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BACKGROUNDS:The Result of the Basic Health Research 2018 stunting prevalence in Indonesia is 30.8%. One of the potential local foodstuffs in Indonesia is nile Tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus). Nile Tilapia fish has a high nutrient content, especially protein, calcium and monounsaturated fatty acids. OBJECTIVES: Analyzed of nutrient content and heavy metal content of lead in Nile Tilapia. METHODS:The study was a laboratory study using raw materials of Nile Tilapia fish . Then analyzed the content of proximate, fatty acids, amino acids and lead heavy metals. Statistical tests use descriptive tests. RESULTS:The total protein content of 18.46 grams, and the calcium content of 74.38 grams in 100 grams of material. Total fatty acids of Nile Tilapia 30.39%, Palmitic acid 7.87%, stearic acid 4.30%, oleic acid 8.13%, Linoleic Acid 3.67% of total fatty acids. Total amino acids is 21.56%, Arginine 1.88%, Leucine 1.69%, Lysine 1.84%, Aspartic Acid 2.16%, Glutamic Acid 3.45% of the total amino acids. CONCLUSION:High nutrient content in Nile Tilapia are proteins, calcium, oleic fatty acids, palmitic, linoleic and stearic acids. The highest amino acids are aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine arginine and leucine.

Background: Low zinc levels affects the relationship between the glutamatergic and serotonergic systems in major depressive disorders that cause stress and inflammation. Decreased zinc in the hippocampus can activates the HPA axis associated with an increase in cortisol. Several studies documented the relationship between zinc and clinical depression, however further research including biological measurements is needed to support these studies.Objective: To observe the correlation between zinc intake with serotonin and cortisol serum in patient with depressionMethods: This was an observational study with cross sectional design. Subjects were patients with depression who came to Dr. Kariadi Hospital, Tugurejo Hospital, Diponegoro National Hospital and Permata Medika Hospital met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess daily zinc intake. The levels of serum serotonin and cortisol were measured using ELISA technique.Results: Of the 53 subjects, there was significant correlation between zinc intake with serotonin serum level (p=0,038), however there was no correlation between zinc intake with cortisol serum level (p=0,845)Conclusion: The higher zinc intake the higher serotonin serum level, however there was no correlation between zinc intake with cortisol serum level in patients with depression.

Fish is one of the most important foods in the human diet because of its high nutritional quality. One of the potential local foodstuffs in Grobogan is Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Nile tilapia has a high nutrient content, especially protein. To obtain better benefits from fish protein, it can be processed into fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) products. Fish protein hydrolysates (FPH) which contain a mixture of small protein or peptides and free amino acids are beneficial for children diet, in preventing and combating malnutrition problems through readily absorbed essential amino acids. This study aimed to analyze the amino acid profile of Nile tilapia and fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) from Nile tilapia. The treatments included processing Nile tilapia into hydrolysate and analyse amino acids of Nile tilapia before and after hydrolysate. The process of making FPH uses a local microbial protease enzyme from Bacillus licheniformis. Amino acids composition was analysed using an internal method developed by Saraswanti Indo Genetech laboratory (18- 5-17/MU/SMM-SIG, UPLC). Data were analysed using the paired t-test statistical test. The results showed there were significant differences in the rate of all amino acid profiles (p0.05). From the research, it can be concluded hydrolysate processing has an effect on the increase of Lglutamic acid and L-lysine amino acid.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients have alteration in hemostasis components. Thus, including excess expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), causing fibrinolysis disorders; the majority of these patients are hypercoagulable state prone to thrombosis. Some evidence suggests that garlic and garlic supplements have antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory properties. Besides, garlic stimulates fibrinolytic activity and normalizes plasma lipid imbalances. Black garlic is processed garlic that is produced through natural aging at a controlled temperature (70 °C) and high humidity (90%) for several days, without other additives. This study aimed to prove the effect of single clove black garlic (SCBG) (Allium sativum Linn) on PAI-1 levels and lipid profiles of NAFLD rats induced by a high-fat fructose diet (HFFD) containing 1.25% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid.The rats were then divided into healthy control group (K1+); NAFLD control group without treatment (K2+); 0.9 mg simvastatin treatment group (K1-); 45 mg metformin treatment group (K2-); SCBG 450 mg per 200g BW (X1); 900 mg per 200 g BW (X2); and 1350 mg per 200 g BW (X3). All treatments were administered for 4 weeks via oral gavage. As a result, significant differences in PAI-1 levels and lipid profiles between groups after the administration (p = 0.001) were noted and also by simvastatin and metformin, respectively. There was a correlation between PAI-1 and lipid profile of SCBG treatment. In conclusion, the administration of SCBG (1350 mg per 200 g BB per day) for 4 weeks had a significant effect on PAI-1 levels, and the lipid profiles in Sprague Dawley rats modeled NAFLD (p = 0.001). SCBG has provided benefits that can be useful in the management of NAFLD but it’s not equivalent to medicine.

