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Abstract Enhancing the efficacy of immunotherapy in brain metastases (BrM) requires an improved understanding of the immune composition of BrM and how this is affected by radiation and dexamethasone. Our two-arm pilot study (NCT04895592) allocated 26 patients with BrM to either low (Arm A) or high (Arm B) dose peri-operative dexamethasone followed by pre-operative stereotactic radiosurgery (pSRS) and resection (n= 13 per arm). The primary endpoint, a safety analysis at 4 months, was met. The secondary clinical endpoints of overall survival, distant brain failure, leptomeningeal disease and local recurrence at 12-months were 66%, 37.3%, 6%, and 0% respectively and were not significantly different between arms (p= 0.7739, p= 0.3884, p= 0.3469). Immunological data from two large retrospective BrM datasets and confirmed by correlates from both arms of this pSRS prospective trial revealed that BrM CD8 T cells were composed of predominantly PD1+ TCF1+ stem-like and PD1+ TCF1-TIM3+ effector-like cells. Clustering of TCF1+ CD8 T cells with antigen presenting cells in immune niches was prognostic for local control, even without pSRS. Following pSRS, CD8 T cell and immune niche density were transiently reduced compared to untreated BrM, followed by a rebound 6+ days post pSRS with an increased frequency of TCF1- effector-like cells. In sum, pSRS is safe and therapeutically beneficial, and these data provide a framework for how pSRS may be leveraged to maximize intracranial CD8 T cell responses.

Abstract With growing technology, it’s easier for students to accomplish their assignments with little or no effort. This study assesses attitudes, opinions, perceptions, and perceived obstacles regarding ChatGPT among healthcare students at King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study among healthcare students was conducted from the beginning of January to April 2024 using social media, platforms through a prevalidated series of questionnaires. This study included students from the College of Pharmacy, Nursing, and Emergency Medical Services (EMS). A total of 354 students included in the study. The data was analyzed using a statistical package for social science (SPSS). Among the healthcare students 39.8% (n = 141) of them were between 23 and 24 years old and most of them were male 68.4% (n = 242). The majority of the healthcare students 91.2% (n = 323) were familiar with the term “ChatGPT, while 75.1% (n = 266) of them were comfortable to some extent in using ChatGPT in their academic activity. Although 22% (n = 78) of healthcare students stated they had used ChatGPT in their academics 29.5% of them perceived that ChatGPT is used in information gathering. In addition, 66.7% of them showed positive attitudes towards ChatGPT. While 61.3% of the healthcare students perceived that ChatGPT may increase productivity and 84.7% of them revealed that it has a positive impact on education. The mean perceptions score of ChatGPT was significantly higher among females (22.64 ± 6.36) comparing male students (21.71 ± 4.66) (t = 1.551; p = 0.001). Similarly, the mean perception score of ChatGPT was higher among pharmacy (22.99 ± 5.48) compared to other healthcare students (F = 4.941; p = 0.008). The current findings concluded that most of the healthcare students are familiar with ChatGPT and show positive perceptions, and perceived that ChatGPT may increase productivity and have a positive impact on education. Therefore, we recommend future studies concentrate on enhancing the ethical and successful application of AI tools and ChatGPT in the academic setting is pivotal.

Abstract Plants are subjected to various biotic and abiotic stresses that significantly impact their growth and productivity. To achieve balanced crop growth and yield, including for leafy vegetables, the continuous application of micronutrient is crucial. This study investigates the effects of different concentrations of copper sulphate (0, 75, 125, and 175 ppm) on the morphological and biochemical features of Spinacia oleracea and Avena sativa. Morphological parameters such as plant height, leaf area, root length, and fresh and dry weights were optimized at a concentration of 75 ppm copper sulfate. At this concentration, chlorophyll a & b levels increased significantly in Spinacia oleracea (462.9 and 249.8 𝜇𝑔/𝑔), and Avena sativa (404.7 and 437.63𝜇𝑔/𝑔). However, carotenoid content and sugar levels in Spinacia oleracea were negatively affected, while sugar content in Avena sativa increased at 125 ppm (941.6 µg/ml). Protein content increased in Spinacia oleracea (75 ppm, 180.3 µg/ml) but decreased in Avena sativa. Phenol content peaked in both plants at 75 ppm (362.2 and 244.5 µg/ml). Higher concentrations (175 ppm) of copper sulfate reduced plant productivity and health. Plants exposed to control and optimal concentrations (75 and 125 ppm) of copper sulpate exhibited the best health and growth compared to those subjected to higher concentrations. Maximum plant height, leaf area, root length, fresh and dry weights were observed at lower concentrations (75 and 125 ppm) of copper sulfate, while higher concentrations caused toxicity. Optimal copper sulfate levels enhanced chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, protein, and phenol contents but inhibited sugar and carotenoid contents in both Spinacia oleracea and Avena sativa. Overall, increased copper sulfate treatment adversely affected the growth parameters and biochemical profiles of these plants.

Abstract Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a staple food crop that plays a crucial role in global food security. A suitable planting pattern and optimum nitrogen (N) split management are efficient practices for improving wheat production. Therefore, an experiment was performed to explore the effect of N split management and sowing patterns on wheat at the Agronomy Research Farm, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, during rabi season 2020-21 and 2021-22. The treatments consisted of different nitrogen rates of 0, 80, 120, and 160 kg ha− 1 and planting patterns of W, M, broadcast and line sowing. The pooled analysis of both cropping seasons showed that application of 120 kg N ha− 1 increased spikelets spike− 1, grains spike− 1, 1000 grains weight, grain yield, grain N content, evapotranspiration and water use efficiency by 21.9, 16.7, 21.8, 70, 13, 19.9 and 40% as compared to control, respectively. In addition, W and M were observed the best management practices among all planting patterns. The M planting pattern enhanced chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids and evapotranspiration while W plating pattern improved yield components and yield of wheat as compared to broadcast planting patterns. The principal component analysis biplot showed a close association of M and W planting patterns with 120 kg N ha− 1 in most of the studied traits. Hence, it is concluded that split application of 120 kg N ha− 1 in W and M sowing patterns enhanced growth, biochemical traits and water use efficiency, reducing N fertilization from 160 to 120 kg ha− 1 while increasing grain yield of wheat. Hence, it is recommended that application of 120 kg N ha⁻¹ in combination with W and M planting patterns offer a sustainable approach to enhancing wheat production in the alkaline soil conditions of the Peshawar valley.

Abstract We present a new selective Metamaterial Perfect Absorber (MPA) consisting of zinc oxide embedded silver (Ag@ZnO), designed for applications in infrared stealth technology. The numerical simulation included a wide frequency range from 1 to 1000 THz and shows that the design MPA structure presented two absorption peaks at the desired wavelengths of 1.7 µm and 6.5 µm. The absorptivity of both peaks reached approximately 93.1% and 93.5%. The first peak at 1.7 µm decreases the scattering of IR laser beams from the surface of the MPA structure and also lowers the infrared tracks that could direct laser-guided devices to its specific target. On the other hand, the second peak reduces the surface heat wave. The suggested MPA (Ag@ZnO) structure is activated by a plane wave using a full wave vector and a broad frequency domain solution. In the framework of computer simulation technology (CST) Microwave Studio, uses both Finite-Difference-Time-Domain (FDTD) and Finite-Element-Method (FEM) techniques to predict the optical behavior of the proposed MPA structure. Both peaks achieved a high value of absorptivity due to the simultaneous excitation of the electric and magnetic dipole at resonance wavelength.

Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most prevalent cancers with a high mortality rate. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to CRC development. This study aimed to assess the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the fatty acid binding protein-2 (rs1799883), Cytochrome P450 2E1 (rs3813865), TP53 (rs1042522), and Murine double minute 2 (rs1042522) genes with CRC. A cross-sectional case–control study was conducted at the Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology from May 2020 to March 2021, involving CRC patients (N = 100) and controls (N = 100) recruited from the Multan district in Pakistan. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) and tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) were employed to investigate the studied SNPs. The association of SNPs in all genes with CRC was examined either individually or in various combinations. Genotypes at three SNPs, rs1799883 in FABP2, rs3813865 in CYP2E1, and rs1042522 in TP53, were found to be associated with the development of CRC, while rs1042522 in MDM2 was not. Patients who were married, smoked, lacked exercise habits or had a family history of CRC were at a greater risk of acquiring the disease. FABP2 gene rs1799883, CYP2E1 gene rs3813865, and TP53 gene rs1042522 polymorphisms are significant in the development of CRC in Pakistani participants.

