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Aim : In this paper, the temperature and stress distributions in an exact 3D-model of a restored maxillary second premolar tooth are obtained with finite element approach. Objective : The carious teeth need to restore with appropriate restorative materials. There are too many restorative materials which can be used instead of tooth structures; since tooth structures are being replaced, the restorative materials should be similar to original structure as could as possible . Materials and Methods : In the present study, a Mesial Occlusal Distal (MOD) type of restoration is chosen and applied to a sound tooth model. Four cases of restoration are investigated: two cases in which base are used under restorative materials and two cases in which base is deleted. The restorative materials are amalgam and composite and glass-inomer is used as a base material. Modeling is done in the solid works ambient by means of an exact measuring of a typical human tooth dimensions. Tooth behavior under thermal load due to consuming hot liquids is analyzed by means of a three dimensional finite element method using ANSYS software. The highest values of tensile and compressive stresses are compared with tensile and compressive strength of the tooth and restorative materials and the value of shear stress on the tooth and restoration junctions is compared with the bond strength. Also, sound tooth under the same thermal load is analyzed and the results are compared with those obtained for restored models. Results : Temperature and stress distributions in the tooth are calculated for each case, with a special consideration in the vicinity of pulp and restoration region. Numerical results show that in two cases with amalgam, using the base material (Glass-ionomer) under the restorative material causes to decrease the maximum temperature in the restorative teeth . In the stress analysis, it is seen that the principal stress has its maximum values in composite restorations. Conclusion : The maximum temperatures are found in the restoration case of amalgam without base. Besides, it is found that restoration has not any influence on the stress values at DEJ, such that for all cases, these values are close to sound tooth results.

Background: Hypertension is a risk factor for heart and blood vessel diseases, so it is crucial to teach patients how to control their hypertension and follow up on the training implementation. Accordingly, the present study aims to examine the effect of training according to the American Heart Association (AHA) and the American College of Cardiology (ACC) clinical practice guideline, with and without follow-up through telenursing on stage 1 hypertension among older adult patients with stable angina pectoris. Methods: This is quasi-experimental research conducted in 2021 with a pre-test and post-test design and a control group. The study subjects were 59 patients with stage I hypertension suffering from stable angina pectoris who were referred to Ahmadieh Heart Clinic affiliated with Torbat Heydarieh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydarieh City, Iran. The participants were recruited by targeted sampling and were assigned into intervention (n=30) and control (n=29) groups using the balanced block randomization. Both groups underwent lifestyle modification training based on ACC/ AHA clinical practice guideline. In the experimental group, follow-up was done through telenursing once a week for three months, and the control group followed the clinic's standard services. The data were gathered using a demographic set of questions and an aneroid sphygmomanometer. The obtained data were analyzed using the t-test, chi-square test, Mann-Whitney test, Wilcoxon test, and Fisher exact test in SPSS software, version 20. The significance level was set at P<0.05. Results: Compared to before the intervention, systolic blood pressure (P=0.009) and diastolic blood pressure (P=0.019) of the experimental group decreased significantly after the intervention. However, no significant difference was seen in the average pulse pressure (P=0.125) of the intervention group after the intervention. After the intervention, the systolic (P=0.001) and diastolic (P=0.002) blood pressure, as well as pulse pressure (P=0.006) of the intervention group, decreased significantly compared to the control group. Conclusion: Telenursing is suggested as an efficient method of controlling and managing hypertension in older adults with stable angina pectoris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Healthcare organizations are among high-risk organizations due to the nature of their work as well as structural, physical and technological complexities. Accordingly, it is important to use risk management and control programs in all departments of these organizations. OBJECTIVE: The present study was conducted for the first time to evaluate the risk management status of the operating room and laboratory departments of Hamadan hospitals in 2022. METHODS: In this descriptive-observational cross-sectional study, laboratory and operating room departments were selected as the research environment. To conduct this research, a valid and reliable questionnaire was used to collect data, and the data were analyzed using SPSS 22 statistical software. RESULTS: The findings of the present study showed that the overall mean score of risk management status for the laboratory and operating room departments was 2.66 ± 0.15 and 2.89 ± 0.13, respectively. Furthermore, there was no statistically significant difference in the mean scores of the research components based on work experience, education level, and gender. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that the laboratory and operating room departments should focus more on adopting policies and solutions to improve the position of risk management, training and budget allocation for risk management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the (Covid-19) pandemic outbreak, questioning regarding climate and incident of Covid-19 infection rates has been debated, while there is no clear research evidence until now in Iran. This study has focused on investigating the association between Covid-19 cases and demographic –meteorological factors in arid and semi-arid zones of Iran (from March 1, 2020, to January 31, 2022) by analyzing with Via Poisson and negative binomial regression. As a result, the incidence rate of both Covid-19 hospitalization and mortality cases reached peaks in the summer followed by the autumn. Interestingly, Covid-19 hospitalization cases are associated with humidity, temperature, and wind factors seasonally and monthly, but mortality cases are just associated with wind. In conclusion, the result demonstrated that demographicand meteorological factorsare positively and negatively associated with Covid-19 cases. Therefore, identifying the environmental factors contributing to the excess Covid-19 can help to prevent future pandemic waves in Iranian arid and semi-arid zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Given the increase in mortality from COVID-19 disease, understanding the causal chain leading to death in patients with this disease will be of particular importance. This study aimed to draw the death map of patients with COVID-19 in BESAT hospital (West of Iran), based on investigating the underlying, intermediate, and terminal causes of death in this group of patients. Materials and Methods: To draw the death map of patients with COVID-19 in this cross-sectional study, the death certificate and medical records of 183 COVID-19 patients who died at BESAT Hospital in Hamadan (West of Iran) in 2020 were reviewed. The cases in which the underlying cause of death was COVID-19 were reviewed. A checklist was used to collect the data. It was designed based on the international form of medical certificate of cause of death (issued by WHO). The collected data were analyzed by SPSS software version 23. Results: The most prevalent underlying causes of death were COVID-19 (60.7%), COVID-19-related pneumonia (19.1%), acute respiratory distress syndrome (10.9%), and severe sepsis (9.8%). Hypertension (8.2%), diabetes (6.0%), seizures (3.8%), and ischemic heart disease (2.2%) were the most influential conditions affecting death. The number of deaths due to the terminal cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome in women (22.5%) was much higher than in men (7.1%) (P-value=0.041). Findings indicated that most patients died from four main pathways originating from COVID-19, leading to causes such as sepsis, ARDS, myocarditis, MI, and PTE. Conclusion: The results indicate that health officials and healthcare providers should be able to identify and monitor patients with chronic diseases and implement effective plans to prevent COVID-19. Physicians should also take important steps in offices, clinics, and hospitals, such as conducting early echocardiography in children, providing respiratory support, and preventing deep vein thrombosis in adults during hospitalization. It is also essential to inform the public through audio and video media, including radio and television. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aimed to determine the facilitators and barriers to evidence‐based practice (EBP) from the perspective of Iranian nursing managers. Design: Cross‐sectional study. Methods: Data were collected from 335 top nursing managers of Iran. The research instruments included three electronic questionnaires for demographics, facilitators and barriers of evidence‐based practice. Descriptive statistics and appropriate analysis tests were used to clarify the strength of relationships between the factors. Results: A total of 277 nursing managers participated in the study (response rate of 82%). Iranian nursing managers believed that organizational factors were the most important domain for both facilitators (34.7 ± 9.2) and barriers (28.37 ± 6.2) to EBP. Regarding the Perspectives of nursing managers on Necessity and Extent of EBP implementation, 79.8% (n = 221) considered EBP to be essential, while 45.8% (n = 127) regarded its implementation as moderate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, virtual social networks affect different dimensions of individual and social life of individuals and in the future they will play a much greater and more important role in life. The present study aims to study the positive and negative effects of virtual social networks from students' point of view medical and non-medical sciences universities of Gonabad city. This is a descriptive-survey study. The research population of the study population was Gonabad, a university student in the academic year of 2016-2017. To determine the sample size, 350 samples were selected using Cochran formula and selected by stratified random sampling from the research community. The data gathering tool in this study was a demographic questionnaire and a researcher-made questionnaire that was a measure of the effects of virtual social networks. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. networks social telegram with 96% and Instagram 60.9% were the most popular. communication with friends and acquaintances with an average of 16 and education with an average of 11, the most significant positive effects and anti-religious propaganda with an average of 17, and rapid formation and promotion The rumors with the average of 13 are the most negative effects of using these networks. There was also no significant difference between the viewpoints of students of medical and non-medical sciences universities in Gonabad. Facilitating virtual communication and education from the viewpoint of students is the most important opportunity to use virtual social networks. Also, anti-religious propaganda and the instigation of doubts, the formation and promotion of rumors are also a threat to such networks. Keywords: Social Networks, Opportunities, Damages, Internet, Iran, Gonabad., Introduction: Today, with the expansion of the use of information and communication technology in everyday life, we are witnessing the emergence of a new generation of Internet tools that provide [...]