Children with protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) need a food product that can be easily absorbed by the body because they have impaired nutrient utilization and lipid profile disorder. The provision of fermented products such as tempeh is an alternative approach. Seeds of tree bean (Parkia timoriana (DC) Merr.) are a good source of various nutrients needed by children with PEM. This study aimed to prove the effectiveness of the administration of tempeh flour from tree bean (Parkia timoriana (DC) Merr.) seeds on the lipid profile in PEM rats. PEM in rats was induced by a zero-protein diet containing granulated sugar (20 g), vegetable oil (1 g), and cornstarch (24 g). The animals were categorized into a normal control group (K+), a PEM group without treatment (K−); a group fed tempeh flour from tree bean (Parkia timoriana (DC) Merr.) seeds 1.5 g.kg-1 BW (P1); and a group fed tempeh flour from tree bean (Parkia timoriana (DC) Merr.) seeds 3 g.kg-1 BW (P2). The intervention was administered for 30 days. There was a significant increase in HDL levels (p = 0.001) and significant decreases in cholesterol (p = 0.001), triglyceride (p = 0.001), LDL levels (p = 0.001), and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) (p = 0.000) in treatment groups. In conclusion, the administration of tempeh flour from tree bean (Parkia timoriana (DC) Merr.) seeds increases HDL levels and decreases cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL level, and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) in rats with PEM.

Protein-energy malnutrition still becomes a problem in the world and Indonesia. The enteral formula is needed in the process of fulfilling overall nutrition in the form of a liquid diet in malnourished patients to digest and absorb nutrients without any difficulties. Amino acid lysine, methionine, cysteine, threonine, and tryptophan are often deficits in children's food; even, malnourished children (stunting, wasting, or protein-energy malnutrition) have decreased amino acids. Tempeh gembus, fermented local food, is used as the main ingredient for the enteral formula, and the hydrolysate process is carried out and made into flour, resulting in more amino acids due to the process of protein breakdown. The making of enteral formula from local food fermentation aims to enable the community to optimize local food into more nutritious food so that it can be produced at the household scale. Other supplementary ingredients are isolated soy protein, pumpkin flour, maltodextrin, sugar, and soybean oil. The enteral formula is isocaloric and isoprotein; it is divided into two with different compositions of the hydrolysate of Tempeh gembus flour. This study aims to determine the content of protein, amino acids, and limiting amino acids in the enteral formula. The amino acid analysis was performed using the HPLC method. Amino acid glutamate has the highest content in enteral formulas A and B (2,080 mg.100g-1and 1,950 mg.100g-1). The total amino acid content of enteral formula A is higher than that of enteral formula B with a difference of 210 mg.100g-1. Enteral formula A has a higher average amino acid content (1,400 mg.100g-1) than enteral formula B (1,378 mg.100g-1), and there is no significant difference (p = 0.812) between them. The enteral formula A has a higher amino acid content, but the highest protein content is in enteral formula B. The limiting amino acids in enteral formulas A and B are the methionine amino acids. Enteral formulas A and B can fulfill the needs of amino acids and be an alternative formula for Children with PEM.

