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Hereby, we aimed to investigate the expression of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) and Vascular Endothelial Factor-C (VEGF-C) besides the methylation of PTGS2 in AML patients. VEGF-C and PTGS2 expression analysis were evaluated in newly diagnosed AML patients and healthy controls by quantitative Reverse Transcriptase PCR method. Also, PTGS2 methylation status was evaluated by Methylation-Sensitive High-Resolution Melting Curve Analysis (MS-HRM). While 34% of patients were female, the mean age of the patients was 43.41 ± 17.60 years suffering mostly from M4 (48.21%) type of AML. Although methylation level between patients and controls was not significantly different, none of the normal controls showed methylation in the PTGS2 promoter. PTGS2 and VEGF-C levels were elevated in AML cases and correlated with WBC, Platelet, and Hemoglobin levels. The survival of patients with overexpressed VEGF-C and PTGS2 was poorer than others. It can be concluded that PTGS2 and especially VEGF-C expression but not PTGS2 methylation can be considered as diagnostic biomarkers for AML.

Context Soil water availability, as characterised by the integral water capacity, uses weighting functions based on models not yet evaluated using plants, especially in the context of saline soils. Without plant evaluation such weighting functions remain theoretical at best. Aims We aimed to use maize plants to evaluate Mohammadi and Khataar’s (2018) conceptual model for a salinity weighting function, against those used in Hydrus 1D. Methods We conducted glasshouse experiments with large columns of two sandy loams planted with maize irrigated using different salinities, and repeated without plants. Soil matric suction ranged between saturation and 100 cm, and we measured or predicted plant height, transpiration, evaporation, drainage, storage, and solute concentration over time. The soil water retention curve was measured and the weighted mean hydraulic conductivity was obtained using the van Genuchten model. Key results We found a correlation between our salinity weighting function and the relative transpiration rate of maize (grown in two different soils using irrigation water of three different salinities), particularly in the first few days of growth but not thereafter; errors were related to uncertainties in predicting drainage, salt concentration, and soil water storage in planted columns. Conclusions The deviation of transpiration rate from that predicted by our salinity weighting function at higher salinities may relate to the linear nature of the Maas–Hoffman salinity weighting function plus heterogeneity of soil water and solute distributions. Implications Improving the estimates of drainage and soil water storage in future would make our physical model more useful in larger scale hydrological predictions.

Despite capturing the imagination of scientists for decades, the goal of creating an artificial heart for transplantation proved to be significantly more challenging than initially anticipated. Toward this goal, recent ground-breaking studies demonstrate the development of functional left ventricular (LV) models. LV models are artificially constructed 3D chambers that are capable of containing liquid within the engineered cavity and exhibit the functionality of native LV including contraction, ejection of fluid, and electrical impulse propagation. Various hydrogels and polymers have been used in manufacturing of LV models, relying on techniques such as electrospinning, bioprinting, casting, and molding. Most studies scaled down the models based on the dimensions of the human or rat ventricle. Initially, neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were the cell type of choice for construction the LV models. Yet, as the stem cell biology field advanced, recent studies focused on the use of cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells. In this review, we first describe the physiological characteristics of the human heart, to establish the parameter space for modeling. We then elaborate on current advances in the field and compare recently developed LV models among themselves and with the native human left ventricle. Fabrication methods, cell types, biomaterials, functional properties, and disease modeling capability are some of the major parameters that have distinguished these models. We also highlight some of the current challenges in this field, such as vascularization, cell composition and fidelity, and discuss potential solutions to overcome them.

BACKGROUND: Resistance exercise induces thrombocytosis and increases platelet activation and function. These changes might be related to exercise variables including exercise intensity and type. OBJECTIVE: We compared the effects of traditional resistance exercise (TRE) and circuit resistance exercise (CRE) on cellular markers of platelet activation and function. METHODS: In this crossover study ten healthy male (mean±SD: age, 25.6±2.4 years) subjects performed TRE encompassed 3 sets of 10 repetitions at 100% of 10-RM (10 repetition maximum) for 6 exercises, and CRE protocols included 3 sets of 10 repetitions at 100% of 10-RM for all 6 exercises consecutively, in two separate weeks. To measure platelet indices, PAC1, CD41a, CD42b and CD62P three blood samples were taken before, immediately after exercise, and after 30 min recovery. RESULTS: Lactate concentration, blood pressure, platelet count (PLT), and mean platelet volume (MPV) were significantly (p

