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Maryam Mohammadnia Avval, Perikala Vijayananda Kumar, Fereydoon Dehghani Department of Pathology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IranCorrespondence: Maryam Mohammadnia AvvalDepartment of Pathology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, KarimkhanZand Street, Shiraz 7134845794, IranTel +989 155129932Email m_mohammadnia@sums.ac.irBackground: Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare tumor. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology is a popular method for the preoperative diagnosis of MTC.Case Report: A 45-year-old man was referred to our center for a palpable thyroid nodule. Ultrasound-guided FNA was carried out for the patient. Cytology slides showed many isolated and small clusters of round to oval cells, some with a moderate amount of cytoplasm and red cytoplasmic granules. Rare cells showed multiple red Auer rods. Histology confirmed the diagnosis of MTC.Conclusion: Cytologic findings of MTC in FNA are variable, and several rare cytologic findings have been reported. Cytoplasmic red granules are one of the usual findings, whereas detection of cells containing multiple Auer rods is an unusual finding, which has not been reported so far.Keywords: medullary thyroid carcinoma, fine-needle aspiration, cytoplasmic multiple Auer rods

Abstract Background A significant number of referrals to the emergency departments is due to violence and conflict leading to serious injuries and death. The increasing number of such cases highlights the urgent need for investigating victimization of physical violence. Aim The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of demographic and clinical characteristics in victims of violence and classify them based on penetrating or blunt trauma. Methods The data of the patients who had been the victims of violence in 2020 were extracted from the Trauma Registry System(TRS) of the Guilan Road Trauma Research Center(GTRC). All analyses were performed using SPSS software version 24. The significance level was considered less than 0.05. Results There was a significant difference in the type of violence-related trauma in different age groups (P

Summary: Background: Schistosoma mansoni infection poses a substantial public health challenge globally, and the World Health Organization (WHO) aims for the elimination of schistosomiasis by 2030. This study aimed to assess the current prevalence of human S. mansoni infection in endemic regions worldwide between 2010 and 2024. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search in PubMed/Medline and Scopus databases as well as other public sources from 1 January 2010 to 15 July 2024. Population-based studies reporting the prevalence of S. mansoni infection were eligible. We undertook a random-effects meta-analysis to estimate pooled prevalences with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in WHO-defined regions and assessed potential risk factors associated with S. mansoni infection. The protocol for this study was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023438455). Findings: We identified a total of 542 eligible studies involving 1,163,866 individuals who had been tested for S. mansoni infection in 38 countries. The overall, pooled global prevalence of S. mansoni infection in endemic region was 14.8% (95% CI, 13.5%–16.1%). The pooled prevalences (95% CI) in specific regions were: 15.3% (13.9–16.8%) in sub-Saharan Africa, 12.4% (8.9–16.4%) in South America and 9.5% (5.4–14.6%) in the Eastern Mediterranean region. There was a 52.6% decrease in prevalence of S. mansoni infection and a 37% decrease in high-intensity infection for studies conducted between 2010 and 2014 compared to those conducted between 2020 and 2023. The present analysis revealed that factors including male gender, bathing or swimming in natural water bodies, crossing rivers or lakes, and engaging in water irrigation activities such as fishing, working in rice paddies or maintaining irrigation canals were significantly associated with S. mansoni infection. Interpretation: The findings of this investigation revealed that, despite a decline in prevalence and high-intensity infection, 7–12% of people in endemic regions, notably in sub-Saharan Africa, remained affected by schistosomiasis mansoni between 2020 and 2024. This study provides data of relevance to policymakers to support efforts to eliminate this disease. Funding: This study received no funding.

Abstract Oligodendrocyte (OL) injury and subsequent loss is a pathologic hallmark of multiple sclerosis (MS). Stress granules (SGs) are membrane-less organelles containing mRNAs stalled in translation and considered as participants of the cellular response to stress. Here we show SGs in OLs in active and inactive areas of MS lesions as well as in normal-appearing white matter. In cultures of primary human adult brain derived OLs, metabolic stress conditions induce transient SG formation in these cells. Combining pro-inflammatory cytokines, which alone do not induce SG formation, with metabolic stress results in persistence of SGs. Unlike sodium arsenite, metabolic stress induced SG formation is not blocked by the integrated stress response inhibitor. Glycolytic inhibition also induces persistent SGs indicating the dependence of SG formation and disassembly on the energetic glycolytic properties of human OLs. We conclude that SG persistence in OLs in MS reflects their response to a combination of metabolic stress and pro-inflammatory conditions.