Latar belakang : Penanda aterogenik dan resistensi insulin pada subjek obes itas sentral yang akurat dan aplikatif dapat menggunakan rasio TG/HDL. Penelitian sebelumnya telah banyak diteliti tentang pemeriksaan HOMA-IR pada subjek dengan resistensi insulin. Rasio LP/TB diketahui lebih unggul dalam memprediksi risiko penyakit jantung koroner dibandingkan LP saja karena rasio ini merupakan indeks yang stabil pada ras, umur, dan jenis kelamin berbeda. Saat ini penelitian tentang hubungan rasio LP/TB dengan rasio TG/HDL pada subjek remaja obes masih terbatas. Tujuan : Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui hubungan rasio LP/TB dengan rasio TG/HDL pada remajadengan obesitas sentral . Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional dengan desain cross sectional. Penelitian dilakukan di Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang. Kriteria inklusi meliputi, remaja perempuan atau laki-laki, berusia 19-20 tahun,memiliki IMT > 25kg/m2 dan lingkar pingang >80cm untuk perempuan dan >90 cm untuk laki-laki. Berat badan menggunakan alat bio impedance analyzer . LP diukur menggunakan pita metlin statis . Pengambilan s ampel darah untuk TG dan HDL melalui ve na, setelah puasa semalam (10 jam) kemudian diuji menggunakan autoanalyzer. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji Pearson dan Spearman rank test . Hasil: Kami menganalisis pada 56 remaja dengan obesitas sentral. Rerata LP (88,9 ± 8,67cm), kadar TG (105 ± 56,62mg/dL), HDL-c (45,3 ± 12,61mg/dL), rasio LP/TB (0,55 ± 0,04), rasio TG/HDL 2,3 ± 1,42). Ada hubungan signifikan antara rasio LP/TB dengan TG/HGL (r=0,386; p=0,003) Simpulan : Rasio LP/TB tinggi berkorelasi dengan peningkatan rasio TG/HDL-C pada remaja dengan obesitas sentral dan dapat digunakan sebagai penanda awal resiko metabolik

Vitamin D deficiency causes rickets in children and will precipitate and exacerbate osteopenia, osteoporosis, and fractures in adults. It has been associated with increased risk of common cancers, autoimmune diseases, hypertension, and infectious diseases. A circulating level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D of >75 nmol/L, or 30 ng/mL, is required. Fortification program of vitamin D in daily food products is one of an effective way to increase vitamin D in food. Since vitamin D is a sensitive vitamin, encapsulation of αlactalbumin is needed to protect it from the environments, such as light, heat, and oxidation. In this study, vitamin D3 was encapsulated with α-lactalbumin. The objective was to obtain the stability and the structure of vitamin D3 encapsulated with α-lactalbumin. Encapsulation efficiency (EE) measured by UV-VIS spectrophotometer with wavelength of 264 nm. Structure of vitamin D3 encapsulated with alpha-lactalbumin obtained by scanning electron microscope (SEM) with four different magnification. In this study, vitamin D3 attached inside α-lactalbumin as seen by SEM. The morphology showed the hydrophobic binds between vitamin D3 and α-lactalbumin. Vitamin D3 was successfully encapsulated with α-lactalbumin with an EE 94.89%. The highest EE was from the vitamin D3/α-lactalbumin ratio 5:1. The coating of α-lactalbumin increased the solubility of vitamin D3 in the system. System stored in a cool temperature (5oC). The encapsulation efficiency of the system is 16.44% on the seventh day. It means that it decreases a lot from 100% to 16.44% in seventh day and proof that attachment between the system is weak. Finally, it can conclude that the encapsulation efficiency of α-lactalbumin is high, but the shelf-life is short and attachment between the system is week.

Obesity is an increasing weight that exceeds the limits of physical and skeletal needs due to the excessive backfilling of body fat. Obesity is a predisposing factor for increasing triglyceride levels (TG) and insulin resistance status. Consumption of fiber, such as Tempeh Gembus can be an alternative treatment to lower TG levels and insulin resistance status. This research was aimed to prove the influence of processed Tempeh Gembus to TG levels and insulin resistance status. This research employed a pre-post randomized control group. The participants of this research are 40 women with pre-menopausal obesity which are divided into two groups: the control group which is given the daily standard diet treatment Isocaloric 30 kcal/kg of BW/day and the treatment group which is given the daily standard diet Isocaloric 30 kcal/kg of BW/day with the addition of processed Tempeh Gembus processed as much as 150 g/day for 28 days. The result show, giving Tempeh Gembus to the treatment group can lower the TG level (p = 0.010) and insulin resistance status (p = 0.000) significantly. The decreased levels of TG in the treatment group (-9.3±9.6 mg/dL) were higher compared to the decline in the control group (-2.90±4.43 mg/dL). Decreased insulin resistance status in the control group (- 0.60±0.51) is lower than the treatment group (-6.90±4.82). Based on the results above, consumption of 150 g/day of processed Tempeh Gembus for 28 days can lower TG levels

