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This study examines the different types of phishing attacks, which are a major threat to digital security. Phishing involves the use of fraudulent messages to deceive recipients, including email spoofing, spear phishing, phone phishing, clone phishing, pharming, HTTP phishing, man-in-the-middle attacks, and fast-flux phishing. Attackers can gather information about their targets from public sources such as social media networks, including work history, interests, and activities. The study developed a filtered website that detects fraudulent links based on the internet protocol (IP), register date, and domain name server (DNS) of each website. While further research is needed to improve the effectiveness of the site, this marks an important step towards enhancing digital security.

We are living in an era of technological revolution that is disrupting and transforming government and society alike. The world is evolving quickly where the old arrangements no longer work. All are being challenged to adapt and keep the change and the technological revolution provides unique opportunities to reintroduce the status of developing countries. The time has come for Bangladesh, one of the least developing countries to become a champion of digitization. The scope is very wide to make the digital Bangladesh. It is not only about the e-governance, e-commerce, e-banking, or working on a nationwide cellular telephone system through which one can get to everyday daily news or other web gadgets. To make a digital Bangladesh every office has to be automated or computer-based and share information in blockchain technology. To become part of fulfilling the mission of digital Bangladesh this paper presents a framework of an electronic police system in order to maintain each police station with a computerized paperless operation.

Background: The "Metabolic Syndrome" (MetS), a clustering of risk factors including abdominal obesity, poor glucose tolerance, hypertriglyceridemia, decreased high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and/or hypertension. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the cause of 46.2% of non-communicable disease mortality, attracting attention on a global scale. One of the key reasons for early mortality and disability is CVD. According to the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES), approximately 30% of overweight and 60% of obese men and women are diagnosed with MetS. People with CVD have a greater rate of MetS than patients without the condition. Objective: The aim of the study is to assess the effect of Metabolic Syndrome and its components on long term outcome in patients with cardiovascular disease in Bangladesh. Methods: The study consisted of 415 persons who were aged between 35-84 years, during June 2020–May 2022. Data were collected through interview, clinical examination, and laboratory tests, and their survival status until April 2022 was ascertained. We defined MetS following the NCEP ATP III criteria, with minor modifications, i.e., presence of any three of the following: hypertension (BP ≥130/85 mm Hg); random blood glucose (RBG) level ≥7.0 mmol/L; hyper-triglyceridemia (≥2.28 mmol/L); low level of HDL-cholesterol (

Background: Lipid disorder is one of the common disorders which is seen in most of the diabetic patients that causes cardiovascular disorders. The incidence of coronary artery diseases is 3 to 5 times higher in diabetic patients compared to general population. Although this has been demonstrated for the Caucasian population few data are available for Asian Indians and Bangladeshi population. Individuals with diabetes may have several forms of dyslipidemia leading to additive cardiovascular risk of hyperglycemia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of lipid disorder among diabetic patients in Bangladesh. Methods: An observational study was conducted at the Department of Medicine in Sheikh Hasina Medical College Hospital, Jamalpur, Bangladesh during the period from August 2020 to April 2021. One hundred and four (104) diabetic patients were enrolled as study participants in the study. Proper written consents were taken from all the participants before starting data collection. A pre-designed questionnaire was used in patients` data collection. The serum total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides (TG) were assayed in patients and controls, using standardized assay methods. All data were processed, analyzed and disseminated by MS Office and SPSS version 21 as per need. Result: In this study, we observed that the mean (±SD) TC (mg/dl) of case and control group participants were 208.9±54.6 and 257.4±103.4 respectively where we found significant correlation between the groups (P=0.006). We did not find any correlation between the groups in analyzing TG (mg/dl), HDL (mg/dl) and LDL (mg/dl). In case group the mean (±SD) TG (mg/dl), HDL (mg/dl) and LDL (mg/dl) level were found 216.4±306.0, 39.2±11.0 and 114.8±47.4 respectively. On the other hand, in the control group the mean (±SD) TG (mg/dl), HDL (mg/dl) and LDL (mg/dl) level were found 222.9±124.0, 39.8±6.2 and 122.4±46.3 respectively. Conclusion: In this current study, in analyzing the comparative statuses of lipid profile we found significant correlation between the groups of diabetic and non-diabetic patients in serum total cholesterol component. Although in analyzing other components of lipid we did not get any significant correlation between the groups, we think lipid profiling may be a potential predictor of diabetic patient screening.