Background: Change in respiratory indices is the most common problem in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients. This problem is managed through pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical methods. This study aimed to determine local hyperthermia effect on respiratory parameters of COPD patients. Materials and Methods: This randomized controlled trial study was conducted on 46 patients with COPD referred to Allameh Bohlool Hospital in Gonabad, Iran in 2019. The participants were randomly assigned into two groups using quadrupled blocks. In both groups, a local pack was placed on the anterior chest for 23 min twice daily for 5 days. In the intervention group, the temperature of the hot pack was 50° and in the placebo group was the same as the body temperature. Respiratory indices including force vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1), etc., were measured and compared before and after the last intervention in both groups. To gather data, demographic information form and respiratory indices record form were used. Results: Compared to before the intervention, all respiratory indices such as vital capacity (VC) (z = -4.25, p < 0.001), FEV1 (t 22 = -114.18, p < 0.001), PEF (t 22 = 5.91, p < 0.001) in the experimental group were increased significantly. Moreover, the difference in the mean respiratory indicators such as Pick Expiratory Flow rate (PEF) (t 44 = 94.63, p < 0.001) and SPO 2 (z = -3.27, p < 0.05) was also statistically significant in the two groups before and after the intervention. Conclusions: Local hyperthermia is effective in the improvement of respiratory indices among COPD patients, but it is recommended to conduct further studies before the implementation of this approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intramuscular injection is a painful process that can cause severe fear in women. As a result, fear of injection can disrupt the treatment process. Therefore, the present study was performed to assess the effect of local pressure in the dorsogluteal region and Hugo point massage on the severity of pain caused by intramuscular injection in women. Methods: The present study was a clinical trial that was performed on 81 female patients referred to the injection unit of Allameh Bohloul Gonabadi Hospital in 2019. Participants were selected according to inclusion criteria and were randomly assigned to two intervention groups (dorsogluteal region local pressure and Hugo point massage groups) and one control group based on permutation block randomization. Data collection tools included demographic information form and visual pain scale. Central tendency indices and statistical tests (Kruskal-Wallis, Majorca and Mann-Whitney) were used to analyze the data. Significance level was considered as p < 0.05. Results: The results showed that after the intervention, the mean pain intensity in both of the intervention groups was significantly lower than the control group (p = 0.007), but there was no significant difference in mean pain intensity between the intervention groups (p = 0.68). Conclusion: Local pressure in the dorsogluthal region and Hugo point massage with ice can effectively reduce intramuscular injection site pain, but none of the methods were superior to other in reducing pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Post-Dural puncture headache (PDPH) is one of the most common and important complications after spinal anesthesia and lumbar puncture. This study aimed to determine the effect of intravenous injection of aminophylline on rapid relief headache caused by spinal anesthesia. Materials and Methods: This was a clinical trial conducted on the cesarean section candidates referred to Razi Hospital of Torbat-Heydariyeh and Bohlool Hospital of Gonabad affiliated to Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran between 2018 and 2020. Sixty individuals were selected accessibly and purposefully in terms of the inclination criteria and were then randomly assigned into two groups (using the permutation block method). Group A received 3 mg/kg aminophylline plus 500 cc normal saline, and group B received 500 cc normal saline, infused over two hours. The severity of the headache was examined one to two hours after the infusion using a Visual Analogue Scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21. Results: The mean score of headache one hour after the infusion in group A (2.04 ± 1.80) was significantly lower than group B (7.1 ± 3.88) (p <0.001). The mean score of headache two hours after the infusion in group A (0.36 ± 0.08) was significantly lower than group B (6.62 ± 2.02) (p <0.001). Conclusion: This study showed that intravenous injection aminophylline had significant efficacy in PDPH treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Life expectancy and the consequences of its impairment may affect quality of life and suicide. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of COVID-19 on life expectancy in residents of Gonabad city. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 300 Gonabad residents (general population) from February 2021 to April 2022 using stratified-random sampling method. Data collection was performed through phone interview. Demographic questionnaire and Schneider's life expectancy scale were used. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS software version 23. Findings: Of the 300 participants (53% female and 47% male), 153 were COVID-19 recovered and 147 did not have the history of COVID-19. The average life expectancy score in COVID-19 recovered participants was significantly lower compared to those without the history of COVID-19 (29.17 ± 5.96 and 31.94±4.34, respectively, p=0.001). Also, there was a significant and positive relationship between mean scores of life expectancy and age, gender, education, economic status, the presence of high-risk individuals at home, history of underlying diseases, and smoking (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study stated that life expectancy score in COVID-19 recovered participants was a lower than that of participants without COVID-19 history. Therefore, the role of other variables, including age, gender, and disease history on life expectancy was more prominent on life expectancy in COVID-19 recovered participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]