Background: Hyperlipidemia is the major precursor of lipid-related diseases. Consumption of high fiber foods may decrease lipid profiles. The fiber content in tempeh gembus is three times higher than regular tempeh. Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of tempeh gembus on lipid profiles in women with hyperlipidemia. Methods: This research used the quasi-experimental design with nonequivalent control group design. Subjects were 41 women with hyperlipidemia, classified into 3 groups: control group, treatment group 1 given 103 g/day tempeh gembus, and treatment group 2 given 206 g/day tempeh gembus for 14 days. All of the groups received nutrition education. Total cholesterol and HDL-C were determined by CHOD-PAP method, triglyceride determined by enzymatic GPO-PAP method after subjects had been fasting for approximately 10 hours. LDL-C was calculated by Friedewald equation. Results: These results showed that consumption of tempeh gembus 103 g/day and 206 g/day decreased LDL-C 27.9% and 30.9% as well as decreased total cholesterol 17.7% and 19.8% respectively. However, HDL-C increased 3.91% and 8.79% and triglyceride increased 2.3% and 3.1%. Tempeh gembus given 206 g/day was more effective to decrease total cholesterol and LDL-C than 103 g/day. Conclusion: Increasing tempeh gembus consumption in women with hyperlipidemia should be addressed to decrease LDL-C and total cholesterol.

Obesity causes chronic inflammatory reaction is characterized by elevated levels of high sensitivity c-reactive protein (hscrp). Hscrp and hdl could be used as an early marker of cardiovascular disease risk. Tempeh gembus contain fiber, unsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants, which can reduce the inflammatory reaction. This study determines the effect of processed Tempeh gembus on hsCRP and HDL in obese women. This study included in experimental studies with randomized post-test only control group design involving 40 obese women aged 20 – 50 years. Subjects were randomized into two groups: a control group was given a standard diet low in calories 30 calories/kg body weight, and the treatment group was given a standard diet low in calories 30 calories/kg body weight and Tempeh gembus for 28 days. hsCRP and HDL levels were measured before and after the intervention, food intake was measured by using a 3 x 24-hour recall and physical activity (IPAQ form). HsCRP levels were measured using the ELISA method, whereas HDL levels were measured using the CHOD-PAP method. Wilcoxon test (hsCRP levels) and paired t-test (HDL levels) used to test differeces before and after intervention each group. Mann Whitney test (hsCRP levels) and independent sample test (HDL levels) used to test differeces before and after intervention between groups. There are differences in hsCRP levels before and after the intervention in the control group (p = 0.00) and the treatment group (p = 0.00). There are differences in HDL levels before and after the intervention in the control group (p = 0.00) and the treatment group (p = 0.00). There are differences in the decrease hsCRP levels between the two groups (p = 0.00). There are differences in the increase in HDL levels between the two groups (p = 0.03). Tempeh gembus 150 grams/day can decrease hsCRP levels and increase HDL levels in women with obesity.

Background : Obesity is one of the risk factors for insulin resistance. Insulin resistance plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Wrist circumference has the potential for predicting obesity and insulin resistance. Objectives :. To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of wrist circumference against obesity and insulin resistance in late adolescents. Methods : The design of this study is a crossectional study with a sample of 85 students at Diponegoro University Semarang. Data collected consisted of anthropometric measurements (body weight, height, wrist circumference, neck circumference, waist circumference and pelvic girth) and blood vein sampling (fasting blood glucose and fasting insulin). Statistical analyses used in this study were Pearson or R Spearman correlation test. Results : Wrist circumference was positively correlated with all biochemical parameters and anthropometric measurements except the waist hip ratio. Wrist circumference correlates positively and significantly with fasting insulin and HOMA-IR in male adolescents. The results of the ROC curve analysis showed that the AUC value of wrist circumference in male adolescents had better performance in predicting obesity (88% (95% CI, 76% - 100%) ) than insulin resistance (81% (95% CI, 51% -100%) ) . Conclusion : Wrist circumference is one of the anthropometric measurements that can be used for predicting obesity and insulin resistance in late adolescents.

