculated. The odds ratio was calculated. The linear regression model was used to analysis of interleukin (IL)‐17A, IL‐17F, and IL‐6 single‐nucleotide polymorphism genotypes in HIV patients with and without toxoplasmosis. Results In total, 95 tested'patients (28.4%) were positive for toxoplasmosis. The risk of toxoplasma infection in the current study did not correlate with IL‐17 and IL‐6 polymorphism and the risk of contracting toxoplasma was also not significantly correlated in this study. There was no association between the frequency of alleles and the risk of toxoplasma infection in IL‐17 haplotype analysis. Conclusion The findings of this study revealed that there were significant differences in the serum levels of IL‐6 and IL‐17A, but not IL‐17F, between the case and control groups in various genetic models. However, these polymorphisms did not show a significant relationship with toxoplasma infection in HIV‐positive patients. This study represents the first investigation in Iran to explore the role of IL‐6 and IL‐17 polymorphisms in toxoplasma infection among HIV‐positive patients.

Abstract Background Job satisfaction is the persons’ feeling about their job and if personnel have not good feel to his work, can destroy all plans, intentionally or unintentionally. The present research aims to investigate and compare job satisfaction in the employees and therapists of Voluntary, Counseling and Testing Centers versus Health centers in 9 provinces of Iran. Methods All employees of Voluntary, Counseling and Testing Centers were included from Fars, Bushehr, Tehran, Isfahan, South Khorasan, Kurdistan, Kermanshah, Kerman, and Yazd provinces as case group and 103 staffs of similar Health centers selected with the same ratio as the staffs of Voluntary, Counseling and Testing Centers as control samples and answered to Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ). Results 50.5% of Health centers employees and 54% of Voluntary, Counseling and Testing Centers employees had high job satisfaction. The highest satisfaction levels were reported in Fars and Kurdistan provinces and the lowest satisfaction levels were reported in Kermanshah and Bushehr. Conclusion According to the findings, in the Iranian treatment centers, the employees’ satisfaction were at the same level regardless of their position and workplace. Also, the eastern and western regions of the country reported higher satisfaction score than the southern and central regions.

Abstract Background People with HIV have always faced stigma and discrimination. Given the numerous papers that have addressed the psychological and social risk factors in spreading HIV, a pressing question is whether individuals’ mere careless and behavioural flaws can still account for the spread of HIV. Barriers and opposing politic made a hard position for HIV and sex education in Iran. Methods The present study investigated the causes of contracting HIV/AIDS from the perspective of HIV-infected patients. To accomplish this, 150 patients referring to the voluntary counseling and testing Center, Shiraz were convenient selected based on the convenient sampling method and responded to a researcher-made questionnaire From June to August 2019. The data were analyzed through descriptive statistics (mean, SD, frequency tables) and inferential statistics (chi-square). Results Results revealed that the main cause of HIV infection amongst males was the injection of narcotics, and in the females it was sexual intercourse with an infected individual. Meanwhile, 57% of the females and 66% of the males blamed themselves for contracting and transmitting the disease. The patients stated that if they could return to pre-infection period, they would use one of the following ways to prevent the disease: (a) they would pay attention to hygienic/sanitary principles; (b) they would not get married; and (c) they would prevent drug addiction. Also only 44% of the individuals had successful siblings (those who were neither addicts nor HIV/AIDS-infected individuals), which was an observation that emphasizes on the epidemic of high-risk behaviors in the patients’ families. Conclusions According to participants' statements collected in our study, weakness in governmental public health education, along with family-related and individual factors, are important causes of HIV spread

