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Smart home is a prime research interest among researchers around the globe due to the fact that it offers ample features to make people’s life effortless and efficient. People can lead their life smartly through the use of smart home technology [17]. There are numerous communication systems in both wired and wireless media exist that are used in smart home technology. However, not a single communication system itself can satisfy all the demands of secure, comfort and intelligent smart home system. Wireless communication is flexible, requires negligible number of instruments, cheap and easy to install but the key concerning issue for wireless communication system in smart home technology is the slow data rate. In contrast, wired communication provides better performance through the provision of higher data rate and uninterrupted connectivity; however, consumers have to pay substantial amount of payment for smart home services [3]. Therefore, it is essential for researchers to analyze both wired and wireless communication system in terms of data rate and area of coverage in order to find out the right communication system for right feature of smart home system. In this paper, authors reviewed and analyzed both wired and wireless communication methods that are commonly used in smart home technology. It can be seen after careful analysis that for majority of the services of smart home system can get better result through the use of wireless communication system even though wired communication system offers better data rate and greater coverage.

Speech is the most natural way of expressing ourselves. Speech Emotion Recognition has become a significant research field that is used in many applications nowadays. Main precept of such research is to improve human machine interaction. This research accentuates on recognizing several emotions from audio speech. The work is done by extracting features and using these features in classifying emotions. Eight types of emotions such as neutral, fearful, happy, angry, sad, disgust, calm and surprised have been classified. Features have been extracted using Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficents (MFCCs). There are six types of supervised classifiers - multilayer perceptron (MLP), Random Forest (RF), AdaBoost, support vector machine (SVM), Gradient Boosting (GB), and Hist Gradient Boosting (HGB) have been used for classification. In this research, a new method for emotion recognition from speech has been proposed. The accuracy rate of MLP, AdaBoost, SVM, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, and Hist Gradient Boosting are 53%, 32%, 54%, 58%, 56% and 59%, respectively. Further investigation was performed using ensemble method which one is consists of RF, GB and HGB and the obtained accuracy rate is 70%. Precision, Recall and F1-Score were calculated for evaluation of accuracy. Finally, based on a comparative analysis among six classifiers and other existing methods, it is revealed that Ensemble Method is one of the best alternative techniques for emotion recognition from speech.

In Bangladesh, mouza map is used to maintain the record of land measurement, which is a form of interpreting land ownership as well as estimation. Unfortunately, the automatic determination of land is still under development. As a result, land administrators have to encounter multiple hurdles while evaluating any area by employing local civil engineers. Thus, our country needs an automated land estimation system so that it can reduce time, cost and other difficulties which inspired us to develop a system that requires only mouza map image. Once image acquisition is done, we applied the curvature interpolation technique to zoom the map that helps to select any area by the Area Selection Method. The selected area is then segmented by employing the Canny edge detection method. Finally, the area is calculated from the segmented image and extracted features of the selected location. Compared to the field measurement, the system gave the accuracy of 89.8%. Hence, the land administrators will be able to provide the land information to the landowners promptly.

DNA computer based algorithm is developed and evaluated for recyclable waste paper segregation.The concepts of replication and massive parallelism operations are used.The matching stage consists of Copy, Extract, Detect and Merge or Union operations.Gel electrophoresis operation is used to identify the candidate paper object grade.Success rate are 92% for WP, 90% for ONP and 93% for OCC with template size 5i?5. This article explores the application of DNA computing in recyclable waste paper sorting. The primary challenge in paper recycling is to obtain raw materials with the highest purity. In recycling, waste papers are segregated according to their various grades, and these are subjected to different recycling processes. Highly sorted paper streams facilitate high quality end products, while saving on processing chemicals and energy. In the industry, different sensors are used in paper sorting systems, namely, ultrasonic, lignin, gloss, stiffness, infra-red, mid-infra red, and color sensors. Different mechanical and optical paper sorting systems have been developed based on the different sensors. However, due to inadequate throughput and some major drawbacks related to mechanical paper sorting systems, the popularity of optical paper sorting systems has increased. The automated paper sorting systems offer significant advantages over the manual systems in terms of human fatigue, throughput, speed, and accuracy. This research has two objectives: (1) to use a web camera as an image sensor for the vision system in lieu of different sensors; and (2) to develop a new DNA computing algorithm based on the theme of template matching techniques for segregating recyclable waste papers according to paper grades. Using the concepts of replication and massive parallelism operations, the DNA computing algorithm can efficiently reduce the computational time of the template matching method. This is the main strength of the DNA computing algorithm in actual inspections. The algorithm is implemented by using a silicon-based computer to verify the success rate in paper grade identification.