Background: Zinc is the main constituent element of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) which acts to protect cells from inflammation and the toxic effects of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). High ROS production induces fat peroxidation, and forms malondialdehyde (MDA) which causes oxidative stress.Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the difference of zinc and malondialdehyde levels among Multi Drug Resistant Tuberculosis and sensitive Tuberculosis.Methods: Crossectional study with 55 subjects consisted of 32 MDR-TB subjects and 23 subjects TB sensitive. Selection of subjects using consecutive sampling. Zinc and MDA serum was obtained from venous blood. Zinc and MDA concentration were assessed by quantitative colometric and Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) respectively. Data were analized statistic by independent t-test and Mann Whitney test.Results: Zinc level of MDR-TB and TB sensitive were 74.85 (64 - 97) μg/dl and 73.03 (63 - 97) μg/dl respectively, while MDA of MDR-TB and sensitive TB were 2.262±1.055 nmol/mL and 2.66±0.992 nmol/mL. There was no significantly different in zinc level between MDR-TB and sensitive TB (p=1.000). Furthermore, there was not significantly different of MDA level between MDR-TB and sensitive Tuberculosis (p=0,147).Conclusion: There are no differences in zinc and MDA levels in patient between MDR-TB and sensitive TB.

Background and aims: Quercetin belonging flavonoid has a role to improve diabetic condition. Research aimed to examine and to compare Cape Gooseberry (CG) juice and quercetin supplement on Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) and adiponectin level of high fat diet-Streptozotocin (HFD-STZ) induced rat. Material and method: CG juice 5 ml/kg/d (X1) and 25 ml/kg/d (X2) groups; and quercetin supplement 2.2 mg/kg/d (X3) and 30 mg/kg/d (X4) groups were compared with both of positive (K+) and negative (K-) control. Treatments were given by orally gavage for 28 days to 36 Wistar rats which each group consisted of 6 rats. TAC and adiponectin level were measured by ABTS and ELISA method respectively. Results: There was significantly increase of TAC in treatment groups compared with K(+) (p Conclusion: CG juice 25 ml/kg/d presented better effect than CG juice 5 ml/kg/d, although quercetin 30 mg/kg/d showed the best effects toward both of TAC and adiponectin.

Background and aims: Cardiovascular diseases are widespread and causes many deaths in the world. The concentration of acute phase protein: C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen will rise dramatically when inflammation happens, which that can be used as an early marker of cardiovascular disease risk. Tempeh gembus contains fiber, unsaturated fatty acids and isoflavones are believed to reduce the inflammatory reaction. The aim of the study was to determinate the effect of tempeh gembus variations to levels of hcCRP and levels of fibrinogen of Sprague Dawley rats with atherogenic diet. Material and methods: This study was quasi-experimental with posttest only randomized control group design using 35 Sprague Dawley mice. The rats were randomized into 5 groups: negative control group given the standard diet, the positive control group given standard diet and atherogenic diet, and three treatment groups were given the standard diet, atherogenic diet and variation of tempeh gembus (tempeh gembus, heated tempeh gembus and tempeh gembus with bromelain enzyme) for 28 days. Serum levels of hsCRP and fibrinogen examined using ELISA (Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay). Results and conclusions: The administration of tempeh gembus with bromelain enzyme is the most effective treatment for hsCRP serum level indicated a significant difference (p=0.028) between the negative control group, positive control group and first group with the third group. Fibrinogen serum levels showed significant differences in all treatment groups (p =0.042), administration of tempeh gembus with bromelain enzyme is the most effective treatment is shown by a significant difference between the negative control group and the positive control group with third group. The administration of tempeh gembus with bromelain enzyme for 28 days can reduce the serum levels of hsCRP and fibrinogen on rats significantly.

Soybean tempeh and gembus tempeh are traditional foods that have long been known in Indonesia, which in a modern way are classified as functional food. Various studies related to the antioxidant activity of soybean and gembus tempeh has been reported. This study aimed to compare the antioxidant capacity of soybean tempeh and gembus tempeh that are circulating in the community. The results of the research are expected to be an evaluation of soybean tempeh and gembus tempeh quality available in the market. The results of this research are expected to be an evaluation of soybean tempeh and gembus tempeh quality available in the market. The research design was a cross-sectional experimental study to measure antioxidants activity of 31 soybeans tempeh and 29 gembus tempeh. Sample of this study was selected through simple random sampling technique. The measurement of antioxidant activity carried out was the 2.2-diphenyl 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method; ethanol extraction of 95%. Results revealed that the antioxidant activity of gembus tempeh was significantly higher than soybean tempeh; (32.521; 19.831) vs., (17.016; 13.195), respectively.

