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Background: Today, out of every 5% to 10% of patients admitted to the hospital, one patient is involved in the complications of hospital infections, which has been confirmed to be directly related to the spread of these infections with the contamination of hospital surfaces. Therefore, it is very important to use an efficient method to identify microbial contamination. To this end, this study was carried out to compare the level of contamination of indoor hospital surfaces using two methods of dye detector nanosensor and microbial culture medium (traditional method). Method: The present descriptive study was carried out with a sample size of 400 cases on ten types of medical equipment for three months using dye detector nanosensor and microbial culture medium. The results were reported as clean and contaminated. Results: According to the results, 44% of the samples of microbial culture medium and 45.5% of nanosensor samples were reported positive (contaminated). The samples obtained from static microbial culture, ventilator, and the samples obtained from nanosensor, static, and pulse oximetry were identified as the most contaminated surfaces. Also, E. coli (55.68%), Staphylococcus aureus (28.9%), and Salmonella (23.86%) were recognized as the most common microorganisms. Conclusion: The amount of contamination detected by both methods is acceptable due to the high sensitivity of both methods and lack of sterile surfaces. Therefore, in cases where only the detection of general contamination is considered, not isolation of bacteria, dye detector nanosensors can be used as a rapid method to control the contamination of surfaces instead of traditional methods.

Advances made in chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy have revolutionized the treatment and management of certain cancers. Currently, B cell malignancies have been among the few cancers to which CAR T cells have shown persistent and resilient anti-tumor responses. A growing body of evidence suggests that the persistence of CAR T cells within patients following infusion is linked to the mitochondrial fitness of the CAR T cell, which could affect clinical outcomes. Analysis of CAR T cells from patients undergoing successful treatment has shown an increase in mitochondrial mass and fusion events, and a reduction in aerobic metabolism, highlighting the importance of mitochondria in CAR T cell function. Consequently, there has been recent interest and investment in approaches that focus on mitochondrial programming. In this regard, miRNAs are promising agents in mitochondrial reprogramming for several reasons: (1) natural and artificial miRNAs are non-immunogenic, (2) one miRNA can simultaneously modulate the expression of multiple genes within a pathway, (3) the small size of a sequence required for producing mature miRNA is ideal for use in viral vectors and (4) different precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNAs) hairpins can be incorporated into a polycistronic miRNA cluster to create a miRNA cocktail. In this perspective, we describe the latest genetic engineering strategies that can be used to achieve the optimal expression of candidate miRNAs alongside a CAR construct. In addition, we include an in silico analysis of rational candidate miRNAs that could promote the mitochondrial fitness of CAR T cells.

Asymmetric Configuration (As-Co) in the electrochemical noise (EN) was used to evaluate Ranunculus Arvensis / silver nanoparticles (RA/Ag NPs) as corrosion inhibitor for aluminum alloy (AA 2030) when gets exposed to 3.5% NaCl media. The ECN results of Asymmetric Configuration (As-Co) and Symmetric Configuration (Sy-Co) were interpreted using wavelet and statistical methods. The standard deviation of partial signal (SDPS) plots derived using of wavelet. The SDPS plot of As-Co demonstrated that the quantity of electric charge (Q) decreased with the addition of the inhibitor up to the optimum amount (200 ppm) due to the decreased corrosion rate. Moreover, the use of As- Co leads to record signal of one electrode and prevent recording extra signals arising from two identical electrodes which confirmed by the statistical parameters. The As-Co made of Al alloys were more satisfactory for estimating inhibiting effect of RA/Ag NPs compared to Sy-Co. Besides, aqueous extract of Ranunculus Arvensis (RA) plant as reducing agent mediates the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (RA/Ag NPs). The prepared NPs have been elaborately characterized using Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) that revealed suitable synthesize of the RA/Ag NPs.