The popularity of automated fruit and vegetable grading has increased in most of the countries because the businessmen can make more benefits from graded fruit and vegetable than without graded fruit and vegetable. The business dealers in Bangladesh distribute and sell fruits and vegetables after manually grade or without grade. Thus, both sellers and customers are deprived everyday in Bangladesh. This paper presents an automated computer vision based Eggplant grading system. After image acquisition, median filtering is used to remove noise from the RGB image. The diseased effected areas of the Eggplant are segmented using Otsu and Binary Transformation methods. The size, shape, color and percentage of diseased area features are extracted using gray level co-occurrence matrix to construct the template of the healthy and unhealthy Eggplants. Four categories such as healthy, partially defected, moderately defected and unhealthy are considered in this research. The KNN method is used to classify the Eggplants into its respective grade. It is recommended to use this automated fruit and vegetable grading system because the remarkable classification success rate is 88% and hence, the customers will get good quality products as well as the satisfaction of customers will lead a successful business.

The Low Rate Wireless Personal Area network (LR-WPAN), that is IEEE 802.15.4 is extensively used for many areas of applications. The Slotted CSMA/CA mechanism is used by the standard in its contention access period (CAP) in beacon enabled mode. The protocol supported a binary exponential backoff (BEB) algorithm. In this paper, we investigate the saturation throughput, mean frame service time or delay and energy of this standard using the existing BEB algorithm and compares it with three other backoff schemes-exponential increase exponential decrease (EIED), exponential increase linear decrease (EILD), and exponential increase multiplicative decrease (EIMD) algorithm. From simulation results, it is obtained that EIED, EILD, EIMD performs better than BEB for higher loads that is EIED, EILD, EIMD has better throughput, less delay, using minimal power. The EIED propagates the highest throughput, less delay and minimal energy used among all of these schemes.

Efficient waste paper recycling has a significant role in the sustainable environment. Recyclable waste paper as a fundamental ingredient of municipal solid wastes (MSWs) is indeed an “urban ore”. Waste papers are considered as the solid recovered fuel which is recovered from MSW. Recyclable waste papers are segregated into various grades to produce high-quality products. Moreover, sorted paper streams save energy, chemicals, and water, as well as reduce sludge and rejects. Information technology is widely integrated with the waste management industry into its operations such as recycling, reuse, segregating based on categories and so on. This review article focuses on the life cycle of waste paper and existing waste paper sorting techniques. In the paper industry, many types of sensors are used in different mechanical and optical waste paper sorting systems. Such sensors include lignin, gloss, stiffness, mid-infrared, infrared, and color sensors. In this review, also described the effectiveness of different waste paper sorting systems, and finally, recommended appropriate waste paper sorting techniques based on effectiveness and low-cost implementation.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to focus on existing law, the legal system and jurisprudence circling round territorial concepts.Design/methodology/approach – This paper is an opinion piece based on current and recent analysis of legal principle.Findings – After the emergence of the internet as well as cyberspace, human activities are not confined solely to the physical world. They have been extended to a very different and peculiar non‐physical world. This world is everywhere and at the same time it is nowhere; and necessarily it is difficult to prescribe rules and enforce the same regarding cyberspace for its everywhere and nowhere proposition. The elementary concept of jurisprudence e.g. title, ownership and possession, etc. cannot be considered in the way we usually understand in case of real world. However, cyberspace has to be controlled by a legal framework that involves new ideas, leading to a new challenge in existing legal philosophy exclusively based on territorial concept.Originality/va...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to show that the internet together with cyberspace form an “everywhere and nowhere proposition” and to discuss numerous problems concerning legal issues, the most vital being confusion as to jurisdiction.Design/methodology/approach – The research was based upon theoretical sources and empirical data.Findings – It was found that a probable solution could be extracted from the US experience for all the nations coming under the virtual framework of cyberspace. Some hi‐tech nations are facing this problem; and the USA is one of them. Even the USA – a large federal state – faces the jurisdictional problem and conflict as regards its own provinces; and the US courts, legal institutions and intellectuals are resorting to established principles of law – domestic or international. Decisions of US cases have been keenly observed to find out how the US courts and legal scholars have taken the help of traditional territorial tenets and precepts to resolve jurisdictional conflict...

This paper explores the application of image processing techniques in recyclable waste paper sorting. In recycling, waste papers are segregated into various grades as they are subjected to different recycling processes. Highly sorted paper streams will facilitate high quality end products, and save processing chemicals and energy. Since 1932 to 2009, different mechanical and optical paper sorting methods have been developed to fill the demand of paper sorting. Still, in many countries including Malaysia, waste papers are sorted into different grades using manual sorting system. Due to inadequate throughput and some major drawbacks of mechanical paper sorting systems, the popularity of optical paper sorting systems is increased. Automated paper sorting systems offer significant advantages over human inspection in terms of fatigue, throughput, speed, and accuracy. This research attempts to develop a smart vision sensing system that able to separate the different grades of paper using Template Matching. For constructing template database, the RGB components of the pixel values are used to construct RGBString for template images. Finally, paper object grade is identified based on the maximum occurrence of a specific template image in the search image. The outcomes from the experiment in classification for White Paper, Old Newsprint Paper and Old Corrugated Cardboard are 96%, 92% and 96%, respectively. The remarkable achievement obtained with the method is the accurate identification and dynamic sorting of all grades of papers using simple image processing techniques.