Background: Because migraine is a common headache, finding ways to approach it better would be useful. So, studying the relation of dimensions of general health and personality types and pain severity in patients with migraine will be useful for fulfilling this aim. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the number of patients with migraine headache studied in this study was 170. The checklists used in this study were migraine disability assessment (MIDAS), visual analog scale (VAS), Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness (NEO FFI), and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28). Results: The average scores of general health dimensions in migraine sufferers with aura were higher than in migraine patients without aura. But this difference was significant only in the index of physical symptoms (P=0.02). There was a negative correlation between pain intensity and general health dimensions but it was not statistically significan. A positive correlation was observed between headache intensity and extroversion, which was significant (r=0.18 and P=0.01). The score of physical symptoms increases significantly with the increase of disability severity (P=0.007). Conclusion: According to the results, the severity of migraine disability, general health dimensions, and personality types in patients with and without Aura was not different. Also, general health dimensions and personality types were not associated with pain intensity and the severity of migraine disability.

Background and purpose: Nowadays, the use of traditional herbal remedies along with exercise has become very popular for the prevention and treatment of diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate acute effect of aged garlic extract on metabolic rate, substrate oxidation, and salivary cortisol during and after high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) in inactive women. Materials and methods: The study population included ten inactive women in Birjand (age 24±6 years, BMI 22-23 kg/m2). Individuals participated in two separate sessions (one week apart). In the first session, aged garlic supplements (600 mg) were taken one hour before HIIE. In the second session, the placebo (600 mg of starch) was taken. The HIIE program consisted of 11 alternates (1-minute with 90% vVO2max followed by 2-minute rest intervals with 60% vVO2max). Pre, during, and after HIIE, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide excretion were measured using the respiratory gas analyzer in order to calculate metabolic rate (Energy Expenditure, VO2) and substrate oxidation (Fat Oxidation, Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER)). Salivary cortisol was measured using chemiluminescence method. Repeated analysis of variance was applied for statistical analysis of the data. Results: The results revealed that there was no significant difference in VO2 (P=0.28), Fat Oxidation (P=0.09), RER (P=0.083), and energy expenditure (P=0.76) between aged garlic and placebo intake. There was no significant difference in salivary cortisol (P= 0.66) either. Conclusion: Generally, aged garlic supplement intake along with HIIE does not have any effect on metabolic rate, substrate oxidation, and cortisol level in inactive women.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most popular and widely consumed vegetable fruits all over the world. Given the vast area (about 2200 hectares) under cultivation of this crop in Golestan province (north of Iran) and the importance of replacing old open-pollinated cultivars with new high-yielding hybrid cultivars, a field study was carried out by evaluating the new determinate tomato hybrid genotypes suitable for outdoor cultivation named A-Z15 and A-Z16 along with Mahdis (control) hybrid cultivar. A-Z16 consisted of two treatments of without and with treating seeds with Probio 96 bacteria named A-Z16a and A-Z16-b, respectively. This study was carried out during 2022 in two agricultural research stations of Golestan, Gorgan and Gonbad Experiments carried out as complete block designs with three replications. Characteristics such as fruit yield/hectare, average weight of fruit, number of fruit carpel, percentage of fruit size (small, medium, large), diameter and length of fruit, number of fruit cavity, fruits/plant, pH of fruit juice, amount of total soluble solids, proportion of fruits with white layer and shelf life of fruit after harvest were recorded and measured. The results of analysis of variances showed significant differences in most of the examined traits in two experimental locations. Based on mean comparisons, cultivar Mahdis (control) was superior in fruit yield and fruits/plant, but this cultivar in qualitative characteristics such as shelf life of fruit, the lower proportion of fruits with white layer and total soluble solids was ranked last. The highest average weight of fruit and shelf life of fruit belonged to A-Z16-b. After Mahdis, A-Z16-b produced highest fruit yield. In conclusion, Mahdis (control) and in a lesser extent A-Z16-b (A-Z16-a treated with Probio 96 bacteria) showed better fruit yield attributes compared to others.

Abstract Oligodendrocyte (OL) injury and loss are central features of evolving lesions in multiple sclerosis. Potential causative mechanisms of OL loss include metabolic stress within the lesion microenvironment. Here we use the injury response of primary human OLs (hOLs) to metabolic stress (reduced glucose/nutrients) in vitro to help define the basis for the in situ features of OLs in cases of MS. Under metabolic stress in vitro, we detected reduction in ATP levels per cell that precede changes in survival. Autophagy was initially activated, although ATP levels were not altered by inhibitors (chloroquine) or activators (Torin-1). Prolonged stress resulted in autophagy failure, documented by non-fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes. Consistent with our in vitro results, we detected higher expression of LC3, a marker of autophagosomes in OLs, in MS lesions compared to controls. Both in vitro and in situ, we observe a reduction in nuclear size of remaining OLs. Prolonged stress resulted in increased ROS and cleavage of spectrin, a target of Ca2+-dependent proteases. Cell death was however not prevented by inhibitors of ferroptosis or MPT-driven necrosis, the regulated cell death (RCD) pathways most likely to be activated by metabolic stress. hOLs have decreased expression of VDAC1, VDAC2, and of genes regulating iron accumulation and cyclophilin. RNA sequencing analyses did not identify activation of these RCD pathways in vitro or in MS cases. We conclude that this distinct response of hOLs, including resistance to RCD, reflects the combined impact of autophagy failure, increased ROS, and calcium influx, resulting in metabolic collapse and degeneration of cellular structural integrity. Defining the basis of OL injury and death provides guidance for development of neuro-protective strategies.

Coronary atherosclerosis remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The underlying pathophysiology includes a complex interplay of endothelial dysfunction, lipid accumulation and inflammatory pathways. Multiple structural and inflammatory features of the atherosclerotic lesions have become targets to identify high-risk lesions. Various intracoronary imaging devices have been developed to assess the morphological, biocompositional and molecular profile of the intracoronary atheromata. These techniques guide interventional and therapeutical management and allow the identification and stratification of atherosclerotic lesions. We sought to provide an overview of the inflammatory pathobiology of atherosclerosis, distinct high-risk plaque features and the ability to visualize this process with contemporary intracoronary imaging techniques.

This study aims to investigate the wellbeing of Iranian English as Foreign Language (EFL) teachers across their career stages in terms of teaching experience. In this regard, the study categorized teachers into three groups based on their experience: novice, experienced, and highly experienced. Using a quantitative and cross-sectional survey design, this study employed a validated scale to measure psychological wellbeing, positive perception about self and life, goal setting and time management, and positive relationships among teachers. Using a convenience sampling procedure, 182 teachers participated in the study, representing varying age ranges, teaching experience, and employment status. The data was collected through an online survey within a month and underwent descriptive and inferential statistical analyses using SPSS software. The results revealed significant differences in the wellbeing of language teachers across experience groups. More specifically, novice teachers scored lower in various wellbeing dimensions than experienced and highly experienced teachers. These findings emphasize the importance of considering career stages when investigating teachers’ professional wellbeing. The findings also contribute to a deeper understanding of the relationship between teaching experience and wellbeing, with implications for supporting the EFL teachers’ wellbeing and informing educational policies and practices. The study results are discussed, and the related implications are provided for running professional development courses to enhance teachers’ wellbeing.

Single cell analysis of cancer cell transcriptome may shed a completely new light on cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT). CAT causes morbid, and sometimes lethal complications in certain human cancers known to be associated with high risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), pulmonary embolism (PE) or arterial thromboembolism (ATE), all of which worsen patients’ prognosis. How active cancers drive these processes has long evaded scrutiny. While “unspecific” microenvironmental effects and consequences of patient care (e.g., chemotherapy) have been implicated in pathogenesis of CAT, it has also been suggested that oncogenic pathways driven by either genetic (mutations), or epigenetic (methylation) events may influence the coagulant phenotype of cancer cells and stroma, and thereby modulate the VTE/PE risk. Consequently, the spectrum of driver events and their downstream effector mechanisms may, to some extent, explain the heterogeneity of CAT manifestations between cancer types, molecular subtypes, and individual cases, with thrombosis-promoting, or -protective mutations. Understanding this molecular causation is important if rationally designed countermeasures were to be deployed to mitigate the clinical impact of CAT in individual cancer patients. In this regard, multi-omic analysis of human cancers, especially at a single cell level, has brought a new meaning to concepts of cellular heterogeneity, plasticity, and multicellular complexity of the tumour microenvironment, with profound and still relatively unexplored implications for the pathogenesis of CAT. Indeed, cancers may contain molecularly distinct cellular subpopulations, or dynamic epigenetic states associated with different profiles of coagulant activity. In this article we discuss some of the relevant lessons from the single cell “omics” and how they could unlock new potential mechanisms through which cancer driving oncogenic lesions may modulate CAT, with possible consequences for patient stratification, care, and outcomes.