Tempeh gembus is a local functional food from Indonesia which made from fermented tofu residues from Rhizopus oligosporus and containing high fibre. The fibre content in tempeh gembus are three times higher than soybean tempeh. Dietary fibre is thought to reduce blood glucose levels. The aim this study is to analyze the effect of giving variations of processed tempeh gembus on fasting blood glucose level. This study was an experimental study with a pre-post randomized control group design. The number of control and treatment group subjects was 20 people each who met the inclusion criteria. The control and treatment groups received 1500 kcal isocaloric diet. In addition, treatment group received additional variations of processed tempeh gembus 150 grams for 28 days. The average intake of processed tempeh gembus treatment group during the study was 58.9%. The average fibre intake of the treatment group was twice higher than the control group. There was no statistically significant difference in fasting blood glucose levels between the control and treatment groups after the intervention. There was no statistically significant difference on fasting blood glucose levels in both the control group and the treatment group (p> 0.05) but clinically it was able to reduce fasting blood glucose levels 4.5 mg / dl in the treatment group. Changes in blood glucose levels showed no significant differences between the control and treatment groups (p> 0.05). Processed tempeh gembus administration for 28 days increase fibre intake but could not been able to reduce fasting blood glucose levels.

Kitosan merupakan polimer alam yang diperoleh dari proses deasetilasi kitin yang terkandung di dalam cangkang binatang invertebrata terutama crustacea seperti udang dan rajungan. Karena sifatnya yang biocompatible, biodegradable, bioaktivitas , dan tidak beracun, kitosan telah digunakan secara luas dalam berbagai bidang seperti pangan, nutrisi, farmasi, medis, dan pertanian. Kitosan memiliki berat molekul yang tinggi, viskositas tinggi, dan kelarutan di dalam air yang rendah, sehingga akan menghambat aplikasinya. Salah satu metode yang umum dilakukan untuk menurunkan berat molekul kitosan adalah hidrolisis enzimatis. Kelemahan dari metode ini adalah laju reaksi yang lambat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pretreatment iradiasi microwave pada hidrolisis enzimatis kitosan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pretreatment iradiasi microwave dapat meningkatkan laju penurunan berat molekul dan viskositas larutan kitosan. Hidrolisis kitosan dengan pretreatment iradiasi microwave pada power 120 watt selama 9 menit dapat meningkatkan kelarutan kitosan dalam air dari 0,02% menjadi 0,26% (berat/volume). Analisis FTIR menunjukkan bahwa struktur kimia produk hidrolisis mirip dengan kitosan awal. Chitosan is a natural polymer obtained from the deacetylation of chitin contained in shells of invertebrates, especially crustaceans such as shrimp and crab. Because it is biocompatible, biodegradable, bioactivity, and non-toxic, chitosan has been widely used in various fields such as food, nutritional, pharmaceutical, medical, and agriculture. Chitosan has a high molecular weight, high viscosity, and solubility in water is low, so it will hamper application. One common method to lower the molecular weight of chitosan is the enzymatic hydrolysis. The d isadvantage of this method is the reaction rate is slow. This study aims to assess the microwave irradiation pretreatment on enzymatic hydrolysis of chitosan. The results showed that pretreatment microwave irradiation can increase the rate of decrease in molecular weight and viscosity of chitosan solution. Pretreatment of chitosan hydrolysis with microwave irradiation at 120 watts power for 9 minutes can increase the solubility of chitosan in water from 0,02% to 0,26% (weight / volume). FTIR analysis showed that the hydrolysis products of the chemical structure is similar to the initial chitosan.