An Automated Road Sign Recognition system using Artificial Neural Network for the Textual Information box inscribing in Bengali is presented in this paper. The system captures real time images every two seconds and saves them as JPG format files. The system processes the images to find out whether they contain images of road signs or not. The textual information of the road signs is detected and extracted from the images. The Bengali OCR system takes the textual information as an input to recognize individual Bengali characters. The Bengali OCR is implemented using Multi layer Perceptron. The output of the Bengali OCR system is compared with the previously enrolled standard Bengali textual road signs. The throughput which comes from the matching process is used as input for the speech synthesizer and finally the system delivers the audio stream to the driver, either in Bengali or in English based on the user settings. After testing this system, the obtained accuracy rate was evaluated at 91.48%.

There are four forms for most of the Arabic characters- initial, medial, final and isolated. This paper presents the design of a complete display unit for Arabic alphanumeric characters using uniform segments. The word ‘complete’ signifies that the proposed display unit can represent all forms of entire Arabic alphabets as well as Arabic numerals. The word ‘uniform’ is used because of avoiding curved segments. The first segmented display unit for Arabic characters in the world covered only the isolated form and did not follow any base line to display a sequence of characters. This work extends the capability to represent all the forms of Arabic characters and follows a base line to represent a sequence of characters. Here a grid structure of 25 non-overlapping segments has been discovered. There can be 109 alphanumeric characters (at least 99 characters such as isolated form- 30, final form-29, medial form- 21, initial form- 20; and 10 numerals) to be displayed and 7-bit input is used to represent each character. After analyzing appropriate segments to be activated for every character, respective logic functions of all segments have been derived to display the entire set of Arabic alphanumeric characters.

Shipping is the oldest and internationally recognized industry. It helps many national and international businesses by transporting vast amount of goods from one place to another. Most of the businesses in Bangladesh are depended on sea ports. For this reason, shipping services are very important in Bangladesh. To maximize the profit from a ship oriented business, it is essential to select the right ship for intended purpose. However, ship selection is a very critical process, because it requires handling of both qualitative and quantitative information under uncertainty. While evaluating the quality of a ship in Bangladesh, particularly in Chittagong and Mongla sea port, only quantitative parameters are considered. Qualitative and uncertain data are ignored. Sometimes it causes not to select the right ship, as a result, serious losses in businesses. The goal of this study is to overcome the existing limitations of ship selection through handling of both qualitative and quantitative data under uncertainty. In this article, evidential reasoning (ER) approach is used for aggregating both qualitative and quantitative data under uncertainly for ranking among the alternatives and finally selecting the best ship out of many alternatives. The proposed method is applied on five alternative ships of Western Fishers Shipyard Ltd (WFSL). Using the method it has been possible to rank among alternatives successfully and both qualitative and quantitative data have been collated to handle uncertainty in ship selection. It is recommended to use the ER method in ship selection, because it can handle uncertainty and helps businessmen to get maximum benefit from their businesses through selecting the best ship.

Segmented representation is used in lieu of the dot matrices representation for alphanumeric characters of different languages. Due to concerns of cost, power loss and design complexity, the segmented representation becomes more popular over the dot matrices. There are very limited display units for English, Arabic, and Bangla alphanumeric characters. 18-segments display is normally used to display the entire alphabetic character of English. But there is no standard display unit for Bangla Alphabetic Characters. Although recently different segmented display models for Bangla characters have been proposed, the quality of the characters stay below the mark. In this paper, 26-segments display for Bangla alphabetic character has been proposed. From the review it appears that it is the first proposed display in the world for Bangla Alphabetic Character. Here a grid structure consisting of 26 segments has been discovered. All Bangla characters vowel and consonants can be characterized by using this grid structure. As there can be at least vowels (12), consonants (39), punctuation, and some other symbols to be displayed, 6-bit inputs are used to represent each character. After analyzing which segments will be activated for which character, appropriate logic function and circuits have been derived in order to display each Bangla character. Finally, a comparative analysis is made among the different proposed segmented display models to find out the cost and effectiveness in terms of display quality, power loss, and design complexity. Keywords: 7-segment, 12-segment, 17-segment, 18- segment, non-overlapping segments, K-map. doi: 10.3329/iiucs.v4i0.2855 IIUC STUDIES Vol. - 4, December 2007 (p 71-86)