Background and purpose: The present study investigated the effect of six weeks of endurance and resistance training on pulmonary indices, physical performance, and quality of life in COVID-19 patients after discharge from hospital. Materials and methods: Thirty six patients with COVID-19 (mean age: 38.76±0.98 years, mean weight: 81.86±2.88 kg) were selected. At the beginning and end of the study, pulmonary (FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, and MVV), physical (6-minute walk test), quality of life (SF-36), and anthropometry tests were performed. The patients were divided into three groups: Endurance training (45 minutes at 60-75% estimated HR), Resistance training (45 minutes at 40-70% of I-RM), and controls. The intervention was conducted for 6 weeks (3 sessions). One-way ANOVA test was used for statistical analysis. Results: Findings indicated a significant increase in FEV1 (P=0.029), FVC (P=0.047), FEV1/FVC (P=0.043) in the endurance training group compared to the control group, while difference was observed in MVV (P=0.041) and FEV1/FVC (P=0.022) between endurance training and resistance training groups. The 6-minute test distance increased in the endurance training (P=0.0001) and resistance training (P=0.001) groups compared to the control group, but no difference was observed between the training groups (P=0.48). Endurance and resistance training programs induced significant improvements in physical performance (P=0.024 and P=0.09, respectively) and general health (P=0.022 and P=0.015, respectively) dimensions compared to the control group. Conclusion: Moderate-intensity endurance training can improve pulmonary function, physical performance, and quality of life in patients with COVID-19 after discharge from hospital and can be used in rehabilitation programs of these patients.

Key Clinical Message Maggot therapy is one of the treatments used in diabetic foot ulcer management. But if we do not pay attention to the indications and contraindications of it, there might be a failure in the treatment.

IntroductionDespite optimal treatment, patients with chronic coronary artery disease (CAD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are at high risk of cardiovascular events, emphasizing the need for new treatment options. The Low-Dose Colchicine 2 (LoDoCo2) trial demonstrated that colchicine reduces cardiovascular risk in patients with chronic CAD. This analysis determines the efficacy of colchicine in patients with chronic CAD and DM as well as the effect of colchicine on the development of new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).MethodsThe LoDoCo2 trial randomized 5,522 patients to placebo or colchicine 0.5 mg once daily, with a median follow-up of 28.6 months. The primary composite endpoint was cardiovascular death, spontaneous myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, or ischemia-driven revascularization. The effect of its treatment in patients with and without DM was evaluated by including an interaction term in the model.ResultsA total of 1,007 participants (18.2%) had T2DM at baseline. The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) [(95% confidence interval (CI)] for the primary endpoint in the T2DM group was 1.52 (1.15–2.01, p

Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) triggers the immune system and causes changes in the serum level of inflammatory markers such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein, ferritin, interleukin-6, LDH, D-dimer, and procalcitonin (PCT); in this study, we investigate the association between the serum level of inflammatory markers and the prognosis of COVID-19, which included mortality and intensive care unit (ICU) admission of patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 COVID-19 patients hospitalized at Ayatollah Rouhani Hospital, Babol, from March 2020 to March 2021. Demographic indicators and inflammatory markers were recorded in the questionnaire and were investigated based on disease outcome, length of hospitalization, need for non-invasive ventilation (NIV), and need for hospitalization in the ICU and ventilator. Patients who died or were discharged within the first 24 hours of hospitalization (before the test) were excluded from the study. Finally, the data were recorded in SPSS Statistics 26.0 and then analyzed. Results: The average age of patients with COVID-19 hospitalized in the hospital was 57.92 ± 16.18. The prevalence of death due to coronavirus disease in hospitalized patients was 8.5%. Besides, 23.5% of patients were hospitalized in the ICU and 28.5% required NIV. Based on the disease's outcome, a significant difference was found in the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), so the NLR was significantly higher in patients who died due to coronavirus. Moreover, the levels of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), D-dimer, LDH, and PCT in deceased individuals were considerably higher compared to those who recovered. Conclusion: NLR, ESR, D-dimer level, LDH, and PCT are among the markers that affect COVID-19 patient outcomes. The increment of any of these markers will lead to an increase in the risk of death and also the need for ICU admission.

Background: Vitamin D is associated with numerous disorders, including infertility. Accordingly, the goal of this research was to find out the level of vitamin D and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR) in the sperm of male subjects with unexplained infertility. Methods: Twenty-four unexplained infertile men as the case group and 22 healthy fertile men as the control group were recruited. Vitamin D levels were evaluated in seminal fluid using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Afterwards, the swim-up test was performed to isolate motile sperm cells. From these cells, RNA was extracted, complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized, and mRNA expression of the VDR gene was evaluated with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: A decrease in VDR mRNA expression levels was detected in the case group compared to the control group, but this reduction was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Besides, the level of vitamin D in seminal fluid was not detectable in both groups. Conclusion: The sperm of unexplained infertile men express VDR gene mRNA, although there was no vitamin D in seminal samples. Hence, vitamin D and VDR signaling might not be effective in the etiopathogenesis of unexplained infertility in men.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of life skills training on academic self-efficacy of gifted girls. The research method was applied objectively and was methodologically part of a quasi-experimental design with pre-test-post-test and follow-up with the control group. The statistical population of the study was the female students of gifted schools in Tehran (second year of high school) in the academic year 2019-2020. (ASEBQ) filled. Among them, 32 low-scoring female students were selected as the sample group and randomly divided into two groups of 16 experimental and control groups. The experimental group received 12 sessions of 70 minutes of training on stress management and coping with anxiety and depression. A posttest was conducted after all training sessions, and follow-up sessions were conducted after one and a half months for both the experimental and control groups. A mixed analysis of variance was performed to test efficacy. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-25 software, and results indicate that life skills training significantly affected all components of academic self-efficacy, i.e., ability to complete homework in class (0.003), ability to complete homework outside of class (0.001), interaction with others in the school environment (0.048), and general management (0.022). Life skills training were effective in improving gifted students’ academic self-efficacy.

Abstract Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most prevalent chronic liver diseases. It is shown that moderate to high physical activities can play a crucial role in improving this disease. Aim The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on the levels of the myonectin in serum and tissue levels and fatty acid transport protein 4 (FATP4) in male rats with NAFLD. Materials and methods Thirty-three male rats were randomly divided into five groups: high-fat diet to confirm NAFLD induction (n = 5), normal diet sedentary (n = 7), high-fat diet sedentary (n = 7), high-fat diet with HIIT (n = 7), and high-fat diet with MCIT (n = 7). Induction of NAFLD was performed by feeding rats for 12 weeks with a high-fat diet containing 60% fat. The training protocols were performed in five sessions per week for 8 weeks. The HIIT group has performed 4 × 4 min interval running on a treadmill up to 80–95% maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and then recovered at 50–60% VO2max. The MICT protocol has performed up to 50–60% VO2max for 50 min. myonectin and FATP4 were also measured by the animal Elisa kit (Zellbio, Germany) with a sensitivity of 0.02 ng/L. Insulin resistance was evaluated by the insulin resistance homeostasis assessment index using the following formula (HOMA-IR): “fasting glucose (mg/dl) × fasting in insulin (mg/L) ÷ 405”. One-way ANOVA analysis of variance was utilized for statistical analyses and Tukey’s post hoc test at a significant level of p < 0.05. Results The 8-week intervention showed that both HIIT and MICT positively influenced the serum myonectin and FATP4 levels (p < 0.05). Moreover, there was a significant difference between the trained groups in tissue levels of the myonectin and serum levels of FATP4 (p < 0.05). Conclusions Altogether, both HIIT and MICT can lead to valuable adaptations and recovery of NAFLD in male rats.