The Agri-Trading system and farmer's economic situation in Bangladesh are two major factors work as a catalyst and inhibitor in the process of countries development growth. The objective of this research is to identify factors responsible for the flaws of Agri-trading system in Bangladesh including farmer’s financial cruxes and recommend improvements. Based on the results, it can be seen that farmers are mainly dependent on the traditional Agri-trading system dominated by a group of intermediaries where the lion’s share of the profit is consumed by them. Due to not having proper ICT skills and knowledge about digital marketing farmers are bounded to trade in traditional Agri-trading systems without getting their fair price. To bring the progression in farmer’s economic situation, first, the farmers have to be educated with ICT skills to adopt a digital Agri-Trading system. Secondly, intermediaries free direct trading communication between farmers and consumers must be established.

This study aims to discuss the process of self-purification in the Tablighi Jamaat and an attempt to shed light on how this Sufi ideological movement has increasingly gained popularity worldwide. Tablighi Jamaat is known as the institutional da'wah activities introduced by Maulana Ilyas, considering the demands of the modern Muslim mind and society. Tablighi Jamaat's primary purposes are to spread the message of Islam among the people and self-purification through religious practice. At the same time, this movement works for the spiritual restructuring of Islam at the grass-root level of society. The people of this Jamaat have been urging Muslims worldwide to focus on the core religious practices in pursuit of self-development and socio-Islamic reform. On the other hand, their lack of interest in traditional politics also accelerates people's religious fervour; this is considered another big reason for their popularity. In recent times, the activities of Tablighi Jamaat have expanded considerably in the Indian subcontinent and beyond. Through the efforts of the Tablighi people, a great awakening has taken place among the Muslim masses. Moreover, the people's interest in embodying Islam through practice and da'wah has increased anew. However, this paper considers analytical and qualitative research based on secondary data to give a detailed account of how Tablighi Jamaat's spiritual movement has received greater acceptance in Muslim society.

Bengal is the largest delta in the world. Because of the easy access to natural wealth, many people groups of different ethno-religious backgrounds migrated into Bengal from prehistoric times. Following the conquest of Bengal by the Khalaj descended Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji, the Central and West Asian traditions greatly influenced the Delta throughout about 600 years. Although there were migrations of many other groups, primarily the predominance of Turkic traditions encouraged waves of Turk-Bengali acculturations which helped emerge and mature the Bengali identity in the Delta. Later, there were trends of false narration, propaganda history and attempts of deculturation throughout 190 year-long colonial rule. Yet, the signs of this harmonious and mutual acculturation still survive in archaeological and historical sources of the region. Citing some of them, this study aims to present a glimpse of the process of welfare and Turk-Bengal acculturation in the Bengal Delta.

Mahasthangarh in Bogura district, Bangladesh, is a historic fortified city of fourth-century BCE, considered an important reference site for the ancient metropolis of South Asia. The Department of Archaeology (DoA) of the Government of Bangladesh is the only authority responsible for managing cultural heritage. However, sites are facing several threats and challenges and unfortunately, there is no effective management plan developed. Mahasthangarh as a case study, this research aims to demonstrate the roles and potentialities of site museums and local communities in forming sustainable heritage management by using qualitative and quantitative methods and SPSS software. In this study, 250 individual respondents were interviewed from various sectors with formatted questionnaires.

Plagiarism is an act of literature fraud, which is presenting others’ work or ideas without giving credit to the original work. All published and unpublished written documents are under the cover of this definition. Plagiarism, which increased significantly over the last few years, is a concerning issue for students, academicians, and professionals. Due to this, there are several plagiarism detection tools or software available to detect plagiarism in different languages. Unfortunately, negligible work has been done and no plagiarism detection software available in the Bengali language where Bengali is one of the most spoken languages in the world. In this paper, we have proposed a plagiarism detection tool for the Bengali language that mainly focuses on the educational and newspaper domain. We have collected 82 textbooks from the National Curriculum of Textbooks (NCTB), Bangladesh, scrapped all articles from 12 reputed newspapers and compiled our corpus with more than 10 million sentences. The proposed method on Bengali text corpus shows an accuracy rate of 97.31%