In recent years, green corrosion inhibitors derived from natural plant resources have garnered much interest. In the present work, at first, we investigated the corrosion behavior of mild steel (st-37) in the presence, and absence of Dracocephalum extract based on bulk size as a corrosion inhibitor in two widely used acidic environments (0.5 M H2SO4, and 1.0 M HCl), at room temperature. Then, we used Dracocephalum extract based on nanometer size to reduce the optimal concentration of inhibitor, increase the corrosion resistant, and efficiency. Dracocephalum extract does not contain heavy metals or other toxic compounds, and also good characteristics such as low cost, eco-friendly, and widespread availability, make it suitable nature candidate as an environmentally safe green inhibitor. The anticorrosive behavior was assessed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and potentiodynamic polarization (PP). In all of the studies, the inhibitory efficiency (IE%) increased as the extract dose was increased. But by using nano extract, in addition to maintaining high efficiency, the amount of inhibitor was reduced significantly. The highest IE% is 94% at the best dose of nano extract (75 ppm), but the highest IE% is 89% at the best dose of the bulk extract (200 ppm) in H2SO4 solution. Also, for the HCl solution, the highest IE% is 88% at the best dose of nano extract (100 ppm), but the highest IE% is 90% at the best dose of the bulk extract (400 ppm), by polarization method. The PP results suggest that this compound has an effect on both anodic, and cathodic processes, and that it adsorbs on mild steel surface according to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, and a solid UV–Visible reflection spectrum were used to investigate the alloys' surface morphology.

CAR T cell treatment of solid tumours is limited by poor persistence partly due to CD95 ligand (CD95L)-induced apoptosis. Both T cells and cells within the tumour microenvironment (TME) may express CD95L, triggering apoptosis in CD95-receptor-positive CAR T cells. Tonic signalling of CAR T cells may also increase CD95-dependent AICD. Because the intracellular protein c-FLIP protects T cells from AICD, we expressed c-FLIPp43 within a Her-2 targeted CAR cassette and evaluated the potential of c-FLIPp43 through in vitro functional assays and in vivo tumour-bearing xenograft model. cFLIP expression protected against CD95L-induced cell death in the Jurkat T cell lines. However, in primary human CAR T cells containing CAR-CD28 domains, c-FLIPp43 overexpression had minimal additional impact on resistance to CD95L-induded cell death. In vitro cytotoxicity against a breast cancer tumour cell line was not altered by c-FLIPp43 expression, but the expression of c-FLIPp43 in Her2-CAR T cells lowered interferon-γ secretion, without markedly affecting IL-2 levels, and c-FLIPp43-Her2-CAR T cells showed reduced anti-tumour activity in immunodeficient mice with breast cancer. The findings of this study provide a new understanding of the effects of controlling extrinsic apoptosis pathway suppression in CAR T cells, suggesting that c-FLIPp43 expression reduces anti-tumour immunity through the modulation of effector T cell pathways.

This research aimed to characterize and compare the properties of nanoliposome (NL

Introduction: Parkinson’s Disease (PD) associates with changes in sex hormones; however, it remains unknown whether this is either a cause for or a result of the disease. To further evaluate it, we investigated if the development of 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced Parkinsonism changes the serum levels of testosterone and prolactin or not. Methods: 6-OHDA was injected into the medial forebrain bundle using stereotaxic surgery. The development of Parkinsonism was evaluated by apomorphine-induced rotational test and the immunofluorescence labeling of Dopaminergic (DA) neurons in substantia nigra. The necessary blood samples were collected before the toxin and in the third and sixth weeks afterward. The hormones levels were determined using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kits. Results: The severity of rotations was different among 6-OHDA-treated rats; accordingly, they were divided into two subgroups of severe and mild parkinsonian rats. The degeneration of DA neurons was observed in both subgroups; however, it was significantly less in the mild group. In the sixth week after the toxin, testosterone level increased but only in the severe subgroup. Prolactin increased in both subgroups in the third week after the toxin but returned to normal in the sixth week. There was no association between the pre-toxin levels of these hormones and the intensity of Parkinsonism. Conclusion: Our findings indicated that the development of 6-OHDA-induced Parkinsonism increases the serum levels of testosterone and prolactin. Increased prolactin occurred earlier and was observed in rats with less DA neuronal loss. Therefore, prolactin levels can predict the death of DA neurons before the clinical signs of PD were revealed.