Abstract Neuroepithelial tumors with fusion of PLAGL1 or amplification of PLAGL1/PLAGL2 have recently been described often with ependymoma-like or embryonal histology respectively. To further evaluate emerging entities with PLAG-family genetic alterations, the histologic, molecular, clinical, and imaging features are described for 8 clinical cases encountered at St. Jude (EWSR1-PLAGL1 fusion n = 6; PLAGL1 amplification n = 1; PLAGL2 amplification n = 1). A histologic feature observed on initial resection in a subset (4/6) of supratentorial neuroepithelial tumors with EWSR1-PLAGL1 rearrangement was the presence of concurrent ependymal and ganglionic differentiation. This ranged from prominent clusters of ganglion cells within ependymoma/subependymoma-like areas, to interspersed ganglion cells of low to moderate frequency among otherwise ependymal-like histology, or focal areas with a ganglion cell component. When present, the combination of ependymal-like and ganglionic features within a supratentorial neuroepithelial tumor may raise consideration for an EWSR1-PLAGL1 fusion, and prompt initiation of appropriate molecular testing such as RNA sequencing and methylation profiling. One of the EWSR1-PLAGL1 fusion cases showed subclonal INI1 loss in a region containing small clusters of rhabdoid/embryonal cells, and developed a prominent ganglion cell component on recurrence. As such, EWSR1-PLAGL1 neuroepithelial tumors are a tumor type in which acquired inactivation of SMARCB1 and development of AT/RT features may occur and lead to clinical progression. In contrast, the PLAGL2 and PLAGL1 amplified cases showed either embryonal histology or contained an embryonal component with a significant degree of desmin staining, which could also serve to raise consideration for a PLAG entity when present. Continued compilation of associated clinical data and histopathologic findings will be critical for understanding emerging entities with PLAG-family genetic alterations.

Abstract This study investigates the differential responses of two maize genotypes, SC180 and SC168, to salt stress, aiming to elucidate the mechanisms underlying salinity tolerance and identify traits associated with improved stress resilience. Salinity stress, imposed by 150 mM NaCl, adversely affected various growth parameters in both genotypes. SC180 exhibited a more pronounced reduction in shoot length (13.6%) and root length (13.6%) compared to SC168, which showed minimal reductions (3.0% and 2.3%, respectively). Additionally, dry weight losses in SC180's leaves, stems, and roots were significantly greater than those in SC168. Under salinity stress, both genotypes accumulated Na+ in all organs, with SC168 showing higher Na + concentrations. However, K+ levels decreased more significantly in SC180's leaves than in SC168's. The study also assessed physiological responses, noting that SC180 experienced a substantial reduction in relative water content (RWC) in leaves (22.7%), while SC168's RWC remained relatively stable (5.15%). Proline accumulation, a marker for osmotic adjustment, increased 2.3-fold in SC168 compared onefold in SC180. Oxidative stress indicators, such as electrolyte leakage and hydrogen peroxide levels, were elevated in both genotypes under salt stress, with SC180 showing higher increases (48.5% and 48.7%, respectively) than SC168 (35.25% and 22.0%). Moreover, antioxidant enzymes (APX, CAT, POD, SOD, GR) activities were significantly enhanced in SC168 under salinity stress, whereas SC180 showed no significant changes in these activities. Stress indices, used to quantify and compare salinity tolerance, consistently ranked SC168 as more tolerant (average rank = 1.08) compared to SC180 (average rank = 1.92). Correlation analyses further confirmed that SC168's superior tolerance was associated with better Na + regulation, maintenance of K+ levels, and a robust antioxidant defense system. In conclusion, SC168 demonstrated greater resilience to salinity stress, attributed to its efficient ion regulation, stable water status, enhanced osmotic adjustment, and strong antioxidant response. These findings provide valuable insights for breeding and developing salinity-tolerant maize varieties.

Abstract For the first time, a new configuration of label-free junctionless semiconductor device is proposed to boost sensitivity in the identification of biomolecule specifies. Instead of creating the nanocavity inside the gate oxide, the nanocavity is created in the channel region which is very useful for the SOI junctionless technology based biodevice having a high current in all operating modes. For better control of the conduction mechanism, a hole trench is created under the channel region just inside the buried oxide. This will help to modulate the energy bands terminating in enhancing the sensing performance. Unlike the conventional biosensors needing a large-scale gate oxide thickness for trapping the biomolecules, the proposed biosensor can work for very low gate oxide thickness. The different biomolecules such as Biotin, Protein A, Bacteriophage T7, and Apomyoglobin have been utilized as targeted biomolecules for evaluating the sensitivity. Comparing the proposed biosensor with the conventional and other biosensors showed an enhanced sensing performance. Practical related issues during the process of sensing in terms of fill factor percentage, steric hindrance of biomolecules, and the charges of biomolecules have been focused in the recommended biodevice. All the results exhibited high superiority of performance of the suggested biodevice as compared to the conventional biosensor.

Environmental comfort involves creating comfortable and healthy indoor environments, taking into account the climate characteristics of the built environment. The novelty herein is to define the challenges of using Building Information Modeling (BIM) to assess the three dimensions of environmental comfort: thermal comfort, visual comfort, and acoustic comfort. This work conducts a bibliometric review, using the VOSviewer software (version 1.6.20) and the GPSV website, and a bibliographic review of recently published articles in the field. This paper aims to identify the dimensions of sustainability with a focus on environmental comfort and the themes associated with these dimensions, recognize the limitations of the research, and propose recommendations for future work. The results of this work define the limitations related to the three dimensions of environmental comfort and recommend establishing a reliable database, integrating BIM with parameters that could interfere with the quality of the indoor environment.

Abstract The power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells continues to increase. However, defects in perovskite materials are detrimental to their carrier dynamics and structural stability, ultimately limiting the photovoltaic characteristics and stability of perovskite solar cells. Herein, we report that 6H polytype perovskite effectively engineers defects at the interface with cubic polytype FAPbI3, which facilitates radiative recombination and improves the stability of the polycrystalline film. We particularly show the detrimental effects of shallow-level defect that originates from the formation of the most dominant iodide vacancy (VI +) in FAPbI3. Furthermore, additional surface passivation on top of the hetero-polytypic perovskite film results in an ultra-long carrier lifetime exceeding 18 μs, affords power conversion efficiencies of 24.13% for perovskite solar cells, 21.92% (certified power conversion efficiency: 21.44%) for a module, and long-term stability. The hetero-polytypic perovskite configuration may be considered as close to the ideal polycrystalline structure in terms of charge carrier dynamics and stability.

Abstract Developing special textiles (for patients in hospitals for example) properties, special antimicrobial and anticancer, was the main objective of the current work. The developed textiles were produced after dyeing by the novel formula of natural (non-environmental toxic) pigments (melanin amended by microbial-AgNPs). Streptomyces torulosus isolate OSh10 with accession number KX753680.1 was selected as a superior producer for brown natural pigment. By optimization processes, some different pigment colors were observed after growing the tested strain on the 3 media. Dextrose and malt extract enhanced the bacteria to produce a reddish-black color. However, glycerol as the main carbon source and NaNO3 and asparagine as a nitrogen source were noted as the best for the production of brown pigment. In another case, starch as a polysaccharide was the best carbon for the production of deep green pigment. Peptone and NaNO3 are the best nitrogen sources for the production of deep green pigment. Microbial-AgNPs were produced by Fusarium oxysporum with a size of 7–21 nm, and the shape was spherical. These nanoparticles were used to produce pigments-nanocomposite to improve their promising properties. The antimicrobial of nanoparticles and textiles dyeing by nanocomposites was recorded against multidrug-resistant pathogens. The new nanocomposite improved pigments' dyeing action and textile properties. The produced textiles had anticancer activity against skin cancer cells with non-cytotoxicity detectable action against normal skin cells. The obtained results indicate to application of these textiles in hospital patients’ clothes.

Abstract Background Nitrogen (N) availability is crucial in regulating plants’ abiotic stress resistance, particularly at the seedling stage. Nevertheless, plant responses to N under salinity conditions may vary depending on the soil’s NH4 + to NO3 − ratio. Methods In this study, we investigated the effects of different NH4 +:NO3 − ratios (100/0, 0/100, 25/75, 50/50, and 75/25) on the growth and physio-biochemical responses of soybean seedlings grown under controlled and saline stress conditions (0-, 50-, and 100-mM L− 1 NaCl and Na2SO4, at a 1:1 molar ratio). Results We observed that shoot length, root length, and leaf-stem-root dry weight decreased significantly with increased saline stress levels compared to control. Moreover, there was a significant accumulation of Na+, Cl−, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and malondialdehyde (MDA) but impaired ascorbate-glutathione pools (AsA-GSH). They also displayed lower photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b), K+ ion, K+/Na+ ratio, and weakened O2 •−-H2O2-scavenging enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, glutathione reductase under both saline stress levels, while reduced ascorbate peroxidase, and dehydroascorbate reductase under 100-mM stress, demonstrating their sensitivity to a saline environment. Moreover, the concentrations of proline, glycine betaine, total phenolic, flavonoids, and abscisic acid increased under both stresses compared to the control. They also exhibited lower indole acetic acid, gibberellic acid, cytokinins, and zeatine riboside, which may account for their reduced biomass. However, NH4 +:NO3 − ratios caused a differential response to alleviate saline stress toxicity. Soybean seedlings supplemented with optimal ratios of NH4 +:NO3 − (T3 = 25:75 and T = 4 50:50) displayed lower Na+ and Cl− and ABA but improved K+ and K+/Na+, pigments, growth hormones, and biomass compared to higher NH4 +:NO3 − ratios. They also exhibited higher O2 •−-H2O2-scavenging enzymes and optimized H2O2, MDA, and AsA-GSH pools status in favor of the higher biomass of seedlings. Conclusions In summary, the NH4 + and NO3 − ratios followed the order of 50:50 > 25:75 > 0:100 > 75:25 > 100:0 for regulating the morpho-physio-biochemical responses in seedlings under SS conditions. Accordingly, we suggest that applying optimal ratios of NH4 + and NO3 − (25/75 and 50:50) can improve the resistance of soybean seedlings grown in saline conditions.