Kejadian obesitas pada remaja meningkat di Indonesia. Peningkatan derajat kemakmuran berkorelasi dengan perubahan gaya hidup. Remaja lebih gemar jajan diluar rumah dan tidak banyak melakukan aktivitas fisik rutin seperti olah raga. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kontribusi makanan dan aktivitas fisik terhadap kejadian obesitas pada remaja di Semarang. Penelitian ini merupakan studi observasional dengan pendekatan kasus kontrol (1:1). Dengan teknik acak sederhana, sejumlah 148 remaja usia 12 – 15 tahun menjadi subjek penelitian setelah melalui screening status gizi. Penentuan obesitas didasarkan pada persentil IMT/U > 95 persentil. Data asupan makanan jajanan dan aktivitas fisik diperoleh melalui wawancara kuesioner terstruktur. Uji hubungan dua variabel dilakukan dengan chi square. Uji regresi logistik dilakukan untuk mengetahui variabel paling berpengaruh terhadap kejadian obesitas Hasil menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara kontribusi makanan western fast food, makanan jajanan lokal dan tingkat aktivitas fisik terhadap obesitas (P< 0,05). Model akhir regresi logistic menunjukkan kontribusi makanan jajan lokal yang mengandung lebih dari 300 kkal dan aktivitas fisik ringan memberi risiko masing masing sebesar 3,2 kali dan 5,1 kali menyebabkan obesitas pada remaja. Dapat disimpulankan bahwa makanan jajan yang mengandung lebih dari 300 kkal dan aktivitas fisik ringan berkontribusi terhadap kejadian obesitas remaja ABSTRACT CONTRIBUTIONS OF STREET FOOD AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY TO ADOLESCENT OBESITY IN SEMARANG CITY The prevalence of adolescents obesity increased from time to time in Indonesia. Increasing of prosperity is correlated with changes in lifestyle. The lifestyles adopted among adolescents are interested to buy eating street foods outside home and lack of physical activity as a result of high techology and spend more time outside home. The objective of the study is to study the contribution of street foods and physical activity to adolescents obesity in Semarang. This study is an observational study with case-control design (1case and 1 control). Simple random sampling was applied after screening of nutritional status. A number of 148 adolescents aged 12-15 years became subjects of the study. Determination of obesity based on BMI percentile by age > 95 percentile. Dietary intake of western fast foods, street foods and physical activity was obtained through interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Chi square test was performed to analyzed association between dependent and independent variables. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the most influential variables on adolescents obesity. The results showed that there is a significant association between dietary western fast foods, local street foods and physical activity levels to adolescents obesity (P 300 kcal and light physical activity contributed 3.2 times and 5.1 times to adolescents obesity. In conclusion, street foods contained more than 300 kcal and light physical activity contributed to adolescent obesity Keywords: street foods, adolescents obesity, physical activity

Latar Belakang : Remaja yang obesitas dan stunting ditemukan mengalami penurunan kadar selenium di tubuh. Penurunan kadar selenium berdampak terhadap kejadian stress oksidatif yang merupakan prekursor berbagai masalah kesehatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan perbedaan kadar serum selenium pada remaja akhir usia 17-19 tahun berdasarkan status obesitas dan stunting . Metode : Penelitian cross-sectional ini dilakukan pada 88 remaja usia 17-19 tahun yang dibagi dalam 4 kelompok berdasarkan status obesitas dan stunting . Obesitas ditentukan dengan nilai WHtR >0.5 untuk perempuan dan >0.51 untuk laki-laki. Stunting ditentukan dengan TB/U >-2 SD. Kadar serum selenium ditentukan menggunakan ICP-OES. Perbedaan kadar serum selenium dianalisis dengan uji Annova. Hasil : Rerata kadar serum selenium pada kelompok stunted-obesity sebesar 277,5±96,4 , stunted-non obesity 418±93,4, non stunted-obesity 304±64,9, dan non stunted-non obesity 330±112,2. Terdapat perbedaan signifikan kadar serum selenium pada kelompok. Simpulan : Kadar serum selenium pada seluruh kelompok tergolong lebih tinggi dibanding nilai normal. Kelompok stunted-obesity dan non stunted-obesity memiliki kadar serum selenium yang lebih rendah dibanding kelompok non stunted-non obesity, sedangkan kelompok stunted-non obesity memiliki kadar selenium serum yang lebih tinggi dibanding kelompok non stunted-non obesity .