In the present research, the ability of

Background: The Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) is one of the most common surgical intervention in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Previous studies suggested a significant improvement in health status after TKA surgery. But we have little data about the Iranian population undergone TKA. In the current clinical study, we evaluated postoperatively health status using reliable tools of MOS SF-36 and WOMAC in OA and RA patients undergoing TKA. Methods: In this cohort study, patients with OA and/or RA who were candidates for TKA surgery were included. Using two reliable questionnaires, i.e., WOMAC and SF-36, the quality of life of patients was examined during a period of six months (three monthly intervals) after the surgery. All data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics. Kolmogrov-Smirnov, Kendall’s tau, chi-square test and K-related Non-parametric tests were used. Results: Of the 2126 patients who underwent TKA, there were 2024 diagnosed osteoarthritis and 102 validated RA over one year. The mean ± SD of age and the average BMI were 68.0 ± 7.0 BMI 28.5 kg/m2, respectively. Regarding comorbidities and concurrent disorders, about 14% of cases were diabetic, 42% had cardiovascular diseases, 3% had respiratory diseases, and 12% involved with gastrointestinal diseases. The result of SF-36 dramatically increased during follow up. The central distributions of all domains in the SF-36 questionnaire indicated that most scores increased during the time after surgery. As a consequence, WOMAC and MOS FS-36 indicated statistically significant changes after TKA for those who are suffering from RA or OA. Conclusion: TKA is an effective surgical process, which improves the quality of life in OA and/or RA. In addition, WOMAC and SF-36 examining tools are likely reliable tools with similar results to assess patients’ quality of life after TKA surgery.

The inhibition performance of phenazopyridine tablet on mild steel in 0.5 M phosphoric acid and 1M hydrochloric acid solutions is investigated using different techniques (potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM)). The gained results demonstrated that various concentrations of phenazopyridine inhibited the corrosion of the alloy in both of the acid solutions. The inhibition efficiency raised with a rise in the concentration of the drug and reduced with a rise in temperature. The maximum inhibition efficiency is observed in the presence of 500 ppm of the compound. Polarization evaluations displayed that the phenazopyridine acts as a mixed inhibitor in the hydrochloric acid solution and acts as an anodic inhibitor in the phosphoric acid solution. The corrosion parameters derived from the techniques are agreeing with one another. The adsorption mechanism of the tablet on the alloy was investigated by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The entropy of adsorption increased in hydrochloric acid and decreased in phosphoric acid solution. SEM micrographs were taken from the surface of the mild steel after exposure.

Background and Aim: International student satisfaction is a vital element in international universities and one of the promotion methods in the global ranking, and is considered as a competitive factor. Materials and Methods: The research method is mixed (quantitative-qualitative) of exploratory-confirmatory type. The statistical population includes experts, international department managers and foreign students(1352 people) in three universities of medical sciences in Tehran, Shahid Beheshti and Iran. The sampling method is qualitative, purposeful and the sample size is 21 professors. In a small part of the multi-stage cluster method, 450 international students were selected. The research tool was a semi-structured interview in the qualitative part of the interview and a researcher-made questionnaire in the quantitative part. Results: According to the research results, the most influential factor in the foreign studentschr('39') satisfaction model includes virtual services(0.84), loyalty(0.81), university reputation and rank (0.78), admission process(0.75), Research services(0.72), Staff and management services(0.71), International services(0.70), Educational services(0.68), Health services(0.67), Welfare services(0.65), Financial facilities(0.64), university infrastructure(0.63) and cultural services(0.61). Conclusion: In order to attract financial resources, international competition, improve regional and global ranking, universities should consider and plan the priorities of the proposed satisfaction model to improve the level of satisfaction of foreign students.

The inhibition behavior of metoprolol tablet on steel alloy (st37) in 1 M hydrochloric acid and 0.5 M sulfuric acid solutions were studied by three methods (potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and scanning electronic microscopy, SEM). The obtained parameters revealed that different amounts of metoprolol drug inhibited the corrosion of mild steel in the acid solutions of HCl and H2SO4. The corrosion resistance of the alloy increased with the increase in the concentration of metoprolol up to 300 ppm but was reduced by increasing the temperature. The derived parameters from polarization curves indicated that the drug is a mixed type inhibitor. The results obtained from the different methods are consistent with each other. The adsorption of metoprolol was found to be physical, exothermic, and spontaneous, and also fitted the Langmuir adsorption model. SEM micrographs are in accordance with the adsorption performance of the tablet.

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting the competencies of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) of faculty members of Islamic Azad University of Tehran in order to improve the status quo. The present study was applied in terms of data quality and in terms of research method of content analysis. Participants in this study were selected based on theoretical principle of saturation, including 16 faculty members, such as professors, managers and ICT specialists who were selected through purposeful and theoretical sampling. The data collection tool is a semi-structure interview. Data were analyzed using MAXQDA software in three stagesof open, axial and selective coding. Data validation was done using the verifiability method by the contributors. Based on research findings, effective factors on the development of ICT competencies of faculty members were identified and categorized in four categories including four environmental and technical factors, cultural factor, legal factor, technological factor, and nine dimensions and 37 indicators

Objective Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common problems for women, especially during their reproductive age. Various studies have examined the effects of vitamins D and E and ginger supplements. This study aimed to investigate the individual effects of each of these supplements on dysmenorrhea. Methods This single-blind clinical trial was conducted in 2016 on students aged 18 to 25 years who complained of mild to severe dysmenorrhea. The participants were randomly assigned into 4 groups: vitamin D, vitamin E, ginger, and placebo. The effects of the supplements on the severity of dysmenorrhea were evaluated in 2 successive cycles using the visual analog scale (VAS) and a questionnaire. Results Initially, 240 female students were enrolled in the study; thereafter, 40 students were excluded from the study owing to follow-up loss. The average VAS score for dysmenorrhea in the entire study population was 7.13±0.80 before the intervention; the mean VAS score after the first and second months of supplement use was 5.37±1.51 and 4.93±1.48, respectively. The highest reduction in pain severity was observed in the ginger group (F=74.54, P

Background: Penile fracture is a urological emergency requiring proper diagnosis and treatment. Limited studies conducted in Iran have reported high prevalence of this problem (9.9 per 100,000 male population). In this study, we also examined the causes and symptoms, as well as the type of treatment physicians choose so that in the future, we can use this data to educate physicians and other people in the community about this disease. Methods: First, all urologists across the country were contacted and informed about the project. Then, from February 2017 to February 2018, a pre-prepared questionnaire containing the required information was sent to them and they were asked to complete and send this questionnaire in case of a penile fracture. Then, every two weeks, we reconnected all urologists in different ways (email, phone call, virtual networks, etc.) and collected relevant data. Finally, all data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 19. Results: The incidence of penile fractures was estimated to be 2.5 per 100,000 men (from 0.38 in the age range of 69-60 years to 3.9 in the age range of 39-30 years). The most common causes of penile fractures were sexual intercourse (64.8%), followed by non-sexual trauma (16.9%) and masturbation (13.3%). Pain, edema and discoloration of the penis were the most common symptoms at the time of admission (83.6%) and most patients (84%) had referred to a physician within the first 24 hours after the accident. 78.9% of urologists believed in emergency surgical treatment, while 20.3% believed in delayed surgical treatment and 0.7% believed in supportive treatment. Conclusion: Because of the cultural diversity of Iran, the rate of penile fracture is very different in different parts of Iran, but its rate is much lower than previous studies.

Mucormycosis is an invasive fungal infection belonging to order of Mucorales which causes a high rate of mortality. This infection is mostly common in the immunosuppression conditions such as diabetes mellitus, chemotherapy, organ transplantation and hematologic malignancies.

Introduction: Mental disorders are the most prevalent health problems in the world. 23.6\% of Iranians have at least one psychological disorder. Men usually neglect their mental health issues, and their top priority mental health disorders should be determined for health planning. Methods: International databases including MedLine, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, and SID national database were searched from 2015 to October 2020. The latest reported prevalence and percent of total DALY (Disability-adjusted life year), their difference between sexes as well as the expert panel’s opinion about mental disorders were gathered in a matrix based on the Three-Dimensional Combined Approach Matrix (3D-CAM). Each item got a rank and prioritization was made base on mean rank. Results: Eight studies were included. The most prevalent mental disorders among the Iranian male population were Major Anxiety Disorders (MADs, 12\%) and the highest burden belonged to Major depressive disorder (MDD) comprising 2.88\% of the total DALY. Considering all parameters, the highest priority was the Drug Use Disorders (DUD) followed by Alcohol Use disorders (AUDs), Conduct disorder, MADs, Bipolar disorder, MDD, and Schizophrenia, respectively. Conclusion: Men are extremely affected by drug and alcohol use disorders in Iran and also there is a lack of practical screening and effective interventional programs for these disorders in the primary health care system. More intensive harm reduction programs are needed for decreasing devastating consequences of any substance use disorders as well as improving mental health literacy and raising awareness toward risk perception for preventive and controlling purposes.

