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Language, besides being a means of expressing thoughts and ideas, can be used to prevent the dissemination of specific ideas, thoughts and ideologies. One relevant example is the taboo, which is rooted in the worldview and beliefs of different nations in a particular category. In fact, taboo-to-taboo translation can, at times, create linguistic and cultural problems. Since audio-visual products are one of the main channels of transmission of culture-based terms such as taboos, the issue of subtitling and dubbing these products is of great importance. The present research is a comparative corpus-based study which intended to examine the translation of a specific category of taboo words, i.e. swearwords, based on Sharifi and Darchinian's (2009) model. For this purpose, using purposive and availability sampling, three dubbed versions of an American movie namely Deadpool (2016) were selected and compared in terms of the quadratic classification of the aforementioned model. To answer the research questions, frequency and percentage scores as well as Chi-square tests were used. The results of the study indicated that ‘taboo to non-taboo' (substitution) is the strategy used most frequently by Iranian audio-visual translators to render western taboos into Persian. Another findling was that ‘euphemism', except for QD1, was also a strategy that Persian translators used to mitigate the tabooness of swearwords.

The purpose of this study was to explore the function of English restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses in discourse cohesion and also intended to examine the possible differences between comprehension and production of restrictive relative clauses and non-restrictive relative clauses and their sub-types. Centering Theory was adopted as a framework to evaluate the coherence of discourse. To this end, 200 Iranian EFL language learners (112 females and 88 males) majoring in English as a foreign language, selected based on convenience sampling from Marvdasht and Shiraz Islamic Azad universities. They did two researcher-made tests, namely a 20-item reading comprehension test and a writing test. The reading comprehension test required the participants to read sentences containing a main and subordinate relative clause and choose the correct choice from 3 proposed answers. Likewise, to analyze their writing and productions in terms of relative clauses, the participants were asked to read 20 sentences consisting of a main clause followed by a blank in which they needed to create a sentence using a relative clause. algorithm was utilized to analyze the data. The results suggested that the participants understood and produced restrictive relative clauses better than non-restrictive relative clauses. Moreover, Identifying restrictive relative clauses and Continuative non-restrictive relative clauses were understood and produced better than Classifying restrictive relative clauses, Subjectivity, and Relevance non-restrictive relative clauses, respectively. The results of this study carry crucial pedagogical implications for teachers, language learners, and syllabus designers.

Acronyms and abbreviations play an important role in people’s daily speech and writing. The aim of this paper was to analyze application of abbreviations and acronyms in title and the content of Iranian and Indian newspapers. The paper also intended to find the most frequent types of shortened forms as appeared in these newspapers. The final objective was to find the order in which full and shortened forms do appear in these newspapers. Etela’at and Keyhan from Iran and Bangalore Mirror from India were used as data of the study. All acronyms and abbreviations were extracted and then analyzed in the form of frequency tables. The results revealed that: (1) In Indian newspaper titles, which is an ESL context, acronyms and abbreviations appeared more than Iranian newspapers, which reflect an EFL context; (2) Similarly, when the content of the newspapers were considered again the Indian newspaper embodied much more acronyms and abbreviations; (3) both in Iran (54 cases, 34.18%) and in India (422, 63.08%) initialism was the most frequent shortened form, and (4) with regard to the sequence of appearance of full and short forms it was observed that many cases fell into class IIV which was not included in Kafi’s (1991) model. In fact in India, in 602 (89.99%) cases, an acronym, initialism or shortened form was used without any prior or post full form. The results of this study could be used by students of translation, linguistics, language teachers and authors of books.

Advertising is an important part of marketing which has great influence on the way people behave and think. An advertisement slogan is a form of logo that sums up specialty, benefit, and marketing position. The present study aimed to investigate the strategies used in translation of clothing brand advertisement slogans from English to Persian in Iran. The study sample consisted of 50 clothing brand advertising slogans, which were translated by 30 B.A. and 30 M.A. senior English translation students both from Marvdasht Azad University, and 30 M.A. English translation teachers (with at least five years of experience) from different English language institutes in Shiraz. All participants were selected through availability sampling. Vinay and Darbelnet’s (1995) model was used to analyze the data,. The findings revealed that literal translation was the most frequently used strategy by the three sample groups. Borrowing was the least frequently used strategy by M.A. teachers and M.A. students; whereas, and adaptation was the least frequently used strategy by B.A. students. The three groups were statistically same in using borrowing and adaptation but were different in using calque, literal, transposition, modulation and equivalence. The study is expected to benefit advertising agencies, students and teachers of translation.

The main objective of this paper was to design a model of automatic keyphrase indexing for Persian. The train model, consisting of six features – “TF”, “TF × IDF”, “RE”, “RE × IDF”, “Node Degree” and “First Occurrence” – were elaborated on. These six features were defined briefly and for each feature, the discretization ranges applied as well as the Yes/No probability scores of being an index term were reported. Finally, the way the model, and each of its components, performed were demonstrated in a step-by-step manner by running the software on a sample full-text article. The ultimate assessment of the software on 75 test articles revealed that it had a very good performance on full-texts (F-measure = 27.3%, Precision = 31.68%, and recall = 25.45%) and abstracts (F-measure = 28%, precision = 32.19%, and recall = 26.27%) when default was set at 7. The software also proved successful as regards generation of keyphrases rather than single word index terms at default 7. In all, 58.1% of the index terms generated by the software for full-text documents, and 58.67% of those generated for abstracts were phrases. Finally, 78.86% and 74.48% of the keyterms generated for full-texts and abstracts were judged as relevant by an LIS expert.

The present study aimed to investigate the qualities of Persian translated lyrics originally written in English. In this regard, one-hundred and twenty lyrics out of six music styles (pop, rap, jazz, Latin, metal and rock) were chosen through purposive sampling to be studied. To begin with, each of the lyrics was carefully compared to their corresponding Persian translations in search for any erroneous renderings made while being translated. The researcher used Hurtado's (1995) model of translation error analysis, containing three main categories including 'translation mistakes', 'translation major errors' and 'translation minor errors'. Each of these categories was then given the negative points of 2, 1, and 0.5 to be subtracted respectively. What remained were pieces of translated lyrics graded out of 100. The next step involved the act of calculating the mean scores of each music styles. Finally, a Chi-Square test was applied to see whether the differences among the mean scores relating to each music style were of any statistically significance or not. The results of the study revealed no statistically significant differences among the qualities of the Persian translated lyrics with an insight form the six afore-mentioned music styles.

The present study aimed at examining four different Persian translations of Hamlet to find out the strategies used for translation of similes based on the strategy model proposed by Pierini (2007). The Persian translations selected were those by Beh Azin, Farzad, Pasargadi and Shahin. To collect the relevant data, the whole original text of Hamlet was read thoroughly and finally 85 examples of similes were extracted from it. Later, through comparing the English similes and their Persian equivalents, the type of strategy used for each simile was determined. The results indicated that from among the six strategies proposed by Pierini, all the translators had applied the first strategy, literal translation, much more than the other ones. Meanwhile, none of the translators had used reduction of the simile, if idiomatic, to its sense in their work. Further, very low application of retention of the same vehicle plus explicitation of similarity feature(s) and replacement of the vehicle with a gloss was reported in the four translations. To answer the second research question, Chi-square test was drawn on to find out whether there was a statistically significant difference in the application of each strategy in the four translations. The results indicated that there were no statistically significant differences in the application of strategies in the four translations of Hamlet meaning that the four translators had used the strategies similarly.

The author explores the Persian Agrovoc thesaurus from the point of view of the indexer, both human and automatic. It is found wanting, with problems both in the English version and in the Persian translation.

The author describes research he has carried out to assess the consistency (IIC) between pairs of indexers working on a collection of III Persian articles, using the Hooper, Rolling and cosine evaluation measures. By and large the IIC scores have been very low. He asks why this should be so, and to remedy the problem recommends better selection and training of indexers, better work conditions, and a collaborative approach to the task. He also points to the possibility that automatic indexing may offer a way forward.

Translation shift especially within UN texts is a new area of interest in the field of translation studies. The concept uses linguistic translation as a tool or metaphor in analyzing the nature of transformation and interchange in the political text. The main objective of the present study was to study translation shifts in non-literary texts – those from the UN documents. The study intended to compare strategy application in translation of shifts by Pekkanen (2010), extracted from three UN documents, between two English-Persian dictionaries (one by Khiyabani (2013) and the other one by Aryanpoor (2006)). The contraction strategy was the most frequent strategy applied by Khiyabani (85 times, 56.7%) and the least frequent strategy was shift in order (11 times, 7.3%). The expansion strategy was the most frequent strategy applied by Aryanpoor (66 times, 44%) and the least frequent strategy was shift in order (6 times, 4%). The findings of the present study were in line with those reported by Pekkanen (2010). The two translators were not significantly different with regard to application of miscellaneous and shift in order strategies and were significantly different with regard to application of contraction and expansion strategies. The results obtained in this thesis could in general be useful for students of translation, instructors and university professors, syllabus designers, freelancers, book compilers and all those who are involved in one way or another in translation issues.

