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Abstract Rickettsia occurs worldwide and rickettsiosis is recognized as an emerging infection in several parts of the world. Ticks are reservoir hosts for pathogenic Rickettsia species in humans and domestic animals. Most pathogenic Rickettsia species belong to the spotted Fever Group (SFG). This study aimed to identify and diagnose tick fauna and investigate the prevalence of Rickettsia spp. in ticks collected from domestic animals and dogs in the rural regions of Kerman Province, Southeast Iran. In this study, tick species (fauna) were identified and 2100 ticks (350 pooled samples) from two genera and species including Rhipicephalus linnaei (1128) and Hyalomma deteritum (972) were tested to detect Rickettsia genus using Real-time PCR. The presence of the Rickettsia genus was observed in 24.9% (95%CI 20.28–29.52) of the pooled samples. Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses revealed the presence of Rickettsia aeschlimannii (48.98%), Rickettsia conorii israelensis (28.57%), Rickettsia sibirica (20.41%), and Rickettsia helvetica (2.04%) in the positive samples. The results showed a significant association between county variables and the following variables: tick spp. (p

The founders of the modern criminal justice system in Iran initiated a transition from the traditional to the modern system by drawing inspiration from the criminal justice systems of developed countries. However, this process of change has consistently faced numerous challenges, and in some cases, the adoption of foreign models has been relatively unsuccessful. The adoption of the jury trial institution in English law is one such unsuccessful experience. This article, based on a scientific and systematic approach using the multiple streams theory, seeks to explain the reasons for this failure. The theory focuses on the changes in public policies and aims to identify the influential variables in this area. According to this theory, to develop a new policy, an undesirable situation, referred to as a "problem", must first be identified. This issue is heavily influenced by the values dominant in a society. After identifying a problem, multiple solutions are proposed, but only a solution that meets criteria such as feasibility, practicality, and normative acceptability remains as the answer to the problem. This article demonstrates, through the application of the aforementioned theory, that although the jury trial institution is a successful and effective institution in common law jurisdictions, it has not gained popularity in Iran. The reason for this failure should be sought in the lack of relevance of the jury trial institution to the Iranian context and its conflict with the public values and the values of the Islamic judicial system, which is judge-oriented.

Abstract Coxiella burnetii, a zoonotic pathogen, is the causative agent of Q fever, an endemic disease in Iran. However, there is currently a lack of available data on the genotypes of C. burnetii in the country. Here, we typed 26 C. burnetii isolates detected in milk, abortion, cotylodon, and cardiac valve samples from various geographical areas and hosts (7 cattle, 8 goats, 10 sheep, and 1 human) using Multilocus Variable Number Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA/VNTR) with five loci:ms24, ms27, ms28, ms33, and ms34. As IS1111 was observed to be spontaneously inserted in locus ms23 across all of our examined C. burnetii samples, five loci were employed for MLVA/VNTR genotyping. Among the 26 C. burnetii strains, 22 distinct genotypes (A–V) were identified in the discriminative loci. In silico analysis categorized Iranian C. burnetii strains into five genomic groups along with seven singletons, representing 11 exiting clonal complexes worldwide. Clusters 10 and 11 exclusively consisted of Iranian samples. These findings revealed high genotyping diversity among C. burnetii isolates in Iran. The genotypes circulating in Iran differed significantly from those found in other regions worldwide. To gain a comprehensive understanding of Q fever epidemiology in Iran, it is crucial to conduct large-scale studies that assess the distribution of C. burnetii genotypes across different geographical areas, hosts, and sources.

Abstract Background Canine herpesvirus 1 (CHV‐1) is an important cause of death in newborn puppies and of fertility problems in adult dogs. Identification of risk factors may help to reduce infection rates and alleviate concerns for dog owners and breeders. This study was designed to screen for CHV‐1 infection in bitches of breeding kennels and farms in Iran and relate this to possible risk factors. Methods A total of 63 vaginal samples were collected from dogs in 5 breeding kennels (n = 47) and from 7 farms (n = 16). Real‐time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the CHV‐1 specific glycoprotein B (gB) gene. Prevalence rates were evaluated in relation to various risk factors, including region, housing, vaccination, deworming, pregnancy, reproductive problems, number of dogs living together and hygiene conditions. Results In total, 21 (33.3%) of 63 vaginal samples were positive for CHV‐1 DNA. The prevalence rate in farms (7/16; 43.7%) was higher than in kennels (14/47; 29.7%). No association was found between CHV‐1 prevalence and potential risk factors. Conclusions CHV‐1 is highly prevalent in dogs in Iranian farms and kennels. Since the CHV1 vaccine is unlicensed in Iran, effective management strategies are essential to reduce the consequences of this pathogen.

Objectives: This study investigates the prevalence and risk factors of child-to-parent violence (CPV) among university students in Tabriz. Methods: Using a cross-sectional design, 500 first-year students from Tabriz University of Medical Sciences were surveyed with questionnaires. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 16. Results: The findings revealed a concerning prevalence of controlling and psychological violence towards both mothers (48 %) and fathers (44 %). Boys demonstrated a lower likelihood of violence against their father (aOR=0.44; 95 % CI: 0.30 to 0.64) and mother (aOR=0.41; 95 % CI: 0.28 to 0.60) compared to girls. Students in the paramedical group exhibited a 54 % and 77 % lower probability of violence against their father (aOR=0.46; 95 % CI: 0.17 to 0.65) and mother (aOR=0.33; 95 % CI: 0.25 to 0.84) respectively, compared to those in the medical group. Spiritual well-being did not show a significant association with CPV towards fathers (p = 0.379) and mothers (p = 0.186). Discussion: These findings underscore the need for multi-pronged interventions. Equipping students with healthy communication skills, expanding mental health services, and implementing preventive programs targeting adolescents could be crucial in addressing CPV. For nursing practice, this research provides a basis for developing care strategies that incorporate mental health support and communication skill enhancement.

Securitism, as an intellectual point of view, makes it possible to maintain the order and security of the society through the strict control of the ruling powers and extensive intervention in the scope of individual freedoms and privacy of people, and does not attend to endogenous security and relying on the civil society. The result of securityism in the criminal justice system, especially in the crime detection stage, is the granting of wide powers to officers and investigation authorities, in such a way that maintaining security is preferred over individual freedoms and privacy. Recruiting a descriptive-analytical design and analyzing the laws and regulations and the judicial procedures of Iran and the United States in relation to the challenges of security and privacy of individuals in the stage of crime detection, it was revealed that the criminal justice system of Iran is transitioning from the traditional security-oriented system to the citizen-oriented justice system. This transition period can be clearly seen in the Criminal Procedure Law approved in 2014. On the other hand, despite the long history of the United States in protecting privacy, with the events of September 11, 2001, relying on laws such as the Patriot Act and under the pretext of ensuring the security of society, the police and the judicial system of the country considerably violated citizens' privacy; to the extent that this approach has caught the American criminal justice system in the vortex of a kind of new securityism.

This study deals with the numerical simulation in the case of natural convection of nanofluid flow within a semi-circular enclosure for the cooling of a silicon chip. Water/MWCNT nanofluid is included in cooling fluid in the volume fraction of nanoparticles 0 ≤ φ ≤ 6%. In this numerical study, natural convection of nanofluid flow is performed inside a semi-circular enclosure for cooling of an electronic chip using the Finite Volume Method (FVM). In this study, flow is simulated for Ra = 1 × 105, 1 × 106, 1 × 107, and 1 × 108. The findings confirm that increasing the Rayleigh number leads to the augmentation of the driver of fluid vortexes. Fluid motion with a higher route length (larger attack angle) leads to the intensity of flow domain motion which this intensity is more considerable by augmenting the Rayleigh number. The enhancement of attack angle regarding enclosure leads to strong fluid circulation and better flow rotation. The highest heat transfer distribution is seen in φ = 6% which in Ra = 1 × 108, it is more sensitive compared to Ra = 1 × 105. At the flow separation regions between two vortexes, the temperature increments due to the creation of an intermediate region. As the Rayleigh number is increased, due to the augmentation of fluid circulation, flow motion intensity goes up e and the separation regions of vortexes lead to strong changes in the friction factor graphs. The highest friction factor is created where fluid motion components are with higher changes or significant effects in the instance of the boundary layer of flow representing themselves in these regions. The created difference between the two sides of the Nusselt number graphs is due to the attack angle changes. The values of velocity and temperature gradients are the factors that lead to the increase of entropy.

This paper presents numerical simulation of graphe nanoplatelet (GNP) – sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) – water nanofluid with volumetric mass fractions of ϕ equal to 0–0.1%. The new microchannel is made of 2 layers and has sinusoidal cavities along with the heat sink. The study was conducted for Re = 50, 300, 700 and 1000 (laminar flow). Based on the results, higher Re leads to more convective heat transfer coefficient. Therefore, the value of temperature gradients decreases and on the other hand the effect of cooling fluid temperature in warm areas near solid wall becomes important. Using a higher value of Re results in the penetration of heat in the fluid layer decreases which in general will reduce the temperature of the outlet section in larger Re values. Also, larger Re value results in larger development length which is also a cause for lack of thermal development and dominance of the temperature of the coolant flow in the heat sink resulting in decreased outlet section temperature for higher Reynolds numbers. For Re = 50 and 300 because of lower fluid velocity, the effect of surface geometry factors such as sinusoidal paths or hollow parts (cavities) has a smaller influence on the pressure loss or friction factor of the flow.

Abstract Background Mediterranean spotted fever (MSF) is a zoonotic and vector-borne disease caused by Rickettsia conorii. We report a case (36 year-old-woman) of MSF caused by Rickettsia conorii from Iran. Case presentation In September 2019, the patient was admitted to the hospital in Kerman province with flu-like symptoms and maculopapular lesions. According to the laboratory results, thrombocytopenia, elevated liver enzymes, and cardiac enzymes were observed. Skin biopsy was examined for Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) and MSF using the Real-Time-PCR and ELISA method. Finally, the sample was positive for Rickettsia conorii subsp. israelensis and treated with doxycycline and completely recovered. Conclusions This study showed that MSF could be present in Iran. Therefore, identifying endemic areas in Iran for this disease should be on the agenda.

A fatal case of Mediterranean spotted fever associated with septic shock was reported in a 61-year-old man living in a village in southeastern Iran. The patient had a history of tick bite a few days before symptom onset. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed infection by Rickettsia conorii subspecies israelensis.

Abstract Background Malnutrition as a result of insufficient intake or uptake of nutrition leads to increasing rate of chronic diseases such as stroke. Stroke is one of the most common causes of death in western countries and its increasing trend has attracted lots of attention. In this regard, it seems logical to focus on modifiable risk factors such as nutrition, in order to reduce the resulting complications. Accordingly, this study aimed at evaluating nutrition status of stroke patients to estimate its relationship with clinical outcomes of stroke. Methods In the present cross-sectional study, 349 patients were recruited. Nutrition assessment was performed using Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA). In addition, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), modified Rankin Scale (mRS), and biochemical tests were performed. Results Our findings elucidated a significant positive correlation of mRS with PG-SGA and consciousness score, as well as a negative correlation with BMI, calf circumference, mid-arm circumference, and triceps skinfold at admission time (P ≤ 0.002). Moreover, a direct correlation was found between mRS and PG-SGA and consciousness score at discharge time (P ≤ 0.001). In contrast, an inverse correlation was established between mRS and mid-arm circumference (P = 0.02). Furthermore, univariate analysis indicated significant associations between mRS ≥ 3 and age (OR: 1.02; 95%CI: 1.00–1.04), PG-SGA (OR: 1.08; 95%CI: 1.03–1.13), NIHSS (OR: 1.04; 95%CI: 1.02–1.07), dysphagia (OR: 1.69; 95%CI: 1.03–2.77), consciousness (OR: 1.48; 95%CI: 1.07–2.04), and mid-arm circumference (OR: 0.95; 95%CI: 0.90–1.00). In addition, these associations remained significant in multivariate analysis for PG-SGA (OR: 1.07; 95%CI: 1.00–1.13) and NIHSS (OR: 1.04; 95%CI: 1.01–1.07). Conclusion This study revealed a positive correlation between mRS and consciousness status and PG-SGA score, as well as a negative one between mRS and MAC at discharge time.

Abstract Background Alveolar bone plays a vital role in mastication and supporting the teeth. The alveolar process is one of the most challenging regions of facial bone to reconstruct due to the deformity involves both hard and soft tissues. However, the etiology, gender, and age distribution vary between different regions, cultures, and countries. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of alveolar trauma in Shahid Rajaee Hospital, Shiraz, Iran, for three years. Methods In a retrospective cross-sectional study, patients with alveolar fractures referred to Shahid Rajaei Hospital in Shiraz were included in the study. Age, sex, site of alveolar fractures, and etiology factors of trauma explored. The collected data was analyzed by SPSS software. Mean $$\pm$$ ± SD calculated for the inferential statistics, and the data compared using Chi-square and Exact Fisher. A p-value of

Abstract Background Stroke is a major cause of mortality and morbidity. Also, free radicals and oxidative stress are deleterious factor in the stroke progression. We aimed to evaluate the association between oxidative stress markers and odds of having risk factor for stroke or developing stroke. Methods The present case-control study was conducted on 556 participants in Imam-Reza hospital, Tabriz, Iran. Subjects were divided into three group, including individuals with acute ischemic stroke, those who were at risk of stroke, and healthy controls. All enrolled participants except for controls underwent neurological examinations and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Stroke-related disability and stroke severity were evaluated by modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), respectively. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) level and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were measured within 48 h of the initiation of stroke. One-way ANOVA and Chi-square tests were used for comparing characteristics between groups. Multivariable logistic regression was implemented for odds of stroke based on MDA and TAC quartiles. Also, Spearman’s correlation was utilized. Results Serum MDA, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, cholesterol, and triglyceride were significantly higher in the stroke group than controls. High levels of MDA were associated with increased development of stroke (P-value

Purpose: Stroke is one of the most common conditions causing death. There have been few studies examining the effects of alpha lipoic acid (ALA) on stroke patients. In this regard, the present randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted to examine the effects of ALA supplementation on serum albumin, and inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in stroke patients. Methods: The present paralleled randomized controlled clinical trial involved 42 stroke patients who were over 40 years and under enteral feeding. The participants were randomly assigned into two groups and finally 40 patients completed the study. Patients in alpha lipoic acid group (n=19) took 1200 mg ALA supplement daily along with their meal, and participants in control group (n=21) underwent the routine hospital diet for 3 weeks. Fasting blood samples were obtained and albumin, oxidative stress, and inflammatory indices were assessed at baseline, as well as at the end of the trial. Results: After 3 weeks, treatment of patients with ALA led to a significant decrease in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels (P=0.01) compared to baseline. But serum levels of albumin, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), highsensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), IL-6 and TNF-α did not change significantly vs. control group (P>0.05). Conclusion: ALA did not significantly change the serum levels of albumin and inflammatory as well as antioxidant capacity indices in stroke patients compared with the control group. More clinical trials with large sample sizes and long duration are needed to clarify the effects of ALA on these patients.

Purpose: Malnutrition is extensively prevalent amongst critically ill patients afflicted by ischemic stroke (IS). This study purpose was to evaluate the protein whey effect on inflammatory and antioxidant markers and functional prognosis in acute IS patients. Methods: out of 42 patients with acute IS who were referred to Imam Reza Educational Hospital, Tabriz, Iran, 40 patients participated in the study. Twenty-one patients as control group received the hospital routine formula, and 19 patients as intervention group received 20 g/daily of whey protein through oral gavage. Inflammation and oxidative stress indicators (e.g., albumin, malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and high sensitivity C reactive protein (hs-CRP)and clinical variables included in were evaluated using National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) during admission and also 3 weeks after intervention. Results: Whey protein supplementation significantly decreased the NIHSS and mRS scores, TNF-α, IL-6, and hs-CRP by passing 3 weeks from intervention (P

Coxiella burnetii, the zoonotic agent of Q fever, has a worldwide distribution including Iran. However, no information regarding the circulating genotype of this infection has been reported in Iran. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity of C. burnetii in Iran using the multi-spacer sequence typing (MST) method. First, 14 positive C. burnetii samples (collected from four sheep, three goats, and seven cattle) were confirmed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) targeting the IS1111 gene. Then, ten spacers (Cox 2, 5, 18, 20, 22, 37, 51, 56, 57, and 61) were amplified using PCR for future MST analysis. The in-silico MST genotyping analysis of domestic ruminant samples revealed two new alleles (Cox5.11 and Cox56.15) in Cox5 and Cox56 loci that led to the emergence of four novel MST genotypes (MST62, 63, 64, and 65) and one MST genotype that has been previously described (MST61). This study showed the circulation of five MST C. burnetii genotypes among Iranian domestic ruminants. Understanding the C. burnetii genotypic profiles is critical in determining and preventing Q fever outbreaks.

Background and Aim: Background and Aim: Photodynamic therapy is a minimally invasive approach to cancer, which is used to combine non-toxic photosensitizer and visible light to produce reactive oxygen species and destroy tumors. This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity effect of Graphene Oxide (GO)as an organic matter with many oxygen groups on photodynamic on destroying cancer cells. Materials and Methods: This study was performed on breast cancer cells (MCF-7) in vitro. The study groups included the first group of drug with different concentrations of graphene oxide (333.3, 285.7, 230.7, 166.6, 90.9, 47.6 µg/ml), the second group co-drug and laser light irradiation and the control group consisted of cells treated only with laser irradiation and the control group was treated with no treatment. Cells were exposed to visible laser irradiation (405 nm) at 0.1 W / cm2. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. Ethical Considerations: This study with research ethics code SBU/S.1397.46A has been approved by research ethics committee at Shahid Behesht University of Tehran, Iran. Findings: The results of in vitro experiments showed that the dark toxicity of graphene oxide at concentrations of less than the 90.9 μg / ml concentration had no significant effect on cancer cells. Also, laser light alone don’t has toxic effect on cells. But graphene oxide-mediated dynamic light therapy has reduced the bioavailability of cancer cells on average by 21% over dark toxicity. Results are presented as mean of three independent replications, standard error, and p< 0.05 was considered significant. Conclusion: In this study, graphene oxide is fully biodegradable at concentrations below a certain value, but with increasing concentration, the toxicity effect increases. With exposure to light and graphene oxide, viability decreses that it is more effective for in vivio studies.

Background: Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease that has rapidly spread in all regions in recent years. There is little information on dengue fever epidemiology in Iran. High prevalence of dengue fever in Pakistan bordering southeast Iran emphasizes the need for paying more attention to monitoring of the disease in this region. The aim of this study was to study the dengue fever seropositivity among adult febrile patients in southeast Iran. Methods:Dengue fever virus specific IgG antibodies were measured by a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in sera of 184 patients. Results: All examined sera were negative. Conclusions:The existence of dengue fever in eastern borders of Iran and tracking the virus vectors in the southeast Iran can be a treat for the circulation of the virus in Iran; however, we did not find any track of the seropositivity in this study and despite the high prevalence of dengue fever in Pakistan bordering southeast Iran, no dengue positive cases were found in this study. This epidemiological research is significant for local health authorities.

BackgroundCoxiella burnetii is the causative agent of Q fever which is a highly infectious zoonotic disease. C. burnetii has become one of the most important causes of abortion in livestock, which can lead to widespread abortions in these animals. There are very limited studies on the prevalence of C. burnetii infection in cases of animal abortion in Iran. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of C. burnetii in ruminant abortion samples in Iran.MethodsAbortion samples from cattle, sheep and goats were collected from different parts of Iran and were tested using Real-time PCR targeting the IS1111 element of C. burnetii.ResultsIn this study, 36 samples (24.7%) of the 146 collected samples were positive for C. burnetii. The prevalence of C. burnetii was 21.3% (20 of 94 samples) in sheep samples. Also, 10 of 46 cattle samples (21.7%) were positive. All six goat abortion samples were positive for C. burnetii.ConclusionsThe findings of the study demonstrate that C. burnetii plays an important role in domestic ruminant abortions in Iran, suggesting that more attention should be paid to the role of C. burnetii in domestic animal abortions by veterinary organizations. The risk of transmitting the infection to humans due to abortion of animals should also be considered.

Coxiella burnetii is the causative agent of Q fever in humans and animals. This study aimed to determine the frequency of C. burnetii in milk samples of dairy animals (goats, sheep, and cattle) in some selected regions in Iran, where there is no information about prevalence of C. burnetii. In this study, 162 individual milk samples were collected from 43 farms in three provinces (Tehran, Hamadan, and Mazandaran). Real-time PCR was used for the detection of IS1111a element of C. burnetii. In total, 23 of 162 samples (14.2%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 9.65–20.2%) were positive for C. burnetii by real-time PCR. C. burnetii was detected in 10.17% (95% CI: 4.74–20.46) of goat milk samples. In sheep milk samples, 18.6% (95% CI: 9.74–32.62) were positive, and C. burnetii was detected in 15% (95% CI: 8.1–26.11) of cattle milk samples. Molecular evidence of the presence of C. burnetii was seen in milk samples of dairy animals in all the studied regions. These findings demonstrated that C. burnetii infection, especially in raw milk samples, deserves more attention from the health care system and veterinary organization in Iran.

Background: The presence of subtilisin genes (SUBs) coding for serine proteases in Microsporum canis DNA, contribute to the adherence of fungi to keratinized tissues. The aim of this study was identifed the presence/absence of subtilisin gene family in M.canis isolated from human and animal source. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 24 samples of patients and pets with dermatophytosis from September to November 2017. Genomic DNA, pertaining to all pure colonies in Sabouraud agar with cycloheximide and chloramphenicol (SCC) and Sabouraud Dextrose agar(SDA), extracted, using rapid method without liquid nitrogen. M. canis were detected by molecular test. SUB1, SUB2 and SUB3 gene of M. canis amplified. The relative frequency of the genomic sequences also calculated. Results: M. canis DNA were extracted from cats (n=6), dog (n=1) and human (n=3) with tinea corporis and showed a high percentage for SUB2 (90%; 9/10) and the absence of SUB genes in a M. canis isolated from dog with develop dermatophytosis. The same results were observed in the frequency of the SUBs presence from the colonies grown on SCC and SDA. Conclusion: The presence of SUBs in M. canis isolates with human and animal source will be the basal to understand zoonotic infections . The absence SUBs in clinical isolate, indicates that they are indispensable for initiation of the infection.

Background: Excessive bleeding occurs from mucosal edges during functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). This could decrease the visibility of the surgeon and increase the risk incidence of complications. The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of labetalol and dexmedetomidine on intraoperative blood loss and surgical conditions in ESS. Methods: A double-blind randomized clinical trial was conducted on 100 candidates for FESS that randomly were assigned by block randomization method in two groups including labetalol or dexmedetomidine. Heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure, and the percent of arterial oxygen saturation were measured after induction and during the hypotension. These items were recorded till the end of the surgery. A blinded surgeon was assessed the bleeding of operation field. Data were analyzed using t-test, Chi-square, and analysis of variance for repeated measures. Results: The mean time of surgery was not statistically significant between two groups (104.65 ± 7.38 vs. 105.12 ± 7.33). The mean of HR was higher in dexmedetomidine group in all times after induction (P < 0.001) and a significant decreasing trend observed in the mean of HR for labetalol while the HR in dexmedetomidine group was increasing. The extubation and recovery time in dexmedetomidine group was higher than labetalol group (P < 0.001). Moreover, the operation field without bleeding or with low bleeding was higher in labetalol group, and the labetalol could be controlled the bleeding better than the dexmedetomidine. Conclusion: Bleeding score, extubation, and recovery time in labetalol group was lower than dexmedetomidine group. Moreover, patients in labetalol group have had higher recovery score and lower bleeding. Therefore, labetalol could reduce the bleeding during FESS and improved the visualization of the operation field and was superior to dexmedetomidine in concern to lower bleeding and extubation and recovery time.

Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Oxidative stress plays a major role in the onset and progression of MS. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) formation is dependent on oxidative stress status. Objective: We examined whether alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) as a potent antioxidant could improve the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and decrease plasma level of ADMA in multiple sclerosis patients. Methods: In a randomized, double-blinded clinical trial conducted at Sina Hospital in Tehran, Iran, from September 2009 to July 2011, 24 patients with relapsing-remitting MS were divided into a treatment group receiving ALA (1200mg/day) for 12 weeks and a control group receiving placebo. Then patients’ EDSS and Plasma levels of ADMA were measured at baseline and 12 weeks later. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS software version 16 using the K-S test, Chi square, Mann–Whitney U-test and Wilcoxon test. Results: The plasma levels of ADMA in the intervention group were decreased significantly (p=0.04). Also, no patient had increased EDSS score in the supplement group, where 2 out of 12 patients in the placebo group experienced so. Comparing the serum level of ADMA between the two groups failed to show any significant change in the supplement group compared with the control group. Conclusion: Considering that ADMA is produced by oxidative stress in MS patients and leads to increase of inflammation, ALA may have the potential of beneficial effects in them, in part, by decreasing the plasma level of ADMA and stopping progression. Trial registration: The trial was registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (http://www.irct.ir) with the Irct ID: No. IRCT138812222602N2. Funding: The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article

Introduction: Much attention has been devoted to the management of post-operative pain. Pain reduction brings more comfort and leads to faster recovery and mobilisation of a patient. In addition, it reduces thromboembolic events and eventually the length of hospital stay and cost of treatment. This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of gabapentin versus paracetamol for post-operative analgesia after tibial fracture surgery. Materials and Methods: This study was designed as a randomised, controlled clinical trial, in which 96 patients undergoing elective tibial fracture surgery under general anaesthesia were divided into three groups (gabapentin, paracetamol and placebo). Half an hour before induction of anaesthesia, patients received 300 mg oral gabapentin or 1000 mg paracetamol or 100 ml normal saline (these two latter as intravenous infusions) according to their groups. Surgery was performed under general anaesthesia, with similar anaesthetic regimen for all patients. The pain intensity was measured using a visual analogue scale ruler at 2, 4 and 6 h after operation. Collected data were recorded then and analysed using the statistical software SPSS. Results: At 2, 4 and 6 h after surgery, no significant differences were observed between the two paracetamol and gabapentin groups in terms of pain intensity. Pain intensity in the placebo group was significantly higher than the two case groups. Mean opioid consumption as a rescue intervention was not significantly different between the three groups. However, the placebo group included a larger number of patients requiring opioid analgesics, which was significantly different. Conclusion: A significant pain reduction was observed in both case groups as compared to placebo. Gabapentin and paracetamol had similar efficacies in post-operative analgesia after tibial fracture surgery. No difference was found between the three groups in terms of mean opioid analgesic requirements.

Background: Human brucellosis is a significant public health problem in many middle east countries including Iran. Brucella organisms, which are small aerobic, facultative intracellular coccobacilli, localize in the reproductive organs of host animals, causing abortions and sterility. They are shed in large numbers in the animal’s urine, milk, placental fluid, and other fluids. Dairy product from raw milk are a potential threat to public health in endemic developing countries. The gold standard for the diagnosis of brucellosis is isolation of Brucella species. However, isolation Brucella species is time consuming and needed to level 3 biocontainment facilities and highly skilled technical personnel to handle samples and live bacteria for eventual identification. Handling Brucella species increase risk of laboratory infection. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with high sensitivity and specifity overcomed to these disadvantages. The aim of this study was to detect Brucella species in milk from dairy cattle farms in Kerman province, Iran by PCR technique. Methods: Forty and eight bulk tank milk (BTM) were collected from October 2015 to March 2016 from 48 dairy cattle farm including 4200 cows. DNA of milk samples extracted by lysis buffer and proteinase K method. All milk samples were examined by PCR to detect Brucella-specific DNA targeting IS 711. Positive samples must be showed 317 bp amplified, corresponding to the expected size of the IS 711 genome region in all Brucella species. Results: Using IS711 primer were detected in 4 samples (8.3%) Brucella spp. from 48 BTM samples in this area. Conclusion: The results indicate that brucellosis by Brucella species is endemic in the Kerman province dairy farms. Consumption of raw milk dairy products by individual farmers operating under poor hygienic conditions represents an high risk to public health. The need for implementing control measures and raising public awareness on zoonotic transmission of brucellosis are recommended. Vaccination of cattle is recommended for control of bovine brucellosis in enzootic areas with high prevalence rates.

Mounting evidence suggests that Q-fever is more prevalent in Iran than originally believed. However, in most parts of the country, clinicians do not pay enough attention to Q fever in their differential diagnosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in suspected cases of acute Q fever in north-western Iran using molecular techniques. Febrile patients were enrolled in the study and investigated for C. burnetii infection. Sera samples were tested using real-time PCR for detection of IS1111 gene, and positive samples were confirmed with nested PCR. Nine patients (4.2%) out of 216 suspected cases were positive for C. burnetii. Weakness and fatigue, headache, and lethargy were the most prevalent clinical symptoms in acute Q fever patients. According to the results of this study and other reports of human cases in Iran, the diagnosis system of Q fever in Iran should be urgently revamped.

Background: Feline haemotropic mycoplasma are a group of pleomorphic bacteria causing hemolytic anemia along with anorexia, lethargy, dehydration, weight loss and in many cases sudden death in infected animal. However, there is a limited data on the prevalence of these organisms in Iranian cats. Methods: We investigated the presence of feline haemotropic mycoplasma and probable risk factors for these infections among 60 ectoparasite-infested stray cats in southeast of Iran using PCR assay. Results: The overall prevalence of haemotropic mycoplasma was estimated 18.3%. Pallor mucous membrane, anorexia, weight loss and splenomegaly were the most common signs and the infection rate was significantly higher in symptomatic cats in comparison with apparently healthy ones (P = 0.001). Age, gender and hematological alterations were not significantly associated with infection status while the level of BUN, creatinine, total protein and globulin were significantly higher among infected animals.Conclusion: The prevalence of feline hemoplasma infection in stray cats seems to be considerable in our study. More investigations are needed to obtain further information on epidemiological aspects of hemoplasmas in cats in Iran.

Background: Q fever is an important widespread reemerging zoonosis. The presence of Coxiella burnetii in 100 tick-infested dogs was assessed in this study.Methods: The blood samples from 100 referred dogs were acquired and evaluated by nested-PCR.Results: C. burnetii was detected in 11 out of 100 (11%) blood samples. Most of the positive dogs were kept outdoor and fed on raw diet. Based on our findings, Q fever should be considered as an emerging disease in dogs in Iran; so, zoonotic importance of this population must be notified. To better understanding the role and pathogenic importance of dogs in Q fever outbreak and to determine whether this organism can be transmitted directly from dogs to human further in-depth studies are necessary.Conclusion: It is determined that C. burnetii is present in dogs in southeast of Iran and people who are in contact with this population, especially asymptomatic ones are at increased risk of infection.

Background and Aims: Q fever is a public health concern in many countries especially in recent years. There are a few studies in Iran. This study aimed to determine the seropositivity for Q fever among veterinary staff in southern Khorasan, Iran. Methods: 92 serum samples were obtained from all veterinary employees and tested using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The data including age, sex, education, having contact with the secretion of cattle abortion, and keeping animal in house were analyzed using descriptive statistics and confidence interval of 95%, and chi-square and logistic regression tests. Results: Totally, 54.3% of serum samples were positive (57.1% in men and 40.0% in women). The results of logistic regression showed that in people who had contact with the secretions of cattle abortion the odds ratio was 2.3 times more than those who had not contact with livestock abortion. Other factors did not show any significant relationship. Conclusion: These data indicate high seropositivity in veterinary staff of southern Khorasan. Thus, training this high-risk group of people looks to be necessary to prevent the disease. In addition, complementary studies in other parts of Iran are suggested to clarify the epidemiological aspects of Q fever in this group.

Background: Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by inhalation of the bacterium Coxiella burnetii. Ruminant livestock are common reservoirs for C. burnetii, and bacteria present in aerosols derived from the waste of infected animals can infect humans. C. burnetii is thought to infect humans primarily via airborne transmission.Methods: 64 environmental swab samples were collected from 24 sheep and goat farms in Southeast Kerman province (Iran).Results: In this study touchdown nested trans- PCR were used for detection of C. burnetii in environmental samples. We detected C. burnetii DNA in inhalable dust samples collected at 5 farms.Conclusion: This first report in Iran highlighted presence of C. burnetii in dust originated from goat and sheep farms and that role in human infections with disseminating by wind.

Purpose: This trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of oligofructose-enriched inulin on some of cardiovascular disease risk factors in women with type 2 diabetes. Methods: 52 females (25

Introduction: Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the members of the genus Brucella. This bacterium is transmitted to humans through exposure to infected animals or via consumption of contaminated dairy products. Cultivation of the bacteria or amplification of its DNA using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are conventional diagnostic approaches for definitive identification of Brucella in raw milk. Method: We collected 530 milk samples from 485 healthy animals, and 45 animals with a history of abortion from Kerman province, southeast Iran. The specimens were first cultured in Eugon broth and then were subcultured on Brucella agar. Gram smears from colonies for characterization of the bacteria were prepared. Also, DNA extraction and PCR amplification of IS711 fragment were performed to detect Brucella DNA in the milk samples. Results: The culture method detected Brucella Spp. in 10 milk samples including two samples from apparently healthy animals (1 sheep sample, and 1 goat sample) as well as eight samples from animals with abortion history (6 sheep samples, and 2 goat samples). PCR identified Brucella DNA in 43 samples including those from healthy sheep (n=4) and goats (n=9), as well as animals milk with abortion history (7 sheep, and 23 goats). The proportion of positive samples detected by PCR method was significantly higher than culture method (P=0.014). Conclusion: The PCR assay turned to be a convenient method for detection of Brucella contamination of raw milk and can be used as a reliable tool for surveillance and screening of contaminated milk.

ABSTRACT Background and Objectives: Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by an obligate gram-negative intracellular pathogen called Coxiella burnetii. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of anti-C. burnetii antibodies in bulk tank milk (BTM) samples of dairy cattle in west and northwest of Iran. Methods: Overall, 71 BTM samples (covering nearly 700 dairy cattle) were collected in autumn 2013. A commercial Q fever antibody ELISA Test Kit (Liebefeld-Bern, Switzerland) was used to identify the presence of antibodies against inactivated phase 1 and phase 2 C. burnetii antigens. Results: The results of ELISA test showed that 17 BTM samples (23.9%) were positive for the presence of anti-C. burnetii antibodies. Conclusion: This study is the first to evaluate presence of anti-C. burnetii antibodies in BTM samples from dairy cattle herds in west and northwest of Iran. The high prevalence of this pathogen highlights the need for pasteurization of raw milk and raising awareness in consumers of dairy products in these regions. Keywords: Q fever, Cattle, Iran, Coxiella.

The Neospora caninum parasite causes abortion in cattle in virtually all parts of the world with enormous economic consequences. The purpose of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of antibodies of Neospora caninum in dairy cattle in Lorestan Province, west of Iran. A total of 347 dairy cows were randomly selected. The serum of each case was analyzed for the possibility of the presence of antibody against N. caninum antigen, using the commercial kit: ELISA. The results of the ELISA test indicated that from 347 dairy cattle examined, the antibodies to N. caninum were found in 34 (9.8%). The percentage of seropositive aborted cattle was 13.33%. This study also indicated that there was no significant relationship between seropositivity and such factors as the age, breed, and abortion history of the cattle. Moreover, no significant relationship between seroprevalence of infection among rural and industrial cows was found. The neosporosis could be one of the possible causes of abortion in cattle. Further studies are recommended to determine the relationship between this parasite and the occurrence of abortion in cattle in the province of Lorestan.

Summary: The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of Coxiella burnetii antibodies in small ruminants in Southeast Iran. A total of 368 small ruminant blood samples (241 caprine blood samples and 127 ovine blood samples) were collected from January to May of 2011 in Southeast Iran. A commercial ELISA test kit was employed to identify specific antibodies against C. burnetii in the sheep and goats. Seropositivity in the examined counties ranged from 17.1% to 39.2%. Of the animals tested, 97 animals (26.4%), including 43 sheep (33.9%) and 54 goats (22.4%), had antibodies to C. burnetii. The results of the current study reveal the high prevalence of antibody positivity in small ruminants in Southeast Iran. Thus, sheep and goats are important reservoirs in this area. Additionally, we performed a logistic regression to the identify risk factors for positivity and concluded that age was an important risk factor (P

BACKGROUND: The aim was to examine the effects of high-cocoa polyphenol-rich chocolate on lipid profiles, weight, blood pressure, glycemic control, and inflammation in individuals with Type 2 diabetes and hypertension. METHODS: Sixty individuals [32 in dark chocolate group (DCG) and 28 in white chocolate group (WCG)] with Type 2 diabetes on stable medication were enrolled in a randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind study. Subjects were randomized to consume 25 g DCG or WCG for 8 weeks. Changes in weight, blood pressure, glycemic control, lipid profile, and high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were measured at the beginning and end of the intervention. This clinical trial was registered at the Iranian registry of clinical trials. RESULTS: In DCC group, compared with baseline, serum levels of Apo A-1 (P = 0.045) was increased and fasting blood sugar (FBS) (P = 0.027), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (P = 0.025), Apo B (P = 0.012) and Log of hsCRP (P = 0.043) levels were decreased at the end of study. No changes were seen within the WCG in studied parameters. High polyphenol chocolate consumption compared to white chocolate resulted in significant decrease in of systolic (−5.93 ± 6.25 vs. −1.07 ± 7.97 mmHg, P = 0.004) and diastolic blood pressure (−6.4 ± 6.25 vs. 0.17 ± 7.9 mmHg, P = 0.002), FBS (−7.84 ± 19.15 vs. 4.00 ± 20.58 mg/dl, P = 0.019) over the course of 8 weeks of daily chocolate consumption neither weight nor body mass index and TG levels altered from baseline. CONCLUSION: High polyphenol chocolate is effective in improving TG levels in hypertensive patients with diabetes and decreasing blood pressure and FBS without affecting weight, inflammatory markers, insulin resistance or glycemic control.

Background & Aim: Q fever is an important zoonotic disease caused by infection with Coxiella burnetii, a Gram negative, obligate intracellular bacterium classified within the order Legionellales. Farmers, veterinarians, abattoir workers and laboratory personnel are among persons at risk of Q fever. The aim of this study was to determine frequency of IgM anti-Coxiella burnetii antibodies in slaughterhouse workers in Kerman city/ Iran. Method: In this survey, 64 sera samples were gathered during May - June 2011 from slaughterhouse workers to evaluate the presence of phase II IgM antibodies against Q fever, using a commercial indirect ELISA test (Virion/Sermon, Germany). Results: Among all sera samples tested, only 5 samples (7.8%) were positive for the presence of IgM antibodies. Conclusion: Since chronic Q fever leads to more complex conditions like endocarditics, chronic fatigue syndrome and recurrent abortion, preventive measures like using mask or available vaccines are recommended. Moreover, early diagnosis of Q fever followed by appropriate treatment is necessary.

Neospora caninum is a worldwide distributed pathogen which causes abortion in cattle and leading to economic loss in the cattle industry. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of N. caninum antibodies in cattle in Neishabour (Northeast of Iran). From September 2012 to October 2013 a total of 100 serum samples were analyzed for antibodies against N. caninum antigen using a commercial N. caninum ISCOM ELISA kit. Antibodies to N. caninum were found in 26 of the 100 (26%) sera based on ELISA test results. With regard to seropositivity, no significant difference was observed regarding origin, sex and age (P>0.05).The results showed that N. caninum is relatively prevalent in cattle in the Northeast part of Iran and the evaluation of potential of infection can be useful when considering control programs. Key words: seroprevalence; Neospora caninum; Neishabour; cattle;Iran SEROPREVALENCA Neospore caninum PRI GOVEDU V SEVERNEM IRANU Neospora caninum je po vsem svetu razširjen patogen, ki povzroča zvrge pri govedu, kar ima za posledico v velike gospodarske izgube v govedoreji. Cilj naše raziskave je bil ugotoviti prekuženost s protitelesi proti N. caninum pri govedu v mestu Neishabour (severovzhodni Iran). Od septembra 2012 do oktobra 2013 je bilo analiziranih skupno 100 vzorcev seruma za protitelesa proti antigenu N. caninum z uporabo komercialno dostopnega kita N. caninum ISCOM ELISA. Rezultati testa ELISA so pokazali protitelesa proti N. caninum v 26 od 100 vzorcev (26 %) serumov. V zvezi s seropozitivnostjo niso opazili pomembnih razlik glede pripadnosti, spola in starosti (p > 0,05). Rezultati so pokazali, da je N. caninum dokaj razširjena pri govedu v severovzhodnem delu Irana in da je ovrednotenje možnosti okužbe lahko koristno pri pripravi kontrolnih programov. Ključne besede: seroprevalenca; Neospora caninum; Neishabour; govedo; Iran

Background: Feline haemotropic mycoplasma are a group of pleomorphic bacteria causing hemolytic anemia along with anorexia, lethargy, dehydration, weight loss and in many cases sudden death in infected animal. However, there is a limited data on the prevalence of these organisms in Iranian cats. Methods: We investigated the presence of feline haemotropic mycoplasma and probable risk factors for these infections among 60 ectoparasite-infested stray cats in southeast of Iran using PCR assay. Results: The overall prevalence of haemotropic mycoplasma was estimated 18.3%. Pallor mucous membrane, anorexia, weight loss and splenomegaly were the most common signs and the infection rate was significantly higher in symptomatic cats in comparison with apparently healthy ones (P = 0.001). Age, gender and hematological alterations were not significantly associated with infection status while the level of BUN, creatinine, total protein and globulin were significantly higher among infected animals. Conclusion: The prevalence of feline hemoplasma infection in stray cats seems to be considerable in our study. More investigations are needed to obtain further information on epidemiological aspects of hemoplasmas in cats in Iran.

Background and Aim: Q fever, due to Coxiella burnetii, is a zoonosis with a worldwide distribution. This disease is a public health problem in many countries especially in recent years. The diagnosis of Q fever relies mainly upon serology, the most commonly used method being the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). This technique is preferred to other serological tests because of its reliability, high sensitivity and specificity. The aim of this research was to design an ELISA kit for detection of acute Q fever. Materials and Methods: In current study, an indirect ELISA has been developed and optimized for detection of anti-human phase II C. burnetii antibodies. Activity of developed kit was compared with a commercial kit. Also 45 suspected serum samples were tested to evaluate its performance. Results: The constructed ELISA kit was able to detect serum samples with high specificity and sensitivity similar to a commercial diagnostic kit. Evaluation of 45 suspected human serums by this kit revealed 9 sera (20 %) as positive, 32 sera (71.11 %) as negative and 4 sera (8.88 %) as border line. Conclusions: These data indicated that the developed ELISA Kit can be used in diagnosis of acute Q fever in human patients

Objective: To evaluate serological findings of bovine leptospirosis which is a zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution caused by Leptospira interrogans. Methods: One hundred and sixty seven sera were collected from 9 commercial dairy herds in jiroft suburbs, from July to October 2011. Microscopic agglutination test (MAT) was used to evaluates serological findings of bovine leptospirosis in Jiroft suburb dairy farms, Kerman province, Iran. Results: Antibodies were found by MAT at least against one serovar of Leptospira interrogans in 29 samples (17.36%) among 167 sera at a dilution 1:100 or higher, and Leptospira pomona was the most prevalent serovar. Positive titers against more than one serovar were detected in 6 sera of the positive samples. Conclusions: This study is the first report of leptospirosis in Southeast Iran and showed that Leptospira pomona was the most and Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae the least prevalent serovars in Southeast Iran.