It is now becoming clear that less differentiated naive and memory T cells are superior to effector T cells in the transfer of immunity for adoptive cell therapy. This review will outline the challenges faced by chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy in the generation of persistence and memory for CAR T cells, and summarize recent strategies to improve CAR T cell persistence, with a focus on memory cell formation. The relevance of enhancing persistence in more differentiated effector T cells is also covered, because genetic and pharmacological interventions may prolong effector T cell activity and lifespan, thereby improving anti-cancer activity. In particular, it may be possible to enforce epigenetic changes in differentiated T cells to enhance memory CAR T cell formation. Optimizing the generation of self-renewing T cell populations (e.g. memory cells), while maintaining differentiated effector T cells through epigenome modification, will help overcome barriers to T cell expansion and survival, thereby improving clinical outcomes in CAR T cell therapy.

Microvesicles (MVs) derived from bone marrow niche components have an important role in genetic reprogramming and subsequent drugs induce apoptosis in leukemic cells. Here, we have found that undertreatment of curcumin or daunorubicin, the cross-talk through MVs of KG-1-bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), significantly downregulates the expression of the survival gene osteopontin (OPN), CXCL-12, IL-6 (interleukin-6), STAT-3, and VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule 1) in treated-KG-1 cells as well as exclusively upregulates CXCL-12 in BMSCs. Drug treated-cell populations' MVs of both single cultured osteoblasts (OBs) and cocultured KG-1 + BMSCs + OBs similarly upregulate survival mediators' OPN, CXCL-12, IL-6, STAT-3, and VCAM-1 in treated-KG-1 cells. Likewise, isolated MVs from KG-1 cells or communication between KG-1, BMSCs, and OBs treated by drugs increase the expression of genes OPN, CXCL-12, IL-6, STAT3, and VCAM-1 by OBs. MVs derived from KG-1 + BMSCs + OBs reduce drug-induced apoptosis in KG-1 cells. This suggests MVs-mediated information transfer is a procedure whereby OBs could overcome BMSCs-induced apoptosis in drug-treated-KG-1 cells.

Background: The quality of educational services is one of the major concerns of higher education officials. Evaluating the quality of educational services is expected to be based on scientific models. Currently, definition of this area and conceptualization of educational services quality suffers from theoretical and methodological ambiguities and the root of many of these ambiguities and complexities appears to lie in the lack of appropriate models and tools for evaluating the quality of services. Materials and Methods: The purpose of this study is to design an integrated model of educational services quality. To this aim, critically reviewing the models of the services quality is essential. This critical review was conducted using an analytical approach. Results: (a) Theoretical foundations related to the quality of educational services were determined. (b) The models of the service qualities were described, criticized and the common concepts of these models were extended to the field of education. (c) Models to explain satisfaction were also extended to the field of education. (d) With a creative mental synthesis, a summary of common concepts of service quality models, satisfaction models and related documentation, and an integrated model of educational services was suggested. (e) The relevance of this model was demonstrated with concepts related to educational services management. Conclusion: Experiences of experts, key informants and stakeholders about the quality of educational services and the perceptions and experiences of indigenous norms in this field are very important.