The notion of stakeholders is becoming increasingly significant in heritage management activities and planning. It is commonly argued that individuals, groups, organizations, environs, societies, institutions, and even the natural environment can be potential stakeholders. However, most of the case heritage sites are impacted and concerned by particular stakeholders such as the local community, regional government, and NGOs. Every project has stakeholders who can influence or be influenced by the project in a positive or negative manner. Mahasthangarh and its environs are a potential heritage site of South Asia that helps understand the chronological history and cultural development of Bengal Civilization. Like many other heritage sites in Bangladesh, Mahasthangarh faces serious threats and challenges which are damaging and waning its outstanding universal value of tangible and intangible heritage. Since site managers involve potential key stakeholders to enhance the sustainable heritage management, planning, reduce the possibility of conflict, increase the stakeholders’ ownership through regular communication, raising awareness, educational activities, and building campaigns, and to augment the community’s trust in heritage management; without the effective role of stakeholders, the outcomes are precarious and can be catastrophic. The paper will demonstrate the possibilities of using the roles of stakeholders as potential tools for safeguarding and managing the heritage site by using Mahasthangarh and its environs as a case study.

Plants are the priceless sources of bioactive natural compounds. Medicinal plants have been used since time immemorial in both developing and developed countries. Flemingia macrophylla (Willd.) is widely used as a hereditary medicines. The current study was designed to observe the analgesic, antidiarrheal and CNS depressant activities of methanol extract of the leaves of F. macrophylla (MEFM) and its petroleum ether (PEFM), dichloromethane (DFM), chloroform (CFM) and aqueous (AFM) fractions. The analgesic activities was assessed by acetic acid induced writhing method at doses 200- and 400- mg/kg body weight. The CNS-depressant effect was assayed by phenobarbitone sodium-induced sleeping time test. The anti-diarrheal activity of the extract was evaluated using castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice. The crude extract displayed significant peripheral analgesic activity at both test doses with 56.72- to 59.70-% inhibition of writhing responses, respectively. In CNS-depressant test, the extract revealed its activity in a dose dependent manner. In screening for antidiarrheal activity, the extract exhibited 20.83 and 41.67 % inhibition of defecation at 200- and 400-mg/kg bw, respectively whereas the standard loperamide (50 mg/kg bw) displayed 70.83 % inhibition of defecation. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 23(2): 141-145, 2020

Urbanization has been contributing more in global climate warming, with more than 50% of the population living in cities. Rapid population growth and change in land use / land cover (LULC) are closely linked. The transformation of LULC due to rapid urban expansion significantly affects the functions of biodiversity and ecosystems, as well as local and regional climates. Improper planning and uncontrolled management of LULC changes profoundly contribute to the rise of urban land surface temperature (LST). This study evaluates the impact of LULC changes on LST for 1997, 2007 and 2017 in the Rajshahi district (Bangladesh) using multi-temporal and multi-spectral Landsat 8 OLI and Landsat 5 TM satellite data sets. The analysis of LULC changes exposed a remarkable increase in the built-up areas and a significant decrease in the vegetation and agricultural land. The built-up area was increased almost double in last 20 years in the study area. The distribution of changes in LST shows that built-up areas recorded the highest temperature followed by bare land, vegetation and agricultural land and water bodies. The LULC-LST profiles also revealed the highest temperature in built-up areas and the lowest temperature in water bodies. In the last 20 years, LST was increased about 13ºC. The study demonstrates decrease in vegetation cover and increase in non-evaporating surfaces with significantly increases the surface temperature in the study area. Remote-sensing techniques were found one of the suitable techniques for rapid analysis of urban expansions and to identify the impact of urbanization on LST.