While having a close look at the concept of stopwords, the researchers examined 30 chemistry scientific articles published in high ranking Persian journals to find an answer to the following research questions: (1) Should all punctuation marks, numbers, and English letter combinations (letter-number and letter-punctuationnumber combinations) be included in the stoplist and thus be eliminated as candidates for indexing? (2) Is it correct to change all upper case letters into lower case letters, i.e., to downcase letters? And (3) Could Persian be dealt with in automatic indexing without making reference to the characteristics of English? The manual analysis of the sample revealed that the omission of all punctuation marks, numbers, etc. will have a negative effect on recall, since punctuation marks, particularly ‘dot’ and ‘hyphen’ appear in the structure of content-bearing elements and even appear abundantly in titles and abstracts of scientific articles. With regard to downcasing, or unifying all upper and lower case letters, the conclusion was that it is much more restricted in Persian compared to English and that some possible places where it may cause problems are the structure of formulas, names of chemical substances, acronyms and proper nouns. Finally, it was found that because of the appearance of English letters, words, numbers, etc. in the body of Persian articles, some characteristics of the English language must also be considered while working on automatic indexing of Persian articles. The overall conclusion was that some sort of compromise is required in labeling numbers, punctuation, acronyms, etc. as either stopwords or content-bearing elements and thus as potential index candidates. Key terms: computational linguistics, automatic indexing, stopword, stoplist, noise, chemistry articles, punctuation, number, Persian, Farsi, English Abstracto Teniendo en cuenta el concepto de las palabras conocidas como “stopwords”, unos investigadores examinaron 30 articulos cientificos sobre quimica publicados en diarios persas competitivos para asi poder encontrar una respuesta a las siguientes preguntas: (1) ?Deberian ser incluidos todos los signos de puntuacion, numeros y combinaciones de letras en ingles (letra con numero y letra con signo de puntuacion y numero) en la “stoplist” y por ende ser eliminados de los indices? (2) ?Es correcto cambiar todas las letras mayusculas a minusculas? Y (3) ?El persa puede utilizarse en indices automaticos sin hacer referencias a las caracteristicas del ingles? El manual de analisis de la muestra revela que la omision de los signos de puntuacion, numeros, etc. tendria un efecto negativo ya que los signos como el punto y el guion aparecen en la estructura de los elementos que incluyen contenido y hasta aparecen de manera abundante en titulos y abstractos en articulos cientificos. Con relacion a la minusculizacion de las letras o la union de las letras mayusculas y minusculas, la conclusion fue que la variacion es mas estricta en el persa que en el ingles y que en

It is widely acknowledged that collocations are one of the most important concerns in EFL classes and materials. The significance of second language learners possessing some knowledge of collocations is now widely recognized. Also, collocations play significant role in second language learning, especially at the intermediate and advanced levels. The present study intended to investigate Ike influence of knowledge of collocation on writing ability of advanced EFL learners. Eighty Iranian advanced students participated in this study and their writings ability was analyzed to determine the collocations they produced. The participants' productive collocational knowledge was measured by free-writing tests: three topics were given to them to choose one of topics and write a composition. Their receptive collocational knowledge was measured by a multiple-choice test. Results of the study indicated that knowledge of collocation have not positive effect on production of collocation in free writing by EFL learners but it has positive effect on comprehension of collocation by EFL learners and there is a significant relationship between the receptive knowledge and productive knowledge of collocations.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of teachers’ reflectivity and gender on their use of intellectual excitement and interpersonal rapport teaching styles. Fifty EFL teachers (25 male and 25 female) in various English Language Institutes in Shiraz, Fars province, Iran were selected through availability sampling. The participants were all from the 23-42 age group. Their degree level ranged from BA to MA in TEFL (30 teachers), English Literature (10 teachers) and Linguistics (10 teachers). The teachers’ teaching experience ranged between 5 and 10 years. They were given the teacher reflectivity questionnaire introduced by Akbari, Behzadpour and Dadvand (2010) and Lowman’s (1995) Two Dimensional Teaching style scale. To analyze the data, use was made of inferential statistics including correlation, independent sample T-test and Two-way ANOVA. The results indicated that there was a significant relationship between teachers’ reflectivity and teaching style. Gender was shown to have no effect on teacher’s reflectivity. Gender was of course observed to be a contributing factor in teaching style, and finally teachers’ reflectivity and gender did not reveal any impact on teaching style.