Low back pain (LBP) as a recurrent and costly health problem and one of the leading causes of disability, is common in nurses. It can have adverse effects on the quality of life of nurses and quality of care of patients. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Back School program on the LBP and functional disability of Iranian nurses. A quasi-experimental methodological design was utilized for this study. Participants were nurses with back pain who participated in the Back School program workshop and completed a self-report visual analogue scales and Roland-Morris Disability questionnaire that measuring LBP and functional disability. Data were analyzed descriptively and comparisons in LBP and functional disability made between groups with t-test for pre-intervention and analysis of covariance for after intervention. Sixty-four participants (16 males, 48 females) completed this survey. The study participants' mean age was 38.9 ± 8.1 years in intervention group and 38.1 ± 8.2 in control group. There were no significant differences in terms of pain (P = 0.575) and disability scores (P = 0.844) before intervention. Although, the intervention led to a decrease in the functional ability and LBP scores of the nurses (P

Introduction: Urethroplasty is one of the most common and important reconstructive procedures in the field of urology. In order to improve patient’s condition, medical man needs to be acquainted with this technique. We aimed to evaluate quality of life and satisfaction of patients with Urethroplasty in the reconstructive urology department of Shohada-e-Tajrish Hospital, during 1995-2016. Materials and Methods: This study was a retrospective cohort. Sampling was done by census method. The patients' demographic information, cause and duration of urethral stricture, type and frequency of procedures, daily fluid intake, urinary obstruction symptoms, the quality of marital relations, and the quality of life of patients before and after the surgery, were evaluated. Results: The mean age of the patients was 36.6 years. 46.4% of the patients had moderate and more than moderate marital satisfaction after surgery, while this preoperative satisfaction was 48.2% (P>0.05). Patients' quality of work life and job satisfaction was significantly higher than before surgery (P=0.05). In 90.3% of the patients, urination status had no or little negative impact on their daily life after surgery. Also, 86.9% of the patients did not have weak urinary flow during follow-up. 88% of the patients were satisfied with the outcome of their surgery. Patients' satisfaction with their physical health after surgery was 82.1%. Conclusion: In general, it is inferred that Urethroplasty is associated with a high success rate and patient satisfaction, and also improves their quality of life.

Introduction: Population aging is becoming a global challenge for developing countries. The aim of the present paper is to review the current literature on geriatric health and to propose possible research areas. Methods: By reviewing scientific databases, all published papers in geriatric health within the last 5 years (until 31 December, 2019) were extracted. Inclusion criteria were being about elderly health conducted on Iranian elderly population and published no longer than 5 years ago. Unrelated, foreign studies and qualitative, trend analysis, and case series were excluded. The keywords were classified into 5 macro domain of General, Biological, psychological, Social and Spiritual domains. Results: Until 31 December, 2019, 713 related studies were finally retrieved. 56.8% of keywords belonged to the Biological macro domain. Among which, neurologic disorders had the highest proportion of studies (n=108, 15.1%). The most prevalent subdomain was the “Sociological” (P=15.4%) and the most prevalent keyword was “Quality of life”. The lowest proportion of studies was belonged to Hematology and Otolaryngology (0.4% each). Among the top institutions in terms of publication output are University of Social welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences (11%), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (9.7%), and Iran University of Medical Sciences (9%). Conclusion: Most of the literature concerning elderly`s health in Iran has focused on biologic aspect of health. There seems to be an urgent need to develop a research roadmap to cover all aspects of research among elderlies. Various prepositions to develop and promote context-based and innovative strategies are also provided.

Introduction: Andropause is a syndrome with a slow progression that is associated with androgen deficiency in older men. This study aimed to collect all scientific data about the factors that cause the occurrence of andropause in Iranian men as well as the aspects of life which can be affected by this disorder. Materials and Methods: Searching was conducted in international databases including MedLine, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, and national database (SID) from inception until December 2019. Retrieved studies were reviewed by two researchers independently and selected studies were summarized in a table. Results: Finally, 21 related studies were included and summarized information showed that andropause can be negatively affected by age, lower testosterone levels, smoking, lower economic status, lower educational level, and poor employment status. Some studies have also implied that there is a significant correlation between andropause and quality of life, sleep quality, depression, anxiety, marital dissatisfaction, urinary incontinence, coronary heart disease, and metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: According to the collected data in this present study, Iranian studies have covered a wide variety of complications and related factors in the field of andropause but, we still lake some studies about other aspects of andropause such as musculoskeletal impairment, erectile dysfunction, memory and cognitive disorders, skin and hair disorders, decreased libido, and other mood disorders.