Background: MicroRNAs (miRs) affect carcinogenesis and tumor progression by changing numerous cellular functions. miR-100 and miR-101 have been presented to be aberrantly expressed in acute leukemia. This study focused on their expression level in acute myeloid leukemia and their possible targets in molecular networks. Methods:miR-100 and miR-101 expression were analyzed in 21 patients with acute myeloid leukemia compared to 9 healthy controls by using quantitative RT-PCR in mononuclear cells of peripheral blood and bone marrow samples. The target of miR-100 and miR-101 were predicted with TargetScan,miRDB, and miRanda. Finally, the relationship of these microRNAs with mTOR/AKT/PI3Ksignaling pathway genes was investigated. Results: In this study, miR-100 was up-regulated (P value: 0.033; fold change: 6.8) whereas miR-101 (P value: 0.019; fold change : 0.61), mTOR (P value: 0.004; fold change: 0.56 ) and PI3KCA (P value mTOR gene, while no meaningful correlation was seen between these miRs and the AKT1 and PI3KCAgenes. Conclusion: These data showed tumor suppressor role for both miR-100 and miR-101 via mTOR/AKT/PI3K signaling pathway, therefore it can be a favorable therapeutic target beside other ones. More investigation of the miR-100 and miR-101 network with other signaling pathways in AML is recommended.

The early death, which is more common in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) patients rather than other types of acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) highlights the importance of appropriate diagnostic method for early detection of this disease. The low sensitivity of the conventional methods, low tumor burden in some patients, and the need for bone marrow sampling are some of the diagnostic challenges on the way of proper detection of APL. Given these, we aimed to compare the efficacy of extracellular vesicles (EVs), as a diagnostic tool, with the existing methods. RT-PCR, qPCR, and flow cytometry were applied on EVs and their corresponding associated cellular component collected from 18 APL new cases, 23 patients with minimal residual disease (MRD), and NB4 cell line. RT-PCR results were positive in both cellular and vesicular components of all new cases, NB4 cells, and EVs in contrary to MRD cases. Normalized copy numbers (NCN) of PML-RARα were 5100 and 3950 for cell and EVs, respectively (p

Objective: Measuring, diagnosing, and determining the severity of the symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is essential for studying mental health issues. This study aimed to determine the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (DOCS) in a non-clinical population. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 252 residents of Tehran (Iran) were selected by cluster sampling method from different districts. They were asked to complete DOCS, Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), and Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R). SPSS v. 21 and LISREL statistical software were used for data analysis. Cronbach's alpha, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, Spearman correlation were also used. Results: The Internal consistency of DOCS was 0.916 based on the Cronbach α value. The correlations of DOCS with Y-BOCS and OCI-R were 0.57 and 0.55, respectively. Exploratory factor analysis showed four factors. Confirmatory factor analysis also showed that this four-factor and higher-order factor models had a good fit for the data. Conclusion: The present study indicated acceptable validity and reliability of DOCS in non-clinical populations in Iran. Therefore, this scale be used to screen people with OCD symptoms in non-clinical centers of mental health assessment.

Income inequality among various forms of inequality, these days has attracted the serious attention of policymakers, rulers and thinkers. Each of these three groups has tried to identify the causes of occurrence and continuity through their views and, of course, provide solutions to mitigate it. The beginning of the third millennium was accompanied by an intensification of income inequalities within countries, so that the efforts of the international community, which had previously been able to reduce poverty and absolute hunger in the framework of documents such as the Millennium Development Goals, to reduce it, so far has failed to alleviate it. Identifying the causes of the emergence and perpetuation of income inequality in different economies is very significant at a time when the threats posed by income inequality are estimated in important documents such as the Global Threat Report as significant as terrorism. The subject of this article is to examine the textual, institutional and global causes of the continuing income inequality in India, which has recorded a remarkable economic growth rate these days. In India, a set of factors including the roots of social system deficiencies, economic growth, globalization and its tools such as privatization and trade liberalization are among the main causes of continuing inequality in Indian society today, which seems to be a continuous process due to the priority of economic growth against the reduction of income inequality for different governments in this country.