Abstract Background Three Amino acid Loop Extension (TALE) belongs to the homeobox group of genes that are important constituents of plant systems. The TALE gene family is instrumental not only in growth and development but also plays an essential role in regulating plant response to environmental adversaries. Results In the present study, we isolated 21 CsTALE genes from the cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) genome database. Bioinformatics tools were put in place to understand the structural and functional components of the CsTALE gene family. The evolutionary analysis dissected them into seven subclades (KNOX-I, KNOX-II, and BELL-I to BELL-V). The cis-acting elements in the promoter region of CsTALE genes disclosed that they are key regulators of hormonal and stress-related processes. Additionally, the STRING database advocated the concerting role of CsTALE proteins with other key transcription factors potent in plant developmental biology. The CsmiR319 and CsmiR167a-3p targeting the CsTALE15 and CsTALE16, respectively, further assert the importance of the CsTALE gene family posttranscriptional-related processes. Tissue-specific gene expression unfolded the fundamental involvement of CsTALE genes as they were expressed throughout the developmental stages. Under waterlogging stress, the CsTALE17 expressed significantly higher values in WL, WL-NAA, and WL-ETH but not in WL-MeJA-treated samples. Conclusions The present study reveals the evolution and functions of the CsTALE gene family in cucumber. Our work will provide a platform that will help future researchers address the issue of waterlogging stress in the Yangtze River Delta.

This paper explores the development of a Quadcopter-Rover System specifically designed for environmental survey applications. The system combines the capabilities of a quadcopter and a rover to provide a comprehensive and versatile solution for data collection and analysis. The paper presents a detailed overview of the system's modelling, design, and manufacturing of the two main components: the quadcopter and the differential wheel robot (the rover). The quadcopter’s main task is to carry the rover to/from the ground destination and collect aerial data while the rover`s main task is ground exploration and data collection. The paper discusses the development of a robust and efficient control algorithm that enables autonomous and coordinated operation between the quadcopter and the rover. Experimental results demonstrate the system's effectiveness in conducting environmental surveys, showcasing its ability to accurately navigate challenging terrains, and collect valuable data for environmental analysis. The Quadcopter-Rover System offers significant potential in applications such as ecological monitoring, disaster management, and precision agriculture, where comprehensive and efficient data collection is crucial for informed decision-making.

Abstract Background Lentil is a significant legume that are consumed as a staple food and have a significant economic impact around the world. The purpose of the present research on lentil was to assess the hydrothermal time model’s capacity to explain the dynamics of Lens culinaris L. var. Markaz-09 seed germination, as well as to ascertain the germination responses at various sub-optimal temperatures (T) and water potentials (Ψ). In order to study lentil seed germination (SG) behavior at variable water potentials (Ψs) and temperatures (Ts). A lab experiment employing the hydrothermal time model was created. Seeds were germinated at six distinct temperatures: 15 0С, 20 0С, 25 0С, 30 0С, 35 0С, and 40 0С, with five Ψs of 0, -0.3, -0.6, -0.9, and − 1.2 MPa in a PEG-6000 (Polyethylene glycol 6000) solution. Results The results indicated that the agronomic parameters like Germination index (GI), Germination energy (GE), Timson germination index (TGI), were maximum in 25 0C at (-0.9 MPa) and lowest at 40 0C in 0 MPa. On other hand, mean germination time (MGT) value was highest at 15 0C in -1.2 MPa and minimum at 40 0C in (-0.6 MPa) while Mean germination rate (MGR) was maximum at 40 0C in (0 MPa) and minimum at 15 0C in (-0.6 MPa). Conclusions The HTT model eventually defined the germination response of Lens culinaris L. var. Markaz-09 (Lentil) for all Ts and Ψs, allowing it to be employed as a predictive tool in Lens culinaris L. var. Markaz-09 (Lentil) seed germination simulation models.

Abstract Background Optimum planting date and appropriate fertilizer module are essential facets of chrysanthemum cultivation, to enhance quality yield, and improve soil health. A field-based study was undertaken over multiple growing seasons in 2022 and 2023, where six different planting dates, viz., P1:June 15, P2:June 30, P3:July 15, P4:July 30, P5:August 15 and P6:August 30 and two fertilizer modules, FM1:Jeevamrit @ 30 ml plant−1 and FM2:NPK @ 30 g m−2 were systematically examined using a Randomized Block Design (factorial), replicated thrice. Results P6 planting resulted in early bud formation (44.03 days) and harvesting stage (90.78 days). Maximum plant height (79.44 cm), plant spread (34.04 cm), cut stem length (68.40 cm), flower diameter (7.83 cm), stem strength (19.38˚), vase life (14.90 days), flowering duration (24.08 days), available soil N (314 kg ha−1), available P (37 kg ha−1), available K (347 kg ha−1), bacterial count (124.87 × 107 cfu g−1 soil), actinomycetes count (60.72 × 102 cfu g−1 soil), fungal count (30.95 × 102 cfu g−1 soil), microbial biomass (48.79 µg g−1 soil), dehydrogenase enzyme (3.64 mg TPF h−1 g−1 soil) and phosphatase enzyme (23.79 mol PNP h−1 g−1 soil) was recorded in P1 planting. Among the fertilization module, minimum days to bud formation (74.94 days) and days to reach the harvesting stage (120.95 days) were recorded with the application of NPK @30 g m−2. However, maximum plant height (60.62 cm), plant spread (23.10 cm), number of cut stems m−2 (43.88), cut stem length (51.34 cm), flower diameter (6.92 cm), stem strength (21.24˚), flowering duration (21.75 days), available soil N (317 kg ha−1), available P (37 kg ha−1) and available K (349 kg ha−1) were also recorded with the application of NPK @300 kg ha−1. Maximum vase life (13.87 days), OC (1.13%), bacterial count (131.65 × 107 cfu g−1 soil), actinomycetes count (60.89 × 102 cfu g−1 soil), fungal count (31.11 × 102 cfu g−1 soil), microbial biomass (51.27 µg g−1 soil), dehydrogenase enzyme (3.77 mg TPF h−1 g−1 soil) and phosphatase enzyme (21.72 mol PNP h−1 g−1 soil) were observed with the application of Jeevamrit @ 30 ml plant−1. Conclusion Early planting (P1) and inorganic fertilization (NPK @ 30 g m−2) resulted in improved yield and soil macronutrient content. The soil microbial population and enzymatic activity were improved with the jeevamrit application. This approach highlights the potential for improved yield and soil health in chrysanthemum cultivation, promoting a more eco-friendly and economically viable agricultural model.

Desert plants possess untapped potential for medicinal applications due to their rich phytochemical profiles. However, they need to be more explored. Thus, this study integrates advanced analytical, biochemical, and molecular techniques to investigate the phytochemical composition and biological activities (antimicrobial and antioxidant) of four desert plants (Pergularia tomentosa, Zygophyllum coccineum, Pulicaria undulata, and Ochradenus baccatus), collected from Wadi Sannor, Beni-Suef Governorate, Egypt, in March 2021. The volatile chemicals in the 70 % ethanol extracts of the selected plants were also analyzed using GC-MS. The extract exhibited strong antioxidant properties, as demonstrated by its FRAP (Ferric reducing ability of plasma) values, anti-lipid peroxidation, superoxide anion scavenging activity, and DPPH scavenging activity. Additionally, plants extracts showed high antimicrobial activities against seven pathogens, including three Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli) and four Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus salivarius). Lastly, molecular docking was conducted for cis-vaccenic acid, (E)-9-octadecenoic acid, the cyclohepta[b]furan-2-one scaffold, and URS-20(30)-en-3-ol against both the thymidylate kinase enzyme and the active sites of E. coli DNA gyrase. The results from the molecular docking studies showed a strong correlation with the biological data. Moreover, these compounds exhibited good, proposed absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion–toxicity (ADMET) profiles. Our study highlights the potential of P. tomentosa, Z. coccineum, P. undulata, and O. baccatus for future medical applications and the development of new pharmaceuticals derived from desert flora.