Background: Effusion in body cavities can be considered as the presentation of malignancy or inflammatory conditions. Pleural fluid cytology is a popular diagnostic tool for the differentiation of adenocarcinoma cells (AC) from reactive mesothelial cells (RMC). However, there are many sources of controversies and errors in this technique that should be addressed.Methods: This case-control study aimed to evaluate the use of immunohistochemistry markers, namely epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and calretinin, on cell blocks to differentiate between RMC and AC in pleural effusions. Suspected malignant effusions were selected according to the clinical data and their equivocal cytological smears. A total of 80 samples corresponding to the fresh specimens sent from the Department of Internal Medicine to the Cytology Laboratory of Faghihi Hospital during Jan 2017-Feb 2018 comprised the case group. In addition, the control group entailed 80 non-malignant pleural samples with RMC.Results: We observed that 74 (out of 80) effusion samples were strongly positive for EMA (92.5%). The sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency of the EMA marker were 92.5%, 95%, and 93.7%, respectively. The results of the calretinin assessment indicated 78 (out of 80) positive cases in the control group (97.5%). The sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency of calretinin staining were 97.5%, 98.7%, and 98.1%, respectively.Conclusion: According to the results of the current study, EMA and calretinin are two reliable markers with acceptable accuracy in differentiating between RMC and AC.

Expanding intelligent control systems based on the Internet of Things (IoT) requires powering sensors, actuators, and wireless data transfer, which may be located off-grid or difficult to access. Energy harvesting from industrial excess heat by thermoelectric generators (TEGs) can help to overcome challenges ahead. A fully integrated TEG system, however, remains an obstacle to the effective conversion of heat into electricity for IoT applications. The purpose of this paper is to investigate experimentally the electrical arrangement of TEGs and the design of a DC-DC boost converter in order to optimize the harvesting of electrical power from low-temperature sources of heat in TEG systems. The results of this study provide a guide for selecting a suitable arrangement in a system with several TEGs as well as for the design of matched DC-DC converters with desired electrical generators and consumers. This study shows the impact of specialized arrangement of TEGs in a power generation system to optimize the output power of a DC-DC converter. Accordingly, the most suitable electrical combination of four TEG modules among series, parallel-series, and parallel connections is discussed with heat source temperatures lower than 55 °C, between 55 and 75 °C, and higher than 75 °C. Based on the results of the studied TEG system, it is determined that using inductors and capacitors lower than 0.33 µH and 0.47 µF, respectively in the converter’s circuit decreases the output power dramatically, and delays the startup point to higher heat source temperatures.

This study aims at investigating second language learners’ preferences for receiving oral corrective feedback on lexical and grammatical errors in relation to their personality traits. Given the established benefits of providing corrective feedback, the question remains how to customize corrective feedback in order to be effective and appropriate to the individual’s personality. For this purpose, 324 language learners in a language institution were asked to complete Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) and feedback preference questionnaires. T-test showed that more extroverted learners prefer explicit and immediate feedback while more introverted ones prefer implicit and non-immediate feedback. Moreover, introverts preferred recasts for lexical and grammatical errors while extroverts preferred explicit correction and metalinguistic feedback the most. A follow-up content analysis of interview data revealed learners’ reasons regarding their preferences for receiving corrective feedback. Interviewed extroverts mentioned that explicit correction eliminated ambiguities of peer correction and metalinguistic feedback helped to feel independent. However, recasts were disliked by extroverts because they could not notice the correction, whereas welcomed by introverts due to their least obtrusive nature.

Background and Aims: Today, academic stress and subsequent test anxiety is one of the most important problems for the last year of high school students. In addition to systemic effects, stress can affect the level of oral health by disrupting oral health behaviors. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between stress and variables related to oral health in the final year of high school students prior to University entrance exam. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, the level of stress and variables related to oral health in 180 students of the final year of high school in Tehran, in three time periods during the academic year 2018-2019, were measured by a questionnaire and one clinical examination. Data were analyzed by Friedman, Bonferroni and Generalized Estimating Equations using SPSS software. Results: As the exam approaches, some variables related to the oral health, such as toothbrush usage pattern, daily sleep, fast food frequency, and sweet snack consumption, changed (P