Abstract Background Choosing the most useful and versatile way to solve one's personal and social problems is one of the most important choices in individual life. The aim of this study was to compare the coping styles of people living with Human immunodeficiency virus positive and negative. Methods This is a Cross-sectional study that accomplished in Shiraz Behavioural Disease Counselling Centre in 2019 and 2020. For this purpose, in the first phase, 40 HIV+ and 40 HIV− patients were randomly selected to answer the questionnaire of dealing with the stressful conditions of Andler and Parker. In the second phase, the same questionnaire was filled out along with a reality distortion questionnaire from similar individuals (40 HIV+ and 40 HIV−). Results 92% of the HIV population in this study was between 15 and 55 years and 8% was upper than 55 years. 90% of them had no university degree. Among all, 47.5% of them were, 48.5% were self-employed and 49% of them were infected sexually. The results showed that in the first stage there was a significant relationship between marital status and the chances of getting the disease in people, and after controlling the demographic factors, coping styles did not show a significant effect on the disease. In the second stage, the factors of age, sex, education, and marital status had significant effects on people living with HIV, but the effect of coping styles on people with HIV was not significant (P

Shah Nemat ... But Mahani is one of the famous mystics of the eighth century AH who built the Sufism of Iran into a new stage. He is one of the people who, according to Ibn 'Arabi, relied on the issue of unity of existence in his sonnets, which is emphasized by the existentialists in contemporary times. One of the important philosophical attitudes and philosophical ideas that were found in the literary schools of the twentieth century He has raised valuable issues, especially in the field of literary criticism, in the philosophy of existentialism. Existentialists (modern present-day ones) believe that existence is on the primordial nature and has placed humanity with the advent of Socrates, the essential role of its elementary period, and that they make their own nature by virtue of their actions. The main purpose of the research, which is done by the method of content analysis and relying on issues related to the topic It should be noted that the signs of existentialist philosophy, including the centrality of man, determine the primacy of existence on the nature and discussion of his absolute freedom in the sonnets of Shah Nematoll

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Background: Trihalomethanes are toxic and dangerous substances that are formed in the presence of organic materials when water is chlorinated for disinfection. The Iranian National Standard, World Health Organization, European Union, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and International Agency for Research in Cancer standards have established a Maximum Contaminant Level for Trihalomethanes for the quality of consumable water. The aim of this study was to determine if the trihalomethanes level in the water of Fars province swimming pools comply with these recommendations.Methods: The laboratory study design was conducted by utilizing spectrophotometer Hack DR5000 VIS-UV equipment for evaluating trihalomethanes concentrations, digital photometer Palin-test for measuring chlorine and pH to process different samples collected from 43 indoor and outdoor swimming pools in Fars Province, Iran. The dependent variable was trihalomethanes and chlorine compounds were independent variables. Precise laboratory experimental methods and appropriate statistical analysis were conducted using SPSS.Results: Mean concentration of trihalomethanes was found to be 242.1μg/l, ranging from 0 to 990μg/l for 43 public swimming pools in Fars province. Association of trihalomethanes and chlorine components with analysis of variance (ANOVA) model was highly significant (P

Concise and unambiguous assessment of a machine learning algorithm is key to classifier design and performance improvement. In the multi-class classification task, where each instance can only be labeled as one class, the confusion matrix is a powerful tool for performance assessment by quantifying the classification overlap. However, in the multi-label classification task, where each instance can be labeled with more than one class, the confusion matrix is undefined. Performance assessment of the multi-label classifier is currently based on calculating performance averages, such as hamming loss, precision, recall, and F-score. While the current assessment techniques present a reasonable representation of each class and overall performance, their aggregate nature results in ambiguity when identifying false negative (FN) and false positive (FP) results. To address this gap, we define a method of creating the multi-label confusion matrix (MLCM) based on three proposed categories of multi-label problems. After establishing the shortcomings of current methods for identifying FN and FP, we demonstrate the usage of the MLCM with the classification of two publicly available multi-label data sets: i) a 12-lead ECG data set with nine classes, and ii) a movie poster data set with eighteen classes. A comparison of the MLCM results against statistics from the current techniques is presented to show the effectiveness in providing a concise and unambiguous understanding of a multi-label classifier behavior.