One of the mostly used enhanced oil recovery methods is the injection of water or gas under pressure to maintain or reverse the declining pressure in a reservoir. Several parameters should be optimized in a fluid injection process. The usual optimizing methods evaluate several scenarios to find the best solution. Since it is required to run the reservoir simulator hundreds of times, the process is very time consuming and cumbersome. In this study a new intelligent method of optimization, called “global dynamic harmony search” is used with some modifications in combination with a commercial reservoir simulator (ECLIPSE®) to determine the optimum solution for fluid injection problem unknowns. Net present value (NPV) is used as objective function to be maximized. First a simple homogeneous reservoir model is used for validating the developed method and then the new optimization method is applied to a real model of one of the Iran oil reservoirs. Three strategies, including gas injection, water injection, and well placement are considered. Comparing the values of NPV and field oil efficiency (FOE) of gas injection and water injection strategies, it is concluded that water injection strategy surpasses its rival. Considering water injection to be the base case, a well placement optimization is also done and best locations for water injection wells are proposed. The results show the satisfying performance of the algorithm regarding its low iterations.

The purpose of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii infection in sheep and goat flocks with a history of abortion in different areas of Iran. One thousand and one hundred ovine and 180 caprine samples from 43 sheep and goat flocks in four counties located in the Northeast (Mashhad), Central (Isfahan), Western (Arak), and Southwest (Shiraz) Iran were collected randomly between March 2011 and April 2012. The CHEKIT Q fever ELISA kit was used to identify specific antibodies against C. burnetii in sheep and goats. The results showed that the overall seroprevalence of C. burnetii in sheep and goats was 19.5% and 27.2%, respectively. There was a significant difference in seropositivity between sheep and goats (P

Background: Ehrlichiosis is an emerging tick-borne zoonotic disease caused by the family of Anaplasmatacea. Re­cently, outbreak of human monocytic ehrlichiosis was reported in northern part of Iran. Besides, serological evidence of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia canis was reported from southeastern of Iran but the epidemi­ology of this disease is almost undetermined in Iran. The present study was designed to use PCR for detection of Ehrlichia spp. in tick infested household dogs and determination of risks of disease transmission to dog’s owners. Method: Blood samples were prepared from 100 tick infested household dogs after complete clinical examination. Complete cell blood count was done for each sample. DNA extraction was done and PCR was carried out by a com­mercial kit afterwards. Regarding to PCR results, blood samples were collected from owners and family members who were exposed to infected and non-infected dogs. A similar method was utilized for DNA extraction and PCR in human samples. Result: Ehrlichial DNA was detected by PCR in six percent of Rhipicephalus sanguineus tick pools and 9% of the examined dogs. No positive sample was detected among the 67 examined human bloods. Conclusion: Ehrlichiosis could be considered as an emerging canine disease but owning a dog should not be consid­ered a major risk factor for ehrlichiosis in humans. Further serological and molecular studies in different parts of Iran are required to clarify the epidemiology of ehrlichiosis in canine, ticks, and human population.

Background: Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by Coxiella burnetii. There is no information about this disease in pregnant women in Iran. The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of C. burnetii infection among pregnant women in southwestern (Ahvaz) and northern (Parsabad) Iran and further to comparison its prevalence in normal and abnormal pregnancies. Methods: A total of 400 samples were collected randomly from pregnant women who referred to diagnostic laboratories of Ahvaz and Parsabad in 2014. An indirect ELISA kit, designed in Veterinary Faculty, was used to detect the specific antibodies against phase II humanC. burnetii in serum samples. Results: The overall prevalence of C. burnetii in sera from pregnant women was 29.3% (95% confidence interval (CI): 25-34%). The prevalence of C. burnetii infection was significantly different in Ahvaz and Parsabad with, respectively, 22 (95% CI: 16-28%) and 36.5% (95% CI: 30-43%). Total prevalence of C. burnetii infection in serum was significantly higher in women with abnormal pregnancy history (39.8%) compared with normal pregnancies (23.8%). Furthermore, maternal age had significant association with seropositivity and the prevalence increased with maternal age. This could be due to higher probability of encountering C. burnetii in older women. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated ahigh seroprevalence of C. burnetii infection among pregnant women in Iran for the first time. Seropositivity was associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and maternal age. The pregnant women who experienced abnormal pregnancy had higher seroprevalence of C. burnetii compared to women with normal pregnancy.

The aim of this study was to describe the seroprevalence rate of bluetongue virus (BTV) in cattle herds in south-east Iran. A total of 188 serum samples were collected from 20 cattle herds (10 animals in each herd) that were randomly selected between 2009 and 2010. A total of 12 samples were eliminated because of inadequacy. Antibodies to BTV in sera were detected using a commercial competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA). The seroprevalence rate in cattle was 2.13%. All sampled animals were female and age did not affect the prevalence of infection.

Background: Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by inhalation of the bacterium Coxiella burnetii. Ruminant livestock are common reservoirs for C. burnetii, and bacteria present in aerosols derived from the waste of infected animals can infect humans. C. burnetii is thought to infect humans primarily via airborne transmission. Methods: 64 environmental swab samples were collected from 24 sheep and goat farms in Southeast Kerman province (Iran). Results: In this study touchdown nested trans- PCR were used for detection of C. burnetii in environmental samples. We detected C. burnetii DNA in inhalable dust samples collected at 5 farms. Conclusion: This first report in Iran highlighted presence of C. burnetii in dust originated from goat and sheep farms and that role in human infections with disseminating by wind.

Objective: To describe the seroprevalence rate of bluetongue virus (BTV) in goat flocks in southeast of Iran. Methods: The blood samples were collected randomly from herds of southeast of Iran. A total of 93 sera samples were collected between 2011 and 2012. Antibodies to BTV in sera were detected by using a commercial competitive ELISA 3 according to manufacturer's instructions. Results: The seroprevalence rates were 67.7% for goats. Within a herd, prevalence of BTV seropositive animals ranged from 33.3% to 100.0%. All goat flocks were positive to BTV antibodies. Conclusions: This study describes a high seroprevalence rate of BTV in goat flocks in southeast of Iran for the first time.