The entire nation of Bangladesh depends highly on on-road transportation than other alternative routes, and this sector plays an essential role in the country’s overall communication. In the present competitive scenario of any country, every sustainable development of infrastructure, especially in road services depends on effective management of the road user’s needs and expectation. Every service provider or concerned organisation need to understand and meet the road user’s requirement. To perceive the road user’s demand, the present study initiates a survey to key out the drivers of user satisfaction, estimate current satisfaction levels and capture the various issues that determine the future road service requirement of a newly constructed road in Rajshahi. The study primarily focuses on quantitative methods to represent the database. Formulating a mathematical model like Factor analysis and linear regression, the evaluation criteria are employed to identify the road user satisfaction level. The criteria’s weights have obtained through the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method for understanding the future road service requirement. A structured questionnaire with a sample of 250 and expert opinions have included for the data collection procedure. The stratified random sampling method has used in this research. Five complex variables namely Comfort, Safety, Amenities, Roadside Signage and Emergency services are considered to discover the overall satisfaction level in Rajshahi City Bypass Road. The study concluded with an exciting finding that road user comfort has a high impact on the whole satisfaction level, among other factors considered in this study. To evaluate the future needs and expectations of better road infrastructure development, Expert gives priority to the safety of road user. This study will assist the policymaker for future priority basis sustainable decision making, and the methodology adopted herein can be replicated globally.

The methanol extract of the leaves of Canavalia virosa (Roxb.) W&A was investigated for the evaluation of analgesic, anti-diarrheal and CNS-depressant activities in Swiss albino mice. The analgesic activity was assessed by formalin-induced paw licking method, where the crude extract of C. virosa (400 mg/kg, b.w.) exhibited 41.46% reduction of licking response in mice as compared to 73.17% reduction exhibited by standard acetylsalicylic acid. In the castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice, the plant extract at the dose of 200 mg/kg, b.w., demonstrated 56% reduction of diarrheal feces in mice, while the standard loperamide revealed 76% reduction of diarrheal feces. The CNS-depressant activity of the plant extract was assessed through phenobarbitone-Na induced sleeping time test. The methanol extract of C. virosa and its different Kupchan fractions were also subjected to screen membrane stabilizing and cytotoxic activities using acetylsalicylic acid and vincristine sulphate as standard, respectively. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 22(2): 214-218, 2019

BACKGROUND: There is a paucity of research on knowledge/attitudes regarding the dangers of exposure to secondhand smoking (SHS) among women. The relationship between exposure to SHS, socioeconomic status (SES) and knowledge/attitudes regarding the risks of SHS has often been ignored. We therefore aimed to examine (1) whether SES and exposure to SHS were independently associated with knowledge/attitudes regarding the risks of SHS; and (2) whether women with low SES and exposure to SHS were uniquely disadvantaged in terms of deficient knowledge and more dismissive attitudes towards the risks of SHS. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study in the Rajshahi district, Bangladesh. METHODS: A total of 541 women were interviewed. Knowledge of and attitudes towards the risks of SHS were the outcomes of interest. RESULTS: A majority of the respondents were exposed to SHS at home (49.0%). Only 20.1% had higher levels of knowledge, and only 37.3% had non-dismissive attitudes towards the risks of SHS. Participants in the low SES group and those exposed to SHS had lower odds of higher knowledge and their attitudes towards the risks of SHS were more dismissive. Regarding deficient levels of knowledge and scores indicating more dismissive attitudes, women in the low SES group and who were exposed to SHS were not uniquely disadvantaged. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to SHS and low SES were independently associated with deficient knowledge and scores indicating more dismissive attitudes. Regarding knowledge/attitudes, the negative effect of exposure to SHS extended across all socioeconomic backgrounds and was not limited to women in either the low or the high SES group.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in the department of Pediatrics, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital to assess the feeding practices and their relationship with the morbidity pattern of children under two years of age. For this study four hundred (400) children from eight different Upazilla Health Complexes (UHC) of Mymensingh district were enrolled and UHCs were selected randomly. Mothers with their children under two years of age who gave voluntary, informed, written consent were included and very sick children, motherless children, handicapped children were excluded from the study. Immediately after registration, detailed history was taken from child's mother using a preset questionnaire and clinical examination (anthropometry and bipedal edema) was done. Among them, 214 children (53.5%) were male and 186 children (47.5%) were female and M: F=1.2:1. Regarding morbidity pattern, 17.3% had acute respiratory tract infection (ARI), 12.7% had acute watery diarrhea (AWD), 2.2% had dysentery, and 9.5% children had more than one disease. In exclusive breast feeding (EBF), acute respiratory tract infection was 10.24% where as in partial breast feeding it was 23.24% and acute watery diarrhea in exclusive breast-fed baby was 6.6% but in partial breast-fed baby it was 17.29%. Morbidity were more in children who started complementary feeding with luta, barley, suji and cow's milk with suji than with khichuri and mixed family diet. CBMJ 2018 January: Vol. 07 No. 01 P: 10-15