The objective of the study is to determine the electricity use, and tourism industry environmental impacts, and increase in CO2 emissions in Pakistan. What are the linkages of foreign direct investment, intercountryal trade, gross domestict product, and CO2 emissions. The study has applied the Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) method to analysis the data set from 1985 to 2023. The robustness test is applied using Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS), and Fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS). The results reveal that the increase in the electricity use, and tourism industry has significant negative impacts on CO2 emissions in both short- and long-run. The increase in intercountry trade effects the Domestic Product growth (GDP) growth and causes to increase in use of fossil fuels, which are the major source of CO2 emissions. The increase in foreign direct investment (FDI) increase the GDP growth, and FDI also increase the CO2 emissions in Pakistan. The results suggests that the incresae in the renewal energy consumption for the electricity production and transportation can help to decrease the CO2 emissions in Pakistan.

Abstract Background The rate of germination and other physiological characteristics of seeds that are germinating are impacted by deep sowing. Based on the results of earlier studies, conclusions were drawn that deep sowing altered the physio-biochemical and agronomic characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Results In this study, seeds of wheat were sown at 2 (control) and 6 cm depth and the impact of exogenously applied salicylic acid and tocopherol (Vitamin-E) on its physio-biochemical and agronomic features was assessed. As a result, seeds grown at 2 cm depth witnessed an increase in mean germination time, germination percentage, germination rate index, germination energy, and seed vigor index. In contrast, 6 cm deep sowing resulted in negatively affecting all the aforementioned agronomic characteristics. In addition, deep planting led to a rise in MDA, glutathione reductase, and antioxidants enzymes including APX, POD, and SOD concentration. Moreover, the concentration of chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids, proline, protein, sugar, hydrogen peroxide, and agronomic attributes was boosted significantly with exogenously applied salicylic acid and tocopherol under deep sowing stress. Conclusions The results of the study showed that the depth of seed sowing has an impact on agronomic and physio-biochemical characteristics and that the negative effects of deep sowing stress can be reduced by applying salicylic acid and tocopherol to the leaves.

Abstract Large amount of wastes are burnt or left to decompose on site or at landfills where they cause air pollution and nutrient leaching to groundwater. Waste management strategies that return these food wastes to agricultural soils recover the carbon and nutrients that would otherwise have been lost, enrich soils and improve crop productivity. The incorporation of liming materials can neutralize the protons released, hence reducing soil acidity and its adverse impacts to the soil environment, food security, and human health. Biochar derived from organic residues is becoming a source of carbon input to soil and provides multifunctional values. Biochar can be alkaline in nature, with the level of alkalinity dependent upon the feedstock and processing conditions. This study conducted a characterization of biochar derived from the pyrolysis process of eggplant and Acacia nilotica bark at temperatures of 300 °C and 600 °C. An analysis was conducted on the biochar kinds to determine their pH, phosphorus (P), as well as other elemental composition. The proximate analysis was conducted by the ASTM standard 1762-84, while the surface morphological features were measured using a scanning electron microscope. The biochar derived from Acacia nilotica bark exhibited a greater yield and higher level of fixed carbon while possessing a lower content of ash and volatile components compared to biochar derived from eggplant. The eggplant biochar exhibits a higher liming ability at 600 °C compared to the acacia nilotica bark-derived biochar. The calcium carbonate equivalent, pH, potassium (K), and phosphorus (P) levels in eggplant biochars increased as the pyrolysis temperature increased. The results suggest that biochar derived from eggplant could be a beneficial resource for storing carbon in the soil, as well as for addressing soil acidity and enhancing nutrients availability, particularly potassium and phosphorus in acidic soils.

Abstract Background In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), little is known about the adoption of virtual consultations (VCs), with most studies being survey-based leading to varying results. This study aims to utilise secondary collected data on the use of both kinds of VCs currently available, and to epidemiologically describe the adoption of these consultations. Methods This retrospective study analysed data provided by the Ministry of Health between January 1st 2021 and June 30th 2022. For both the home-based and the hospital-based consultations, variables included the age and sex of patients, date of consultation, duration in minutes, closure status for the appointment and the governorate in which the patient is residing. A heat map was drawn to present patterns of utilisation across the country. Results The total number of VCs for both types were 1,008,228. For both types, females were higher adopters (54.73%). Of the total number of consultations, 751,156 were hospital-based. Of these consultations, family medicine consultations were the most common (20.42%), followed by internal medicine. Maternity follow-up clinics were higher in home-based clinics. The proportion of patient no-shows was high overall (48.30%). Utilisation was high in urban governorates, and low in rural ones. Conclusion Findings have several implications on health policy. It provides further evidence of the importance of family medicine, where it was the most common speciality even in hospital-based settings. The high variability in the adoption of consultations across rural and urban areas as well as the extremely high number of patient-no-shows warrants further investigation.

Abstract Background Several recent studies have highlighted the need for more evaluation of the impact of COVID-19 infections and vaccines on the reproductive system and menstruation. This study aimed to assess the impact of COVID-19 infection and vaccines on menstrual symptoms. Methods A cross-sectional survey utilizing face-to-face interviews from January 1 to 31 March 2022 was conducted in the city of Al-Karak in southern Jordan. The questionnaire included sociodemographic characteristics, medical and reproductive history, the contraceptive method used if any, menstrual cycle (MC) status, previous medical and drug history, and the impact of infection and vaccination on the MC. Results The study questionnaire was completed by 400 participants with a mean age of 32.1±12.6 years. Regarding the history of COVID-19 infections, 33.8% of the participants reported a history of confirmed COVID-19 infections, 77.8% of them did not report any menstrual changes following the infection, while the remaining 22.2% reported changes in menstruation. The most commonly reported post-COVID-19 manifestations were irregular (27.6%) and light menstrual cycle (MC) (24.15) or dysmenorrhea (24.1%). Heavy menstruation was reported by 17.2% of participants post-COVID-19 infection. Two-thirds of the study participants (66.6%) reported no changes in the MC following the administration of the COVID-19 vaccine. The most reported symptoms for those who experienced changes in the MC following the vaccination were irregular cycle (13.1%), heavy menstruation (7%), and light menstruation (7%). Other reported symptoms were dysmenorrhea (4.6%), intermenstrual bleeding (1.2%), and amenorrhea (0.5%). Conclusion This study revealed minor changes in the MC following COVID-19 infections and administration of the COVID-19 vaccine. These findings are consistent with published reports. It is recommended that future clinical trials for new vaccines for women of childbearing age include outcomes related to sex hormones and MC. Women should be encouraged to take the vaccines and report symptoms to healthcare professionals for further assessment.

Background: Essential oil nanoemulsions have received much attention in the last period due to their ability to fight microbes and cancers. In the current study, clove and thyme essential oils CL+TH-emulsion and CL+TH-nanoemulsion were prepared through an eco-friendly method. The prepared CL+TH-nanoemulsion was characterized using DLS and TEM analyses. Results: Results revealed that CL+TH-nanoemulsion droplets were spherical in shape and nanoform in size (68.6 nm) with PDI 0.281. MIC concentrations of CL+TH-nanoemulsion against tested bacteria were found to be between 6.25 and 25 mg/mL. After being exposed to MICs of CL+TH-emulsion and CL+TH-nanoemulsion, which additionally prompted 1.43 log and 3.12 log declines, accordingly, as opposed to untreated (Control), the number of cells grown in the generated biofilms decreased. Furthermore, CL+TH-nanoemulsion exhibited anticancer activity more than CL+TH-emulsion toward HepG2 and MCF-7. Also, the effect of CL+TH-nanoemulsion is more effective and significantly cytotoxic than taxol on MCF-7. Besides, both prepared emulsions increased the rate of apoptosis and decreased the cell viability % of MCF-7 by increasing the activity of caspases 8 and 9. Moreover, CL+TH-nano emulsion decreased the activity of VEGFR-2 in MCF-7 in a more pronounced manner than CL+TH-emulsion and taxol. Conclusions: The prepared CL+TH-nanoemulsion had antibacterial, and antibiofilm as well as anticancer properties, which can be used in different biomedical applications after extensive studies in vivo.How to cite: Hashem AH, Doghish AS, Ismail A, et al. A novel nanoemulsion based on clove and thyme essential oils: Characterization, antibacterial, antibiofilm and anticancer activities. Electron J Biotechnol 2024;68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2023.12.001.

Buildings are distinguished by their high energy demand over their lifespan. Iimproving energy efficiency in buildings necessitates mitigating the operation energy performance by evaluating more sustainable building components such as green infrastructures. The novelty herein is to conduct a BIM-based parametric energy analysis of green building components for the roofs and facades, taking into consideration the climate classification and orientation of the building. The proposed framework of this study uses Autodesk Revit software and Autodesk Green Building Studio as BIM tools, and Minitab software as a parametric analysis tool to estimate the energy performance of several alternative components based on Energy Use Intensity (EUI) and Annual Peak Demand (APD). A case study of a residential building is examined in four cities within different climate zones in Brazil; Rio de Janeiro (climate zone 08), Macaé (climate zone 05), Petrópolis (climate zone 03), and Nova Friburgo (climate zone 02). The base model design of components of the building includes a reinforced concrete roof and ceramic masonry façade. The utilized alternatives are roof components (i.e. green roofs and expanded clay roofs), and green façade. This work insight using green façade for all elevations and green roofs to enhance energy efficiency in terms of EUI by (10,17 %) in Rio de Janeiro, (6,67 %) in Macaé, (11,43 %) in Pertópolis, and (16,43 %) in Nova Friburgo. While the efficiency in terms of APD would be about (28,07 %) in Rio de Janeiro, (22,79 %) in Macaé, (21,67 %) in Pertópolis, and (12,58 %) in Nova Friburgo. When the construction project is designed to install a green façade to the main elevation only, this work recommends using green roofs rather than the expanded clay roof or the base model design roofs to increase energy efficiency in such types of buildings. This work contributes to integrating green building components into building designs to improve energy efficiency and empower decision-making and sustainability in buildings.

Black tea's quality and flavor are largely influenced by its processing stages, which affect its volatile and non-volatile phytochemicals. This study aimed to optimized black tea manufacturing by investigating withering time, fermentation time, and temperature's impact on sensory quality. Using a U*15 (157) uniform design, optimal conditions were determined: 14 h of withering, 5.6 h of fermentation, and a 34 °C temperature. A verification experiment analyzed the volatile and non-volatile profiles. HPLC, GC–MS, and LC-MS revealed dynamic changes in phytochemicals. Among 157 VOCs and 2642 metabolites, 19 VOCs (VIP > 1.5) were crucial for aroma, while 50 (VIP > 1.5, p

ABSTRACTThe research conducted focused on examining the unique properties of Agave Americana Flower Stem fiber (AAFS), particularly its behavior under quasi-static tensile conditions. A total of 200 AAFS fibers were subjected to tensile tests using a standard gauge length of 40 mm. Tests spanned seven groups with quantities (N) ranging from 30 to 200. The study aimed to understand the fibers’ mechanical traits, as tensile resistance and modulus of elasticity, and to see how different test quantities influence these properties. A significant observation was the dispersion of the tensile characteristics of AAFS fibers, a common trait of natural fibers. To understand this, we applied rigorous statistical tools, including the Weibull distribution at a 95% confidence interval and one-way ANOVA. A mathematical model was produced utilizing data from experiments regarding the tensile behavior of AAFS fibers. The ANN provided correlation coefficients (R2) of 0.9897, 0.9971, 0.9993, and 0.9939 for training, validation, testing, and all datasets respectively, which were able to accurately predict the experimental data. The proposed model would be of tremendous assistance to engineers and designers in obtaining green composite materials that are based on natural fibers and thereby more durable. These methods illuminated the patterns in our results, enriching our understanding of AAFS fiber mechanics.

Background: Orthodontic appliances can influence the oral environment, including salivary pH levels, which play a crucial role in maintaining oral health. Understanding how different orthodontic appliances affect salivary pH levels can help in improving treatment outcomes and minimizing potential side effects. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, we evaluated the effects of various orthodontic appliances on salivary pH levels using a simulated oral environment. Four different types of orthodontic appliances were tested: traditional metal braces, ceramic braces, lingual braces, and clear aligners. Saliva samples were collected and subjected to pH measurements using a standardized method. The pH measurements were recorded at three different time intervals: immediately after appliance placement, after 24 hours, and after 48 hours. Results: The initial pH values varied among the different orthodontic appliances: metal braces (pH 7.2), ceramic braces (pH 7.4), lingual braces (pH 7.1), and clear aligners (pH 7.5). After 24 hours, there was a decrease in pH levels for all groups: metal braces (pH 6.8), ceramic braces (pH 7.0), lingual braces (pH 6.7), and clear aligners (pH 7.2). After 48 hours, the pH levels continued to decrease: metal braces (pH 6.5), ceramic braces (pH 6.8), lingual braces (pH 6.4), and clear aligners (pH 6.9). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that different orthodontic appliances have varying effects on salivary pH levels. Metal braces and lingual braces tend to cause a more pronounced decrease in salivary pH compared to ceramic braces and clear aligners. Monitoring salivary pH levels during orthodontic treatment may be beneficial in identifying potential risks to oral health and implementing appropriate interventions.

Background: Orthodontic bonding materials are extensively used in dentistry, but their antimicrobial properties are of growing concern due to the risk of biofilm formation and associated complications. Understanding the antimicrobial efficacy of these materials is crucial for maintaining oral health during orthodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, we evaluated the antimicrobial properties of various orthodontic bonding materials against common oral pathogens. Samples of bonding materials were prepared and exposed to microbial strains including Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Candida albicans. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using agar diffusion assays and microbial viability assays. Results: The tested orthodontic bonding materials exhibited varying degrees of antimicrobial activity. Material A showed a zone of inhibition of 12 mm against S. mutans, 8 mm against P. gingivalis, and 6 mm against C. albicans. Material B exhibited slightly higher antimicrobial activity with inhibition zones of 14 mm, 10 mm, and 8 mm against S. mutans, P. gingivalis, and C. albicans, respectively. Material C displayed the highest antimicrobial activity, with inhibition zones of 16 mm against S. mutans, 12 mm against P. gingivalis, and 10 mm against C. albicans. Microbial viability assays confirmed the efficacy of these materials in reducing microbial growth. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that orthodontic bonding materials possess varying degrees of antimicrobial properties. Material C exhibited the highest efficacy against the tested microbial strains. Incorporating antimicrobial agents into orthodontic bonding materials may contribute to the prevention of oral infections during orthodontic treatment.

The veterinary antibacterial Marbofloxacin (Marbo) is used in food-producing animals, including dairy cows, so the residues of this drug will be excreted through milk. This study was aimed to investigate a risk of developmental and neurobehavioral toxicity effects in newborn consumers exposed to the residues of this drug. To achieve this goal, suckling pups of rats were selected as a model. Four groups of female lactating rats (5 dams for each group – 8 pups per dams) were divided into (A,B,C,D) treated with Marbo (0 (control) , 3, 6 ,9 mg/kg, i.m.) given once daily for 10 consecutive days (first nursing period) respectively.The exposure of suckling pups to the drug through milk in group (D) led to neurobehavioral toxicity effects represented in the occurrence of a significantly prolongation in both the time required to terminate the surface righting reflex on postnatal day (PND) 5 and the time of induction and duration of anesthesia by (ketamine and xylazine) on the (PND) 21 . the newborns in group (C) recorded a significantly prolongation of both in the period of appearance of pinna detachment and in induction and duration of anesthesia accompanied by a significantly decrease in numbers of squares crossed in open field activity test on the (PND) 21 .It could be conclude from our current study that there are risks of causing developmental and neurobehavioral toxic effects in newborn consumers exposed to Marbo residue in animal products such as milk.

IntroductionSalinity negatively affects maize productivity. However, calcium lignosulfonate (CLS) could improve soil properties and maize productivity.MethodsIn this study, we evaluated the effects of CLS application on soil chemical properties, plant physiology and grain quality of maize under salinity stress. Thus, this experiment was conducted using three CLS application rates, CLS0, CLS5, and CLS10, corresponding to 0%, 5%, and 10% of soil mass, for three irrigation water salinity (WS) levels WS0.5, WS2.5, and WS5.5 corresponding to 0.5 and 2.5 and 5.5 dS/m, respectively.Results and discussionResults show that the WS0.5 × CLS10 combination increased potassium (K 0.167 g/kg), and calcium (Ca, 0.39 g/kg) values while reducing the sodium (Na, 0.23 g/kg) content in soil. However, the treatment WS5.5 × CLS0 decreased K (0.120 g/kg), and Ca (0.15 g/kg) values while increasing Na (0.75 g/kg) content in soil. The root activity was larger in WS0.5 × CLS10 than in WS5.5 × CLS0, as the former combination enlarged K and Ca contents in the root while the latter decreased their values. The leaf glutamine synthetase (953.9 µmol/(g.h)) and nitrate reductase (40.39 µg/(g.h)) were higher in WS0.5 × CLS10 than in WS5.5 × CLS0 at 573.4 µmol/(g.h) and 20.76 µg/(g.h), leading to the improvement in cell progression cycle, as revealed by lower malonaldehyde level (6.57 µmol/g). The K and Ca contents in the leaf (881, 278 mg/plant), stem (1314, 731 mg/plant), and grains (1330, 1117 mg/plant) were greater in WS0.5 × CLS10 than in WS5.5 × CLS0 at (146, 21 mg/plant), (201, 159 mg/plant) and (206, 157 mg/plant), respectively. Therefore, the maize was more resistance to salt stress under the CLS10 level, as a 7.34% decline in yield was noticed when salinity surpassed the threshold value (5.96 dS/m). The protein (13.6 %) and starch (89.2 %) contents were greater in WS0.5 × CLS10 than in WS5.5 × CLS0 (6.1 %) and (67.0 %), respectively. This study reveals that CLS addition can alleviate the adverse impacts of salinity on soil quality and maize productivity. Thus, CLS application could be used as an effective soil amendment when irrigating with saline water for sustainable maize production.

In this study, the dried biomass of four marine algae, namely Porphyra sp., Gracilaria bursa-pastoris, Undaria pinnatifida and Laminaria sp., were screened for their ability to remove methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solutions. Statistical approaches of the Plackett-Burman Design (PBD) and Box-Behnken Design (BBD) were applied to optimize different environmental conditions in order to achieve the maximum MB removal percentage by Gracilaria bursa-pastoris. The biosorbent was characterized before and after adsorption process using FTIR, XRD and SEM analysis. Additionally, isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics studies were conducted to investigate the adsorption behavior of the adsorbent. The results showed that Gracilaria bursa-pastoris achieved the highest dye removal efficiency (98.5 %) compared to 96.5 %, 93.5 % and 93.9 % for Undaria pinnatifida, Porphyra sp. and Laminaria sp., respectively. PBD analysis revealed that the agitation speed, pH, and biomass dose were found to be the significant parameters affecting MB removal onto Gracilaria dried biomass. According to the BBD results, the maximum dye removal percentage (99.68 %) was obtained at agitation speed of 132 rpm, pH 7 and biomass dose of 7.5 g/L. FTIR, XRD and SEM analysis demonstrated the participation of several functional groups in the adsorption process and changes in the cell surface morphology of the adsorbent following the dye adsorption. The adsorption isotherms showed better fit to Freundlich model (R2 = 0.9891) than the Langmuir, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich models. The adsorption kinetics were best described by the pseudo-second-order model (R2 = 0.9999), suggesting the chemical interactions between dye ions and the algal biomass. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that the adsorption of MB onto Gracilaria dried biomass was spontaneous, feasible, endothermic and random. These results indicate that dried biomass of Gracilaria bursa-pastoris is an attractive, environmentally friendly, cheap and effective agent for MB dye removal from environmental discharges.

Purpose of current study was to determine physicochemical, triglyceride composition, and functional groups of wild adlay accessions (brown, black, yellow, grey, green, off white, and purple) to find out its scope as cereal crop. Triglycerides, minerals and functional groups were determined through Gas chromatography, spectrophotometer and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer respectively. Results revealed variation among bulk densities, specific densities, percent empty spaces, and corresponding grain counts per 10 g of sample are useful in distinguishing brown, black, yellow, grey, green, off white, and purple wild adlay accessions. Specific density and grain count per 10 g sample was significantly related. No statistical relationship exists among the pronounced physical characteristics. Brown adlay expressed the highest protein, fat, and fiber contents 15.82%, 4.76% and 2.37% respectively. Protein, fat, ash, and fiber percent contents were found comparable to cultivated adlay. Spectrophotometric analysis revealed macro elements including phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and sodium in the range 0.3% - 2.2% and micro elements boron, iron, copper, zinc, and manganese in the range 1.6 mg/kg - 20.8 mg/kg. Gas chromatography showed polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) constitute the primary fraction (39% ± 7.2) of wild adlay triglycerides. Linoleic and palmitic acids were present as prominent fatty acids, 43.5% ±1.4 and 26.3% ±1.4 respectively. Infra-red frequencies distinguished functional groups in narrow band and fingerprint region of protein in association with out of plane region leading to structural differences among adlay accessions. Comparison of major distinguishing vibrational frequencies among different flours indicated black adlay containing highest functional groups appeared promising for varietal development.

The integration of trees into diverse land-use systems holds potential for India to meet nationally determined contribution (NDC) targets under the Paris Climate Agreement. With a target of sequestering 2.5–3 billion tons of CO2 equivalent by 2030, the study focused on the widespread and economically viable eucalyptus-based agroforestry, practiced widely in various planting geometries tailored to meet industrial end-use requirements. In this context, a detailed study was conducted to quantify the influence of five planting geometries [3 m × 3 m, 6 × 1.5 m, 17 × 1 × 1 m (paired row) and two boundary plantations (east–west and north–south directions) at 2 m away from tree to tree] of eucalyptus on intercrops [dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata)—barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) rotation] biomass, soil properties, and carbon stock of the system during 2009–2016. Results revealed that biomass accumulation of different tree components was 62.50%–74.09% in stem; 6.59%–9.14% in branch; 3.18%–5.73% in leaves; 12.20%–20.44% in stump roots; and 1.71%–3.48% in fine roots across the planting geometries. The mean carbon content of the stem, branch, leaves, and roots was 49.00, 47.00, 43.00, and 49.00%, respectively. Over the 8-year period, geometry of 3 × 3 m performed better in terms of total biomass production (344.60 Mg ha− 1 by tree biomass and 62.53 Mg ha−1 by intercrops). The independent parameter, DBH2H (DBH: diameter at breast height and H: tree height), was found to be a very good predictor of dry weight, followed by DBH alone. Among various functions (linear, allometric, logistic, Gompertz, Chapman, and exponential), the best-fit equation was allometric, i.e., B = 300.96 × DBH2H0.93 (adjusted R2 = 0.96) for eucalyptus based on universal model adequacy and validation criteria. The carbon sequestration rate was maximum (20.79 Mg C ha−1 year−1) in 3 × 3 m followed by 17 × 1 × 1 m. The total carbon stock of eucalyptus-based system (tree + crop + soil) varied significantly under different planting geometries and sole crop rotation (dhaincha–barley). The higher carbon stock (237.27 Mg ha−1) was obtained from 3 × 3 m spacing and further partitioning carbon stock in trees—166.29 Mg ha−1, crops—25.01 Mg ha−1 and soil—45.97 Mg ha−1. The paired row spacing (17 × 1 × 1 m) yielded higher crop yield and net returns (Rs. 600,475 ha−1), underscoring wide spacing’s role in system productivity and sustainability. Tree-based systems were valuable components of agriculture, advocating for their widespread adoption to reduce CO2 emissions and generate income through carbon credits. These findings will provide crucial insights into sustainable land-use practices and advance India’s commitment toward adaptation of climate change mitigation strategies.

The on-chip integration of a power inductor together with other power converter components of small sizes and high-saturation currents, while maintaining a desired or high inductance value, is here pursued. The use of soft magnetic cores increases inductance density but results in a reduced saturation current. This article presents a 3D physical model and a magnetic circuit model for an integrated on-chip power inductor (OPI) to double the saturation current using permanent magnet (PM) material. A ~50 nH, 7.5 A spiral permanent magnet on-chip power inductor (PMOI) is here designed, and a 3D physical model is then developed and simulated using the ANSYS®/Maxwell® software package (version 2017.1). The 3D physical model simulation results agree with the presented magnetic circuit model, and show that in the example PMOI design, the addition of the PM increases the saturation current of the OPI from 4 A to 7.5 A, while the size and inductance value remain unchanged.

Background: Women and racialized minorities continue to be underrepresented in cardiovascular (CV) trial outcomes data, despite comprising a significant global burden of CV disease. This study evaluated the impact of trial characteristics on the temporal enrollment of women and racialized minorities in prominent CV trials published in the period 1986-2023. Methods: MEDLINE was searched for CV trials published in The Lancet, the Journal of the American Medical Association, and the New England Journal of Medicine. Participant and investigator demographics, types of interventions, clinical indications, and funding sources were compared according to the enrollment of women or racialized minorities. Results: From 799 studies, including 4,071,921 patients, the enrollment of women and racialized minorities significantly increased from 1986 to 2023 (both P ≤ 0.001). Although the enrollment of women varied by trial indication, comprising 25.0% of coronary artery disease, 35.2% of noncoronary and/or vascular disease, 13.8% of heart failure, 17.0% of arrhythmia, and 28.7% of other CV trials (P ≤ 0.001), it did not differ by peer-reviewed vs industry funding. First authors who were women were more likely than first authors who were men to enroll significantly more women (P = 0.01). Conclusions: Active efforts to increase diverse enrollment, along with improved reporting, including of sex and race, in future CV trials may increase the generalizability of their findings and applicability to global populations. RÉsumÉ: Contexte: Les femmes et les groupes racisés demeurent sous-représentés dans les données de résultats d’essais cliniques sur les maladies cardiovasculaires (CV) malgré l’important fardeau global associé à ces maladies. Cette étude visait à évaluer l’effet des caractéristiques des essais sur la sélection temporelle des femmes et des membres de groupes racisés dans les essais portant principalement sur les maladies CV durant la période de 1986 à 2023. Méthodologie: La base de données MEDLINE a été consultée à la recherche d’essais sur les maladies CV publiés dans The Lancet, Journal of the American Medical Association et New England Journal of Medicine. Les données démographiques des participants et des chercheurs, les types d’interventions, les indications cliniques et les sources de financement ont été comparés en fonction de la sélection des femmes ou des membres de groupes racisés. Résultats: Dans 799 études cumulant 4 071 921 patients, la sélection des femmes et des membres de groupes racisés a augmenté significativement entre 1986 et 2023 (p ≤ 0,001 dans les deux cas). Bien que la sélection des femmes variait en fonction des indications des essais, soit 25,0 % dans les essais portant sur les coronaropathies, 35,2 % pour les maladies non coronariennes et/ou vasculaires, 13,8 % pour l’insuffisance cardiaque, 17,0 % pour l’arythmie et 28,7 % pour d’autres maladies CV (p ≤ 0,001), elle ne différait pas selon que les études étaient révisées par des pairs ou qu’elles étaient financées par l’industrie. Lorsqu’une femme était l’autrice principale, le nombre de femmes sélectionnées était susceptible d’être plus élevé que lorsque l’auteur principal était un homme (p = 0,01). Conclusions: Des efforts actifs pour diversifier davantage la sélection des participants et mieux rendre compte des différences, notamment en ce qui concerne le sexe et la race, pourraient élargir la portée des conclusions des futurs essais sur les maladies CV et leur application à l’ensemble de la population.