Sleep deprivation has deteriorating effects on cognitive functions and activation of brain inflammation mechanisms has been reported by some studies following total sleep deprivation. Some studies have reported the health benefits of punicalagin, a main abstract from Punica granatum L., including those for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. The antioxidant characteristic of punicalagin and the fact that sleep deprivation accelerates mediators of inflammation led us to further explore the possible neuroprotective role of punicalagin in total sleep deprivation memory impairment in a rat model. In this study, male Wistar rats were implanted with a canula in the lateral ventricle to receive intracerebroventricular injections (drug or vehicle). The animals were trained for the passive avoidance test and then received intracerebroventricular injections of different doses of punicalagin (0.001, 0.01, or 0.1 μg/rat). Then, they were placed in the sleep deprivation apparatus for 24 hours and tested afterwards for memory retrieval and locomotion. Our results indicated that 24 hours of total sleep deprivation impaired memory processes. PG microinjection before TSD did not prevent the deteriorating effect of total sleep deprivation on memory, and only showed a tendency of restoring the memory impairment. Comparison of the locomotor activity between the animals in different groups showed a significant increase in the total sleep deprivation sham groups that received two of the highest doses of punicalagin. Considering the reported beneficial actions of PG by other studies, further investigation is needed into the possible effects of PG in memory alterations.

Two sizes of particles have been employed from wood-derived biochar which produced by slow pyrolysis at 650°C under Ar gas flow to investigate size and dosage effects of biochar at cadmium (Cd) sorption via batch experiment in a sandy soil. The macro (MBC) (0.5–1 mm) and nano size (NBC) of biochar divided by sieving and milling by planetary ball mill processes from pristine biochar, respectively. X-ray diffraction analysis of NBC indicated the presence of magnesian-calcite mineral with turbostratic crystallites. Also, NBC differs from MBC by a higher intensity and different types of surface functional groups such as hydroxyl and carboxyl, and by more polarity, aromaticity and less C–C bands based on FTIR analysis. The zeta potential of NBC ranged from +16.2 to –71.8 mV which can be an effective factor in the agglomeration of particles. NBC particles have a higher specific surface area (approximately 210%) and total pore volume and external surface area, and greater mean pore diameter than MBC. Isotherm equations, namely, Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich were applied to evaluate which model provides the best fit predicted data with experimental results. The Langmuir isotherm provided the best fit according to adjusted R2 and reduced chi-square parameters. By adding 2% (w/w) of MBC and NBC to sandy soil samples, maximum sorption of cadmium reached 328.9 and 1062.4 mg kg–1 which were 58.6% and 412.2% more than control soil. The findings of the study confirmed that ball milling proposes nanobiochar which is more effective at cadmium sorption from contaminated solutions.

The unique properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) produced using plant extract make them attractive for use in medical as well as industrial applications. In this study, ZnO-NPs were synthesized using Hertia intermedia extract as the reducing and stabilizing agent followed by characterization and evaluation of its biological potency. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) image showed spherical nanoparticles with a size range of 20–80 nm. UV-vis spectroscopy displayed absorption peaks at 362.67 nm which is one of the characteristic features of ZnO-NPs. FT-IR spectra confirmed the presence of some phytoconstituents as capping agents to stabilize the nanoparticles. MTT assay showed cytotoxicity of ZnO-NPs against Caco-2 (IC50 177 μg/mL), SH-SY5Y (IC50 184 μg/mL), MDA-MB-231 (IC50 168 μg/Ml, and HEK-293 (IC50 240 μg/mL) cell lines. Using 7-dichlorodihydrouorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) assay, significant production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured after 24 h of treatment with 200 μg/mL ZnO-NPs that is indicative of ZnO-NP-mediated oxidative stress. Induction of apoptosis/necrosis in ZnO-NPs-treated cells was determined using annexin V-PE/7-AAD staining. Furthermore, expression analysis of pro-apoptotic gene Bax and anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 by real-time PCR showed 10-fold increase in expression of Bax and 16-fold decrease in expression of Bcl-2 after exposure of cells to ZnO-NPs. Well diffusion method did not show effective antibacterial activities of synthesized ZnO-NPs against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. All the results confirm that the ZnO-NPs synthesized in the present work are a potential candidate to induce ROS and oxidative stress that lead to cytotoxicity in cell lines.

Despite current efforts in organ-on-chip engineering to construct miniature cardiac models, they often lack some physiological aspects of the heart, including fiber orientation. This motivates the development of bioartificial left ventricle models that mimic the myofiber orientation of the native ventricle. Herein, an approach relying on microfabricated elastomers that enables hierarchical assembly of 2D aligned cell sheets into a functional conical cardiac ventricle is described. Soft lithography and injection molding techniques are used to fabricate micro-grooves on an elastomeric polymer scaffold with three different orientations ranging from -60° to +60°, each on a separate trapezoidal construct. The width of the micro-grooves is optimized to direct the majority of cells along the groove direction and while periodic breaks are used to promote cell-cell contact. The scaffold is wrapped around a central mandrel to obtain a conical-shaped left ventricle model inspired by the size of a human left ventricle 19 weeks post-gestation. Rectangular micro-scale holes are incorporated to alleviate oxygen diffusional limitations within the 3D scaffold. Cardiomyocytes within the 3D left ventricle constructs showed high viability in all layers after 7 days of cultivation. The hierarchically assembled left ventricle also provided functional readouts such as calcium transients and ejection fraction.

Background: It is increasingly evident that interactions between leukemic cells and their niches can have profound effects on clinical outcomes and have been contributed to the failure in treatment and drug shortage in the eradication of minimal residual disease, at least in part, through moving the cells from proliferative state to quiescent state. Objectives: We, therefore, investigated the effects of different bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) on the induction of quiescence and tested the advantage of pan-HDAC inhibitor panobinostat in the induction of apoptosis and targeting the quiescence cells of APL-derived (NB4) and CML-derived (K562) cell lines. Methods: We firstly evaluated the effect of BMSCs including mesenchymal stem cell (MSC), osteoblast, and macrophage on the induction of NB4 and K562 cells quiescence in co-culture models. Next, the alterations in mRNA expression of quiescence-related genes and leukemia-driver oncogenes were evaluated in different models. Finally, the anti-leukemic effects of panobinostat were evaluated, using MTT assay and evaluation of apoptosis and G0 population. Results: Upon 10 days of co-culture with stromal cells, we found that leukemic cells significantly accumulated in the G0 phase. The co-cultured cells also depictured an overall overexpression of most quiescence promoter genes. The oncogenes were underexpressed in the majority of co-cultured models. The results also showed that although panobinostat could induce apoptosis in co-cultured cells, its effect on the reduction of the G0 population was more striking. Conclusions: These data propose that leukemia cells' quiescence state induced by stromal cells is reversible by HDAC inhibition and panobinostat could be a potentiate drug for eradication of treatment-resistance quiescence leukemic cells.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of oleuropein radiation protection and to find an effective radioprotector.Human mononuclear cells were treated with oleuropein at the concentration of 100 μM (optimum concentration), incubated for 24 h, and then exposed to 2 Gy gamma-rays. The anti-radiation effect of oleuropein was assessed by MTT assay, flow cytometry, comet assay, and micronucleus (MN) assay.It was found that pretreatment with oleuropein (25, 50, 75, 100, 200, 400, and 800 nM, and 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, and 200 µM) significantly increased the percentage of cell viability compared to the irradiated group (The results revealed that oleuropein is able to significantly reduce cytotoxicity, apoptosis, genotoxic, and clastogenic effects of gamma-rays.

LKB1 is a significant tumor suppressor and epigenetic regulator playing a vital role in different types of cancers. SHMT1 and GLDC are two critical genes of the epigenetic pathway influenced by LKB1. As epigenetic is the major cause of AML pathogenesis, this study aimed at investigating LKB1, SHMT1, and GLDC gene expression levels in acute myeloid leukemia patients. The present study was conducted on LKB1, SHMT1, and GLDC gene expression levels in 60 de novo AML samples and 30 normal controls using real-time RT-PCR. The results showed that LKB1 and SHMT1 have respectively a significantly lower (P

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with lipid accumulation and lipotoxicity. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the synergistic treatment effect of fish oils (FOs) and chicoric acid (CA) in palmitate (PA)-induced NAFLD HepG2 model. HepG2 cells were pre-treated with palmitate (0.75 mM) for 24 h, and then were exposed to CA, FOs and combination of these chemicals for another 24 h. Gene expression and protein levels were determined using qRT-PCR and western blotting or ELISA analysing, respectively. The combination index (CI) values of FOs and CA in HepG2 cells were calculated according to the Chou-Talalay equation using the CompuSyn software. FOs and CA acid together synergistically reduced lipid accumulation as indicated by decreased oil red O staining (vehicle-treated control: 1 ± 0.1; PA-treated control: 4.7 ± 0.4; PA + CA100: 3.9 ± 0.4; PA + CA200: 2.4 ± 0.3; PA + FOs: 2.7 ± 0.1; PA + CA200 + FOs: 1.5 ± 0.1) and triglyceride (vehicle-treatedcontrol:10 ± 1.2; PA-treated control: 25.8 ± 2.7; PA + CA100: 18.9 ± 2.5; PA + CA200: 14.4 ± 1.8; PA + FOs: 15.2 ± 2.4; PA + CA200 + FOs: 11.9 ± 1.5) levels in PA-treated HepG2 cells. Gene expression and Immunoblotting analysis confirmed the combination effect of FOs and CA in up-regulation of AMPK-mediated PPARα/UCP2 and down-regulation of AMPK-mediated SREBP-1/FAS signalling pathways. Collectively, these results suggest that combining FOs with CA can serve as a potential combination therapy for NAFLD.

The objectives of this research are prediction of soil drainage curve using Assouline and Or (2014) adjusted soil drainage model and comparison of the predicted results with experimental data on small and large scales. This research is conducted for 18 small soil columns under different salinity level of irrigation water using different scenarios. In scenario A, water from saturated water and water of 0.1 (A-1) and 15 (A-2) bar matric head assumed as the mobile water, D∞, and input to Assouline and Or model to estimate weighted average of hydraulic conductivity, Km with fitting. In scenario B, Km is computed using water characteristic curve and D∞ is obtained using fitted model. Finally, in scenario C, D∞ and Km are predicted using fitted model. All experiments were repeated in the presence of plant for small soil columns and columns with 2.7 m depth as well. Results showed that the model prediction is influenced by irrigation water salinity, study time and depth scales. However, soil and water physical properties and their interactions can partially explain the results and the flexibility of Assouline and Or model is appropriate, we suspected to the validity of physical meaning of model parameters and, the certainty of model predictions for the field capacity, FC, concept.

Background Rapamycin has been known as an anti-cancer agent that affects different malignancies such as glioblastoma and prostate cancer. However, there are few studies concerning rapamycin effects on the cervical cancer cells. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the possible effect of rapamycin on a cervical cancer cell line and explored the possible mechanism(s) and pathway(s) for this agent. Materials and methods To do so, HeLa cells as cervical cancer cell line were used and treated with different concentrations of rapamycin under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Then, cell viability assays, Western blot, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (QR-PCR), acridine orange and acridine orange/propidium iodide staining were performed to evaluate rapamycin effect on the mentioned cell line. Results The results showed that autophagy and apoptosis-related genes increased significantly in rapamycin-treated HeLa cells compared to controls. Moreover, cervical cancer cell death by rapamycin-induced autophagy in hypoxia was greater than normoxia compared with controls. In this study, it was showed that autophagy induction by rapamycin can mediate programmed cell death of cervical cancer cells, especially in hypoxic condition. Conclusion These findings provide a new evidence that rapamycin may inhibit hypoxic HeLa cell proliferation through the trigger of programmed cell death, facilitating the development of novel anti-cancer therapy.

Objectives: Calreticulin (CALR) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) alpha (CEBPA) are two important multifunctional proteins which play different roles in regulation of hematopoiesis. Expressional changes of these genes were related to the malignancy. Methods: The present study aimed to investigate the expression levels of CALR and CEBPA genes in 96 de novo AML patients compared to 18 normal people as the control group through the Real-Time-PCR. Results: Results of the present study revealed that the expression of these genes was significantly higher in patients with AML than the normal group (P

ObjectiveSomatic Symptom Disorder (SSD) refers to one or more symptoms that cause distress or a significant disruption in one’s daily life and is correlated with poor Quality of Life and psychological distress, as well as an increased burden on health services. Therefore, its identification and treatment are of great importance because of the high prevalence and cost of this syndrome. The present study aimed to evaluate the factor structure, as well as the validity and reliability of the 8-Item somatic symptom scale (SSS-8) in a non-clinical sample of Iranian society.MethodsThe study participants included 281 individuals, who referred to Taleghani Hospital as the patients’ companions. After obtaining their informed consent, the participants answered Beck anxiety inventory, general health, SSS-8, and somatic symptoms 12 questionnaires. After completing the questionnaires, the collected data were analyzed by SPSS v. 24 and LISREL software.ResultsConfirmatory factor analysis indicated that gastrointestinal problems, pain, fatigue, and cardiopulmonary complaints were the general factor loadings of somatic symptoms. Besides, the 8-item Somatic Symptom Scale had good internal consistency. Regarding validity, the 8-question scale showed a positive correlation with the Beck anxiety inventory (r=0.70), general health questionnaire (r=0.70) and, somatic symptoms 12 (r=0.52).ConclusionThe findings provided preliminary support for the validity and reliability of the scores derived from the 8-item Somatic Symptom Scale. This scale can be used to evaluate the severity of somatic symptoms of patients referring to health clinics. Additionally, it is beneficial for interested researchers to investigate this disorder and its complications.

Depression and anxiety are psychiatric diseases that commonly occur together, and the patient burden and complexity increase when both are present. Comorbid anxiety and depression are often more resistant to common drug treatments such as antidepressants. Combination therapy is a suggested approach in treating these patients, where a decline of doses could reduce undesirable outcomes and still achieve optimal effects. We, therefore, conducted a preclinical study to assess the effect of two-drug combinations of citalopram, bupropion, and scopolamine on anxiety- and antidepressive-like behaviors in male NMRI mice and aimed to determine the nature of the interaction between components. Anxiety- or antidepressive-like activity of mice was assessed by the hole-board or forced swim test (FST), respectively. Our results revealed that citalopram (0.01- 0.25 mg/kg; i.p.), bupropion (1-9 mg/kg; i.p.) or scopolamine (0.01-0.1 mg/kg; i.p.) diminished immobility time in the FST, suggesting an antidepressive-like effect. Citalopram decreased dead-dip counts in the hole-board, indicating an anxiogenic-like activity. All two-drug combinations, at inactive doses, exerted an antidepressive-like behavior. Only bupropion/scopolamine combination increased head-dip counts compared to the bupropion/saline group. Isobolographic analysis revealed an antidepressive synergy effect between citalopram plus bupropion, and an antidepressive additive impact between scopolamine plus citalopram or bupropion. It should be noted that the higher dose of each drug alone declined locomotor activity, while two-drug combinations did not affect this parameter. These results suggest a stronger antidepressive effect for citalopram/bupropion combination than other two-drug combinations.

The objectives of this study were i) to characterize the water and soils under different managements, ii) to evaluate the sustainability of using hypersaline soils and water, and iii) to assess possible solutions to prevent more degradation of soil and water resources. Field and laboratory analysis of the samples using eight pedons and 128 surface samples taken from grid in four pre-determined land uses; pistachio orchard abandoned, pistachio orchard with furrow irrigation, wheat and maize cropping with furrow irrigation, pistachio orchard with drip irrigation. The study area, 170 ha, comprised two distinct soil parent materials including marls (max. ECe >100 dS/m) and alluviums (max. ECe >60 dS/m). Abandoning lands caused salinity increasing due to lack of leaching by irrigation water. The maximum increase of soil salinity was in the abandoned land use (EC e =98 dS/m), where trees had been removed and there is no irrigation, followed by pistachio plantation land use (EC=11 to 34 dS/m), and wheat and maize cropping land use (EC=11-19 dS/m). The minimum rise in soil salinity was in the drip irrigation due to mixing freshwater with saline water and therefore better water quality (EC=3 dS/m at surface layer and 17 dS/m in next layer). Land use change to agriculture increased the need for irrigation and because of arid climate it mainly supplied by groundwater from deep wells. Using deep groundwater due to rock-water reaction and increasing salinity, decreased water quality in furrow irrigation and therefore it had more significant effect on soil salinity compare to drip. Comparison of the mean values of soil salinity indicators in 2018 showed that salinity has increased by 3-6 times in the furrow irrigation and at least two-fold in the drip irrigation, compared to 2002. The calculated salinity indicators also proved the soil and water resources had been degraded and present land use types are not sustainable. Possible solutions could be to minimize land use change to agriculture, to use drip irrigation with mixed saline and freshwater, and to remove salt crusts from the soil surface.