Anemia is a global public health problem affecting 305 million school children (SC) worldwide. It has deleterious effects in SC, including lower school achievement due to impaired cognitive development and physical growth, fatigue and poor attention span, and increased morbidity because of reduced resistance to infection. The school age is a dynamic period of growth and development. During this period physical, mental, social development of child takes place. The purpose of the study is to observe the anemia among the school aged children and to compare the urban and rural children as well as to see the correlation between malnutrition and anemia. A school-based cross sectional study was conducted on a total of 600 School Children from 10 school, aged from 6-10 years old children of Mymensingh district. Study was conducted for a period of one year from October 2009 to September 2010. Two staged stratified random sampling method were employed to select study participants. Data on socio-demographic and socio-economic characteristics, and dietary status of children were collected using pre-tested structured questionnaire through face-to-face interview of children's caregivers. Anthropometric measurements were taken. Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration was determined by using cyanmethaemoglobin method. Datawas analyzed by computer programmed SPSS version 14.0. P-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Among the primary school children in Seventy one percent of our primary school children were anemic. Rural children were more sufferers in anemia. CBMJ 2018 January: Vol. 07 No. 01 P: 24-29

Efficient and accurate detection of estrus and correct time of artificial insemination are essential for sustainable dairy farms. Therefore, this study was carried out to monitor oestrus by observing vaginal electrical impedance (VEI) in post-partum cows. Eighteen cows with 19-139 post-partum days were included for this study. Daily VEI values were measured with heat detector®. Lower vaginal electrical resistance (VER) values were recorded during oestrus. VER of 210-240 ? might be indicative for oestrus in cows. The day difference between two successive lower values or higher values in “VER waves” ranged from 18 to 22 days in cows which might indicates the oestrous cycle length. Marked variation existed between VER values of two successive peaks in pregnant and non-pregnant cows, and increased (P < 0.05) VER values were observed in 2nd peak in pregnant cows. VER of 320-370 ? at 19-22 days after AI could be considered for early pregnancy. The study suggests that the measurement of vaginal impedance could serve as an indicator of the oestrus in cows and daily impedance measurements are necessary to confirm the stages of the estrous cycle, correct time of AI and early pregnancy.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2017, 3(2): 221-225

Urbanization causes enormous land use and land cover (LULC) changes, which creates a significant impacts on land surface temperature (LST) in rapidly growing mega-cities. The substantial increment of the LST creates urban heat island (UHI) effects in cities. This study first identified the pattern of the LULC changes, and later, investigated their impacts on LST in Rajshahi City Corporation (RCC) areas for the years of 1999, 2009 and 2019 using Landsat TM/OLI satellite images. This study explored the impact of LULC change on LST through LST distribution in different land use categories, cross-section profile of LULC wise LST variability, and a correlation between LULC indexes (NDVI, NDBI, NDBaI & NDWI) and LST. The Multi-Layer Perceptron-Markov Chain (MLP-MC) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) methods were utilized to simulate the LULC and LST maps, respectively, for the years of 2029 and 2039. The accuracy of LULC and LST simulation models are more than 85% and 90% , respectively, based on the validation results. Simulation results show if the current trend of urban growth continues, 70% and 88% of RCC area will experience temperature more than 38 °C in 2029 and 2039, respectively. Such impacts need to be considered and evaluated immediately for ensuring sustainable urbanization and natural resource management in the RCC area. This study will be helpful for urban planners and environmental engineers to understand the impacts of LULC change (e.g. loss of vegetation cover, agricultural land and water bodies to accommodate extensive urban growth) on LST and to propose appropriate policy measures to control it.

The study was carried out in Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Chittagong to find out the causes of sudden death of cattle in the Military Dairy Farm, Chittagong. To explore the cause of death, clinical history, clinical signs were recorded. Finally, postmortem was done and samples were collected for laboratory diagnosis. The ruminal pH was 9.0 and the clinical history along with signs suggests possible non-protein nitrogenous compound poisoning. The laboratory diagnosis coincides with nitrate poisoning which focuses possible relationship between non-protein nitrogenous compound and nitrate poisoning. The study recommends maintaining proper cautions to use urea in concentrate feed.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ujzru.v31i0.15403Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 31, 2012 pp. 65-68