Abstract The escalating presence of heavy metals (HMs) in the Panjkora River water and their impact on fish pose a significant challenge to both the ecological community and human health. Consequently, a study was conducted with the primary aim of elucidating their influence on human health-related issues. To address this, the concentrations of heavy metals, including arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn), in both water and the fish species Crossocheilus diplocheilus were investigated across various locations within the study area. The quantification of HMs concentration was carried out utilizing an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The highest concentration in water was found as 0.060 mg/L for Pb and lowest for Fe, whereas the highest concentration in fish was 2.028 mg/kg for Pb and lowest for As. Human health risk associated with fish eating was evaluated by using health risk indices (HRI) for non-carcinogenic health risks and targeted cancer risk (TR) for carcinogenic health risks. The values of the health risk index (HRI) were found greater than 1 except Fe (0.0792), Zn (0.782), and Mn (0.541). The highest mean HRI > 1 was recorded for As (62.99), Cd (26.85), and Pb (10.56). This implies that fish consumption from river Panjkora is not safe up to some extent. Similarly, the TR value for As, Cd, and Pb was found 2.8 $$\times {10}^{-2}$$ × 10 - 2 , 1.6 $$\times {10}^{-2}$$ × 10 - 2 , 2.8 × $${10}^{-3}$$ 10 - 3 which showed cancer risk. There is a detected risk to human health associated with the consumption of fish from the Panjkora River. The government must implement adaptive measures to address this significant issue of water pollution in the study area. Additionally, there is a need for further extensive and prolonged research studies in this context.

The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has inundated the whole world by causing severe acute respiratory syndrome in humans, thus posing serious public health concerns. The oral and olfactory systems are significantly impacted by the COVID-19 condition, in addition to the respiratory and digestive systems. Oral symptoms of COVID-19 can be caused by a loss in oral hygiene, immune system suppression, a decline in general health, and candidiasis due to prolonged antibiotic use. Because many aerosols and droplets are produced during various dental operations, dental professionals and dentists are at a significant risk of contracting the COVID-19 infection. Few precautionary measures include performing a pre-appointment health screening for all patients, performing aerosol-producing procedures in a designated space or operatory, using proper personal protective equipment and disinfecting the operatory between patients, and limiting the number of dental procedures at one time. Against this background, the purposes of this article are to explore the oral presentations of COVID-19 infection and to emphasize the hazards to dental professionals during COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, few preventive measures are also highlighted.

Background: Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) encompass a range of clinical conditions affecting the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and associated structures. Management approaches for TMDs vary and include both surgical and non-surgical interventions. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, medical records of 150 patients diagnosed with TMDs were reviewed. Patients were categorized into two groups: surgical intervention and non-surgical intervention. The surgical group underwent various surgical procedures, including arthroscopy, arthroplasty, and joint replacement, while the non-surgical group received conservative treatments such as physical therapy, pharmacotherapy, and occlusal splints. Pain levels, TMJ function, quality of life (QoL), and patient satisfaction were assessed at baseline and post-treatment (6 months and 1 year). Results: At the 6-month follow-up, both groups experienced a significant reduction in pain scores (surgical group: 6.3 ± 1.2 to 2.4 ± 0.9, non-surgical group: 6.1 ± 1.1 to 3.2 ± 1.0). TMJ function improved in both groups (surgical group: 2.5 ± 0.8 to 4.8 ± 0.6, non-surgical group: 2.6 ± 0.7 to 4.2 ± 0.9). QoL scores increased (surgical group: 35.2 ± 4.6 to 50.3 ± 5.1, non-surgical group: 35.5 ± 4.2 to 45.7 ± 4.8), and patient satisfaction rates were high (surgical group: 92%, non-surgical group: 87%) at the 1-year follow-up. Conclusion: Both surgical and non-surgical management approaches demonstrated significant improvements in pain relief, TMJ function, QoL, and patient satisfaction for individuals with TMDs.

Water purification is crucial to ensure the availability of safe and clean water for protecting human health and helping in a sustainable environment. This review explicitly provides an overview of the major developments related to seawater desalination and wastewater treatments as a unit. Anticipating these traditional independent facilities will operate together in the future mainly for economic benefits. The advances in seawater desalination are primarily focused on the production of membranes using different types of nanoparticles (CeO2, UiO-66, CS-NPs) and carboxylated multi-walled CNTs into a polyamide that provides high salt rejection (as high as 90%) with excellent selectivity and permeability. Further, the use of nanoporous reduced graphene oxide (rGO) membranes provided 27.7–62.6% desalination rates and up to 96.8% salt rejection, along with protection against membrane fouling. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) showed excellent rejection of divalent ions during desalination. It is anticipated that the use of solar energy for membrane and thermal desalination may be promising since it reduces the reliance on fossil energy and significantly minimizes greenhouse gas emissions (up to 94%). Solar energy can integrate with the reverse osmosis (RO) process bearing the cost of energy-intensive compressors, making the RO economically attractive. HIGHLIGHTS High selectivity/permeability in membranes will be achieved using nanoparticles.; Reduced nanoporous graphene oxide protects against membrane fouling.; Solar energy may lower the desalination energy requirement.; Seawater desalination and wastewater will operate together for economic benefits.; Integrating desalination/wastewater improves efficiency, and lower footprint/investment cost.;

Abstract In the complex tumor microenvironment (TME), mesenchymal cells are key players, yet their specific roles in prostate cancer (PCa) progression remain to be fully deciphered. This study employs single-cell RNA sequencing to delineate molecular changes in tumor stroma that influence PCa progression and metastasis. Analyzing mesenchymal cells from four genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) and correlating these findings with human tumors, we identify eight stromal cell populations with distinct transcriptional identities consistent across both species. Notably, stromal signatures in advanced mouse disease reflect those in human bone metastases, highlighting periostin’s role in invasion and differentiation. From these insights, we derive a gene signature that predicts metastatic progression in localized disease beyond traditional Gleason scores. Our results illuminate the critical influence of stromal dynamics on PCa progression, suggesting new prognostic tools and therapeutic targets.

Abstract In the current industrial scenario, cadmium (Cd) as a metal is of great importance but poses a major threat to the ecosystem. However, the role of micronutrient − amino chelates such as iron − lysine (Fe − lys) in reducing Cr toxicity in crop plants was recently introduced. In the current experiment, the exogenous applications of Fe − lys i.e., 0 and10 mg L − 1, were examined, using an in vivo approach that involved plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, oxidative stress indicators and antioxidant response, sugar and osmolytes under the soil contaminated with varying levels of Cd i.e., 0, 50 and 100 µM using two different varieties of canola i.e., Sarbaz and Pea − 09. Results revealed that the increasing levels of Cd in the soil decreased plant growth and growth-related attributes and photosynthetic apparatus and also the soluble protein and soluble sugar. In contrast, the addition of different levels of Cd in the soil significantly increased the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which induced oxidative damage in both varieties of canola i.e., Sarbaz and Pea − 09. However, canola plants increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and non-enzymatic compounds such as phenolic, flavonoid, proline, and anthocyanin, which scavenge the over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Cd toxicity can be overcome by the supplementation of Fe − lys, which significantly increased plant growth and biomass, improved photosynthetic machinery and sugar contents, and increased the activities of different antioxidative enzymes, even in the plants grown under different levels of Cd in the soil. Research findings, therefore, suggested that the Fe − lys application can ameliorate Cd toxicity in canola and result in improved plant growth and composition under metal stress.

Panicum maximum is planted extensively in tropical and subtropical areas, due to its high-quality forage and high biomass yield. This study aims to assess the varied metabolic dynamics of P. maximum subject to different pollution-related wastewater levels, thus providing information for sustainable agriculture and soil restoration. We analyzed the primary and secondary metabolites in P. maximum subject to two different types of polluted wastewater (WW), compared to a control group. The alterations observed in the metabolite profiles were affected by several factors, including nutrient imbalances and oxidative stress induced by heavy metal accumulation. Initially, the increased nutrient availability stemming from wastewater treatment promoted plant growth; however, this positive effect was later diminished by the adverse impacts of heavy metals, which generated oxidative stress, resulting in metabolic disturbances and a decrease in the plant biomass. Importantly, the substantial increase in antioxidant enzymes, related to primary (e.g., sugars) and secondary metabolites (e.g., phenolics and flavonoids), underscores plants’ adaptive strategies to cope with stress. The increased biosynthesis of flavonoids and phenolic compounds is a protective mechanism against oxidative stress, which also improves the antimicrobial activity, following the activation of key biosynthetic pathways involved in their synthesis. These complex interactions among diverse metabolites suggest that plants exposed to polluted wastewater use various biochemical strategies to increase both their survival and defenses against pathogens. Collectively, these findings emphasize the significance of understanding how wastewater management practices can affect plant health, metabolic responses, and the broader implications for food safety and ecosystem stability.

Some plant species may exhibit new microenvironments which lead to significant changes in the cover and diversity of the coexisting species. In this investigation, we evaluated the effects of Plantago lagopus L. on the cover and diversity of the associated plant species in the urban vegetation. A total of 70 plots were conducted in sites with- and without this species in urban gardens. Cover of the associated species and different diversity indices including species richness, Shannon-Wiener, evenness, and Simpson indices were measured. The allelopathic potential of P. lagopus was verified using its rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils on two target species existing within the same environment. Some soil criteria and seed sizes of the associated species were also determined. Most of the coexisting weeds were reduced in terms of their cover in plots with Plantago. The reduction of plant diversity depended on its cover. Besides, the aboveground biomass was reduced in sites comprising Plantago. The degree of inhibition was not related to the seed size of the species found. This species reduced the incident solar radiation and the local temperature over the soil surface. The locations exhibiting such species contained lower contents of available potassium and zinc. Rhizosphere soil of P. lagopus substantially inhibited germination and growth of Amaranthus viridis, but it didn't do so for Medicago lupulina. Reduction in cover, diversity, and biomass of the urban weeds associated with P. lagopus may be related to the reduction of received solar radiation, soil temperature, and nutrient availability. The allelopathic potential of P. lagopus may have a partial role in this reduction. These results suggest that P. lagopus may create a microenvironment of new conditions not favorable for most of the coexisting species.

Background Recent studies have demonstrated that earlier time-of-day infusion of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is associated with longer progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) among patients with metastatic melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer. These data are in line with growing preclinical evidence that the adaptive immune response may be more effectively stimulated earlier in the day. We sought to determine the impact of time-of-day ICI infusions on outcomes among patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC).Methods The treatment records of all patients with stage IV RCC who began ICI therapy within a multicenter academic hospital system between 2015 and 2020 were reviewed. The associations between the proportion of ICI infusions administered prior to noon (denoting morning infusions) and PFS and OS were evaluated using univariate and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression.Results In this study, 201 patients with mRCC (28% women) received ICIs and were followed over a median of 18 months (IQR 5–30). The median age at the time of ICI initiation was 63 years (IQR 56–70). 101 patients (50%) received ≥20% of their ICI infusions prior to noon (Group A) and 100 patients (50%) received

The exacerbation of climatic changes helped to increase the risk of plant diseases in the world. Based on this concept, we suggest Endophytic fungi (EF) and Salicylic acid (SA) alternatives to reduce the spread of Fusarium wilt disease, which is one of the most important agricultural crops globally. Therefore, this study aims to isolate endophytic fungi and test their ability to stimulate plant resistance against Fusarium wilt disease and study the possibility of combining these isolates with salicylic acid as a therapeutic nutrient for tomato plants. Two fungal endophytes were isolated from Vigna unguiculata seeds (VUS) and identified as Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus tubingensis according to morphological and molecular identification. Under pot circumstances, the influence of these two fungal endophytes as tomato fusarial wilt depressants and as plant stimulants was evaluated. The combination of A. oryzae and A. tubingensis exhibited a simultaneous efficacy of 80% in conferring protection against Fusarium wilt, while simultaneously resulting in a notable decreasing diseases index to 16.66%. Treatment of infected plants with A. oryzae and A. tubingensis (single or mixed) and salicylic acid not only deterioration influence of Fusarium wilt on plant fitness, but also showed a significant improvement in the levels of photosynthetic pigments, sugars, proteins and phenols, and enhancement in the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The analysis of variability among endophytic fungi revealed the presence of 17 distinct bands exhibiting polymorphism, accounting for approximately 35.294% of the observed genetic variation. In conclusion, endophytic A. oryzae and A. tubingensis work well as stimuli for tomato plant growth and as a means of boosting the plants’ resistance to Fusarium wilt. Further, A. oryzae and A. tubingensis act synergistically with SA toward improving plant growth and fusarial wilt disease resistance.

Plant functional traits are consistently linked with certain ecological factors (i.e., abiotic and biotic), determining which components of a plant species pool are assembled into local communities. In this sense, non-native naturalized plants show more plasticity of morphological traits by adopting new habitat (an ecological niche) of the invaded habitats. This study focuses on the biomass allocation pattern and consistent traits-environment linkages of a naturalized Datura innoxia plant population along the elevation gradient in NW, Pakistan. We sampled 120 plots of the downy thorn apple distributed in 12 vegetation stands with 18 morphological and functional biomass traits during the flowering season and were analyzed along the three elevation zones having altitude ranges from 634.85 m to 1405.3 m from sear level designated as Group I to III identified by Ward's agglomerative clustering strategy (WACS). Our results show that many morphological traits and biomass allocation in different parts varied significantly (p

Background: Orthodontic tooth movement, the process of aligning teeth, can often be time-consuming, particularly in adult patients. Micro-osteoperforations (MOPs) have emerged as a potential technique to accelerate this process. Materials and Methods: A sample of 30 adult patients undergoing orthodontic treatment was selected. The patients were divided into two groups: an experimental group (EG) receiving MOPs and a control group (CG) without MOPs. Standard orthodontic treatment was administered to both groups. The rate of tooth movement was measured using digital models and recorded in millimeters per month. Pain levels reported by patients were also noted. The data were analyzed using basic statistical methods. Results: The EG demonstrated a significantly higher rate of orthodontic tooth movement compared to the CG. The average rate of tooth movement in the EG was 1.5 millimeters per month, while the CG exhibited an average rate of 0.8 millimeters per month. Additionally, pain levels reported by patients in the EG were slightly elevated immediately after MOPs but subsided within a few days. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that MOPs can effectively expedite orthodontic tooth movement in adult patients.

Background: Orthognathic surgery is a surgical procedure performed to correct severe jaw misalignments that can affect a patient's facial aesthetics and functional occlusion. While the primary goal of orthognathic surgery is to improve functional outcomes and facial appearance, it is essential to assess patient satisfaction as a crucial aspect of overall treatment success. Materials and Methods: Patient selection: We conducted a prospective study involving 50 patients who underwent orthognathic surgery. All patients had a confirmed diagnosis of severe jaw misalignment, as determined by clinical and radiographic assessments. The surgical procedures performed included maxillary advancement, mandibular setback, or a combination of both, depending on the patient's specific diagnosis. Preoperative orthodontic treatment was provided to align the teeth and prepare the patient for surgery. Patients were evaluated preoperatively and at postoperative intervals of 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year. Results: Patient satisfaction scores and functional outcomes were as follows: aesthetics of facial profile (1-year post-op): mean score = 4.6, chewing function (1-year post-op): mean score = 4.4, speech function (1-year post-op): mean score = 4.3, and overall satisfaction with surgical outcome (1-year post-op): mean score = 4.5. Objective assessments revealed a significant improvement in occlusion and facial aesthetics. The mean reduction in overjet was 4.8 mm, and the mean reduction in overbite was 3.2 mm. Additionally, the mean postoperative ANB angle improved by 3.7°, indicating a better facial balance. Conclusion: Orthognathic surgery in our cohort of 50 patients resulted in high levels of patient satisfaction with both functional outcomes and facial aesthetics. Objective measurements also indicated significant improvements in occlusion and facial balance.

Background: In the realm of orthodontics, the evaluation of treatment outcomes is a pivotal aspect. In recent times, artificial intelligence (AI) models have garnered attention as potential tools for predicting these outcomes. These AI models have the potential to enhance treatment planning and decision-making processes. However, a comprehensive assessment of their effectiveness and accuracy is essential before their widespread integration. Materials and Methods: In this study, we assessed the capability of AI models to predict treatment outcomes in orthodontics. A sample of 30 patients undergoing orthodontic treatment was selected. Various patient-specific parameters, including age, initial malocclusion severity, and treatment approach, were collected. The AI model was trained using a dataset comprising historical treatment cases and their respective outcomes. Subsequently, the trained AI model was applied to predict the treatment outcomes for the selected patients. Results: The results of this study indicated a moderate level of accuracy in the predictions made by the AI model. Out of the 30 patients, the model accurately predicted treatment outcomes for 22 patients, yielding a success rate of approximately 73%. However, the model exhibited limitations in accurately predicting outcomes for cases involving complex malocclusions or those requiring non-standard treatment approaches. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study underscores the potential of AI models in predicting treatment outcomes in orthodontics. While the AI model demonstrated promising accuracy in the majority of cases, its efficacy was diminished in complex and non-standard cases. Therefore, while AI models can serve as valuable tools to aid orthodontists in treatment planning, they should be utilized in conjunction with clinical expertise to ensure optimal decision-making and patient care.