Patients with Terminal Chronic Renal Disease (ESRD) generally have impaired metabolism of minerals such as calcium. Probiotics can increase the balance of gastrointestinal microflora. Suplementation probiotics may increase levels of calcium. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of probiotics on the increase of calcium levels. This study used a true experiment research using a randomized pre-post test control group design involving 24 subjects divided into 2 groups at random. The treatment group was given lactobacillus probiotics (4.0x10 9 CFU) each day in capsul, while the control group was given standard treatment. Statistical analyzes applied paired t-test and independent t-test. Data regarding characteristics of subject were collected using a structured questionnaire. Calcium levels measured by CPO methods and It conducted before intervension and after the intervention. Calcium levels in the treatment group increased at 0.9 g / dl, or higher than in the control group 0.7 g / dl. The treatment group showed a significant increase of calcium level (p = 0.02). But, this increases did not make a significant difference between the 2 groups. Giving of probiotics increases blood calcium levels even in a small level, therefore it is beneficial to be given to patients with ESRD. ABSTRAK Penderita Penyakit Ginjal Kronik (PGK) terminal pada umumnya mengalami gangguan metabolisme mineral seperti kalsium. Probiotik mampu meningkatkan keseimbangan mikroflora saluran pencernaan. Suplementasi probiotik mampu meningkatkan kadar kalsium. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis pengaruh pemberian probiotik terhadap kadar kalsium darah pada pasien PGK terminal. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian true experiment dengan rancangan randomized pre-post test control group design yang melibatkan 24 subjek yang dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok secara acak. Kelompok perlakuan diberikan probiotik lactobacillus (4.0x10 9 CFU) per hari dalam bentuk kapsul, sedangkan kelompok kontrol diberikan pengobatan standar. Pengumpulan data penelitian meliputi karakteristik subjek yang dilakukan dengan wawancara menggunakan kuesioner. Data kalsium darah diperoleh dari hasil pemeriksaan dengan metode OCP. Analisis statistik yang dilakukan adalah uji p aired t-tes dan independent t-test . Kadar kalsium pada kelompok perlakuan meningkat 0 , 9 g/dl, atau lebih tinggi dibandingkan pada kelompok kontrol 0,7 g/dl. Kelompok perlakuan menunjukan peningkatan kadar kalsium secara bermakna (p=0,02). Namun kenaikan ini tidak memberikan perbedaan yang bermakna antara dua kelompok (p= 0,21) Pemberian probiotik meningkatkan kadar kalsium darah walapun tidak banyak, sehingga bermanfaat untuk diberikan kepada pasien PGK terminal. Kata kunci: probiotik lactobacillus, kadar kalsium, PGK terminal

For the Longer term food-based approaches for controlling vitamin A deficiency and its consequences, become increasingly important. A nutrition survailance system in Central-Java, Indonesia assessed vitamin A intake and serum retinol concentration of lactating women with a child ≤ 36 mo old during crisis. Median vitamin A intake was 319 RE/d and night blindness 0,34%. Serum retinol concentration (mean : 1,23 µ mol/L) was related to vitamin A intake in a dose-concentration manner. The multiple logistic regression model for predicting the chance for a serum retinol concentration > observed median of the population ( ≥ 1,27 µ mol/L) included determinant factors, vitamin A intake from plant foods (OR [95% CI] per quartile, 1st : 1.00, 2nd: 1,63 [0,99-2,80], 3rd: 1,99 [1,58-2,99], and 4th: 2,62 [1,68-4,04], from, animal foods (1st and 2nd: 1,00. 3rd: 1,37 [0,89-2,09] and 4th: 2,86 [1,59-3,98] ). Homegardening (no 1,00, yes 1,88 [1,08-2,68] ) and woman’s education level ( ≤ primary school : 1,00 ≥ secondary school : 1,46 [1,00-2,16] ). Thus, although contributing 16 times more to total vitamin A intake plant foods were as important for vitamin A status as animal foods. Homegardening and woman’s education level seem to reflect longer-term consumption of plant and animal foods respectively. (Med J Indones 2006; 15:259-66) Keywords: Vitamin A intake, plant foods, animal foods, vitamin A status, homegardening, socio-economic status, crisis, Indonesia

Atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease has become a prominent health problem in Indonesia. High blood lipid level is considered to be among the risk factors, that can be controlled by dietary treatment. Like tempe kedele, tempe gembus, a nutritious food, is known to contain many substances that is able to influence blood lipid level. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of various concentrations of tempe gembus on blood lipid profile in hyperlipidemic rats. Tempe gembus were given in variations of 0%, 4%, 8%, and 12% (w/w). The result of this study showed that 0% tempe gembus decreased triglyceride, total cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol level, and cholesterol HDL/LDL ratio, and increased LDL cholesterol level. Four percent tempe gembus increased triglyceride level, decreased total cholesterol, LDL and HDL cholesterol level, and increased HDL/LDL ratio; 8% tempe gembus increased triglyceride level, decreased total cholesterol, LDL, and HDL cholesterol level, and increased HDL/LDL ratio; 12% tempe gembus increased triglyceride level, decreased total cholesterol, LDL, and HDL cholesterol level, and increased HDL/LDL ratio. However, a significant effect of tempe gembus were only the decrease in total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol (8% and 12% treatment), and increase in cholesterol HDL/ LDL ratio only happend in 8 % treatment. (Med J Indones 2007; 16:205-11) Keywords: total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglyceride