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The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness and mechanism of acceptance and commitment-based therapy and emotion-focused therapy in the context of sexual health in type 2 diabetic patients, with a particular emphasis on the influence of psychological flexibility and emotional efficiency. The present study was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest with a control group. The statistical cohort consisted of all patients with type 2 diabetes who were referred to the endocrinology clinics of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2019. Three groups of 15 were randomly selected from the forty-five eligible individuals and volunteers who were selected using the cluster sampling method: acceptance and commitment-based therapy, emotion-focused therapy, and witness-based therapy. The Larson Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire (LSSQ), Emotion Efficacy Scale (EES), and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ) comprised the research instrument. Acceptance and commitment-based therapy was performed as a group for 12 60-minute sessions and emotion-focused therapy as a group for 8 60-minute sessions. Data were analyzed using SPSS-26 software and covariance analysis. Probability values of 0.05 were analyzed. The findings indicated that the variables of psychological flexibility and emotional efficiency serve as mechanism variables (P

The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of narrative therapy and emotion-focused therapy on early maladaptive schemas, impulsivity, and depression among students with suicidal thoughts. The study employed a semi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest approach and a control group. The statistical population comprised all male high school students in District 14 of Tehran for the academic year 1402-1401. The sample was selected through cluster sampling, with 60 students randomly assigned to three groups (2 experimental groups, one control group, 20 peoples each), based on a cutoff point. The research instruments were included Young's Early Maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire, the Barratt Impulsivity Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory. Interventions were the narrative therapy and emotion-focused therapy (8 sessions of 90 mins, per week, each). The analysis of covariance results at the posttest stage indicated a significant difference of the meam scores between narrative therapy and emotion-focused therapy groups opposed to the control group. However, no significant difference was observed between the two interventions. Thus, both narrative therapy and emotion-focused therapy had a positive impact on reducing early maladaptive schemas, impulsivity, and depression among students with suicidal thoughts.

Abstract One of the major problems of using nanofluids in heat exchange applications is the forming and deposition of nanoparticles on the inner surface of the heat exchanger. In this paper, Water-Cmc fluid is used as a surfactant for nanoparticles to prevent deposition and congregation. The pressure drops and heat transfer in U-bend double pipe heat exchanger based on water-MgO-Cmc fluid, are examined. Nanoparticles of Magnesium Oxide (MgO) and Carboxymethyl Cellulose (Cmc) are used with pure water as a base fluid. The experimental rig and procedures are designed to facilitate various operational conditions such as flow rate, volume concentration of MgO particles and weight concentration of Cmc particles. Furthermore, convective heat transfer coefficient, heat exchanger effectiveness, pressure drop, friction factor, under different conditions, are measured. The results demonstrate convective heat transfer coefficient of U-bend double pipe heat exchangers is enhanced by 35% for 1 MgO vol.% and 0.2 Cmc wt.% compared to base fluid (Water-Cmc). It is concluded that pressure drops are directly proportion to the increase of MgO nanoparticles at same Cmc concentration by 23% at 0.2 wt.%. Whilst, friction factor of the system is inversely proportion to the increase of volumetric flow rate of water-MgO-Cmc fluid. An increase in MgO nanoparticle concentration increases the friction factor, hence maximum friction factor enhancement by 38% for MgO concentration of 1 vol.%. The effectiveness of heat exchanger is slightly increased by 8% with increase of MgO concentration and flow rate. Finally, thermo-physical characteristics of water-MgO-Cmc fluid at various temperatures, are measured

BACKGROUND: Nursing students are at risk of violence. When nursing students encounter violence in clinical environments, their functional abilities and their desire to stay in this profession are impressed. This research determines the relationship between violence in the workplace and the attitude towards the nursing profession (NP) among Iranian nursing students in 2021. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional research was conducted as an online survey in 2021, and 512 nursing students were selected using the convenience method. Data collection tools included a demographic information form, a professional attitude questionnaire, and a workplace violence questionnaire. Chi-square tests, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), sample t-test, and multiple regression were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The average age was 23.19 ± 4.58 years. Students with high violence experiences had a more negative attitude towards the profession (P = 0.000). The perpetrators of violence were mainly hospital employees (52.42). It was followed by patients and companions (45.86) and instructors (43.95). A significant relationship was found between gender (P = 0.03), age (P = 0.00), academic year (P = 0.005), and marital status (P = 0.008) with attitude towards profession. The findings of this research showed that the variables of gender (boy) and age have an inverse effect on the attitude with a predictive power of 37%; however, the attitude towards the profession becomes positive by increasing the academic year. CONCLUSION: This research provides data to nursing schools to develop intervention and prevention strategies to support students in dealing with the experience of violence. Holding related training courses in violence prevention techniques reduces the other party’s anger and can help improve the situation.

Abstract Recently, Nano-encapsulated phase change materials (NEPCM) have attracted the attention of researchers due to their promising application in thermal management. This research investigates magnetohydrodynamic mixed convection of NEPCM contained within a lid-driven trapezoidal prism enclosure containing a hot-centered elliptical obstacle. The upper cavity wall is moving at a constant velocity; both inclined walls are cold, while the rest of the walls are insulated. The Galerkin Finite Element Method was used to solve the system's governing equations. The influence of Reynolds number (Re 1–500), Hartmann number (Ha = 0–100), NEPCM volumetric fraction φ (0–8%), and elliptical obstacle orientation α (0–3π/4) on thermal fields and flow patterns are introduced and analyzed. The results indicated that the maximum heat transfer rate is observed when the hot elliptic obstacle is oriented at 90°; an increment of 6% in the Nu number is obtained in this orientation compared to other orientations. Reducing Ha from 100 to 0 increased Nu by 14%. The Maximum value of the Bejan number was observed for the case of Ha = 0, α = 90° and φ = 0.08.

Abstract The focus of this article is to obtain the effect of shape factor of the hybrid nanoparticles on the convective heat and mass transference of two immiscible fluids in an inclined duct by employing the perturbation technique. The hybrid nanoparticle of Carbon Nanotube & Sodium alginate is being used with Silicon oil as the base fluid to study the heat and mass phenomena due to the soret effect, viscous dissipation, Darcy and Thermal diffusion. The physical flow problem is then modelled into a set of differential equations. The system of equations is solved analytically to obtain various graphical and numerical results for analyzing the impact of various material parameters on velocity and thermal field. The heat transfer rate and skin friction analysis for the flow dynamics are also investigated. It is observed that the shape factor enhances the fluid flow and temperature distribution. In specific lamina shape particles have better performance comparatively, significance of the soret number can also be observed.

Background: Research shows that metacognition, ambiguity tolerance, and psychological flexibility are related to resilience. However, there is a research gap in the scope of indigenous studies in the research community. Aims: This research was conducted to investigate the role of metacognition, ambiguity tolerance, and psychological flexibility in predicting resilience in the wives of martyrs of Alborz province. Methods: The descriptive research method was correlation type. The statistical population included all the wives of the martyrs in 2021- 2022. 451 people were selected through the available sampling method and Wells and Cartwright Hutton (2004) metacognition questionnaires, Bond et al.'s acceptance and action questionnaire (2007), Bodner's ambiguity tolerance questionnaire (1960), and Connor et al.'s resilience questionnaire (2003) was implemented on them. Data analysis was done using multiple linear regression analysis. Results: According to the data analysis, the variables of psychological flexibility (β=0.37), ambiguity tolerance (β=0.25), cognitive stability (β=0.22), uncontrollability and dangerousness of thoughts (β=-0.19), and cognitive trust (β = -0.13) are respectively the strongest predictors of resilience. In addition, psychological flexibility (F=7.23, p≥0.001), ambiguity tolerance (F=10.6, p≥0.001), and cognitive stability (F=19.5, p≥0.001) predict an increase in resilience, but belief in the uncontrollability and dangerousness of thoughts (F=99.2, p≥0.003) and cognitive trust (F=51.2, p≥0.012) predict a decrease in resilience. Conclusion: From the above findings, it can be concluded that metacognition, ambiguity tolerance, and psychological flexibility are directly related to resilience and increase resilience. Repeating the research with more samples in other groups is needed.

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of communication and marital (sexual) skills in marital functioning and satisfaction and reduced marital conflicts among Iranian couples. The research literature has been collected from Magiran, SID, Noormags, ISC, and Civilica databases from 2006 to 2021. In the initial search, 104-related articles were extracted and after removing the duplicates, and screening the title and abstract, 34 articles were identified as relevant. After screening the full text of the articles, 20 studies were selected based on the inclusion criteria. According to the studies reviewed, the findings demonstrated that both interventions based on communication skills training and marital (sexual) skills training have improved marital satisfaction, sexual functioning and sexual satisfaction, and reduce marital conflicts. But the reviewed studies also had several blind spots and limitations were discussed in the article.

In this research, the geometric optimization of a tangential swirl burner for the rotary furnace of Luleh Gostar of Esfarayen (LGE) as a steel pipe industry has been studied, experimentally and numerically. To improve the combustion process in the burner, three different parameters namely Diffuser Diameter (DD), Clearance Space (CS) and Fuel Inlet Tube Length (L) are considered and optimized by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). ANSYS-Fluent software with SST k-ω turbulence model has been used for the simulation where the modeling results confirmed that the applied method had good accuracy with a maximum error of 2.42% for temperature greater than the experimental values. A multi-objective optimization for the temperature, NOx and CO emissions as responses is applied and results show that when the parameters are DD = 13.73 cm, CS = 5 cm and L = 30 cm, the burner will be optimized where the temperature increased 9.15%, NOx and CO emissions were reduced 4.42% and 39.08%, respectively.

In this paper, by means of the finite element method, the MHD free convection flow of non-Newtonian nanoliquid inside a halved annulus enclosure considering a constant heat flux is being applied to the straight walls has been analyzed. The enclosure is loaded with water and nanoparticles of alumina (Al2O3) the combination of these tows produces a liquid that shows shear-thinning behavior. The governing parameters of this study are the Rayleigh number (103 ≤ Ra ≤ 106), inclination angle (0 ≤ α ≤ 90), power-law index (0.6 ≤ n ≤ 1) and Hartmann number (0 ≤ Ha ≤ 100). The outcomes indicate that the inclination angle of the cavity and the Hartmann number can be considered as effective control parameters at different Rayleigh numbers. While the magnetic field is applied the velocity field retarded and hence convection heat transfer and the Nusselt number diminished, and the increment of power-law index prompts the heat transfer to drop. It is shown that the power-law index and Hartmann reduces the local Nusselt number. Also, the average Bejan numbers corresponding of active parameters are discussed in this study.

Background: Communication is a special skill to acquire high human values. Lack of this skill creates a serious crisis in the family foundation and doubles the necessity of special behavioral-psychological interventions. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of communication skills training on marital satisfaction of female students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up period with a control group. The statistical population included all female students of School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, from which 30 people were selected by convenience sampling method and were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group underwent communication skills training for ten sessions twice a week and the control group did not receive any intervention. The data were obtained using the Enrich Marital Satisfaction Scale (EMS) (1989). Finally, repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and SPSS software were used to analyze the data. Findings: In the experimental group, the mean and standard deviation (SD) of marital satisfaction increased from 126.20 ± 8.76 before the intervention to 155.60 ± 9.47 after the intervention and to 162.60 ± 9.26 in the follow-up stage. Moreover, in the control group, the mean and SD of female marital satisfaction decreased from 126.26 ± 10.64 before the intervention to 124.46 ± 10.89 after the intervention and to 121.40 ± 8.74 during the follow-up period (P < 0.01). The difference in the experimental group in all three stages was statistically significant, except for the post-test and follow-up stages, which was not statistically significant (P > 0.01) Conclusion: Communication skills training with respect to relative values in the face of couples' absolute perceptions reduces the amount of impulsive behaviors and increases the couple's intellectual problem-solving skills, and with this process, the couple's marital satisfaction increases and this effect will remain over time. As a result, this training strategy is recommended for all family specialists and counselors.

Background: The present research was conducted to compare the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on anxiety, depression, and physical symptoms. Methods: This research falls among semi-probationary plans, with a pretest-posttest design, two groups, and follow-up. The research statistical population included all male and female out-patients who referred to any treatment centers in Tehran, Iran, in the years 2019-2020 with a chronic pain complaint and received a definitive diagnosis of‎ chronic pain by neurologists and rheumatologists. In order to establish 3 groups using targeted sampling method (considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria), 30 patients were initially selected, and then, 15 patients were placed in the first experimental group and 15 patients in the second experimental group randomly. The research tools consisted of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (1961), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) (1990), and Mcgill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) (2007). Research data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. Results: The result of data analysis indicated that ACT and tDCS lead to a decrease in depression, anxiety, and physical symptoms. In addition, compared to tDCS, ACT had a more significant effect on reducing anxiety in individuals suffering from chronic pain (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Both ACT and tDCS had a significant effect on improving depression, anxiety, and physical symptoms in people with chronic pain. ACT was also more effective in reducing anxiety. However, there was no significant difference between ACT and tDCS in influencing depression and physical symptoms.

Introduction: Psychological state of multiple sclerosis patients is very important due to its strong influence on incidence, progression, prognosis, and treatment of this disease. The present study compared the effectiveness of gestalt therapy, behavioral activation and placebo on cognitive emotion regulation in Multiple Sclerosis patients. Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a control group and three months follow-up in which sixty patients with multiple sclerosis referred to the MS Clinic of Rasoul Hospital in Tehran were selected. Using four blocks, the authors randomly assigned participants to four groups of 15 people, including three intervention groups and a control group. Members of psychotherapy groups were treated once a week for eight 90-minute sessions. In the placebo group, capsules containing rice flour were used once a day for 8 weeks. The people in the control group received no intervention during this period. The research instrument was Garnefski's (2006) Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. SPSS (25) was used for data analysis. Results: The results showed that gestalt therapy and behavioral activation in comparison with placebo and control groups increased the mean scores of adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (p=0.001) and decreased the mean scores of non-adaptive strategies (p=0.001) in post-test and follow-up. Gestalt therapy, in comparison with behavioral activation, increased the mean scores of adaptive strategies (p=0.027) and also decreased the mean scores of non-adaptive strategies (p= 0.020) more significantly in post-test and follow-up. Conclusion: Gestalt therapy is more effective than behavioral activation and placebo in improving cognitive emotion regulation in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Background: Conflicting couples due to lack of marital communication skills experience many problems in the level of sexual function and quality of marital life. However, there is still no consensus on the etiology and, consequently, effective treatment and education strategies among specialists. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of communication and marital skills training on marital conflicts and the sexual performance of female students Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of this study consisted of all female students with marital problems of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran, in 2020. The research sample consisted of 45 female students who were selected by voluntary sampling method and randomly assigned to three groups (two experimental and one control groups). The data were collected using Sanai et al.’s Marital Conflict Questionnaire (MCQ) and Rosen et al.’s Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Findings: Communication and marital skills training was effective in increasing sexual function and reducing marital conflicts in the experimental group compared to the control group, and a significant difference was found between the two educational strategies in the post-test and follow-up stages (P < 0.01). Communication skills training was more effective in marital conflict and marital skills training was more effective in improving women's sexual function. Conclusion: Communication and marital (sexual) skills training leads to increased sexual function and reduced marital conflict in women, and family therapists can use this educational method to improve the marital relationship of Iranian couples.

In this paper, the fractional smoking epidemic model is presented. The model is presented in terms of Caputo’s fractional derivation. The fractional differential transformation method (FDTM) is presented to find an approximate analytical solution to the model. The method is tested on the model and the solution is compared with the homotopy transform method. The method shows the form of fast converging series and the results prove the applicability of the proposed technique, which gives accurate results.

The aim of the present study is to compare the effects of training based on compassion theory and choice theory on the sense of shame and the level of self-criticism in female college students. The method of the present study is applied in terms of the objective and quasi-experimental in terms of the data collection method using a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population is all students aged 15-18 years in Karaj. In this study, conducted in the academic year 2018-2019, 45 female students were randomly selected and equally divided into two experimental groups and one control group (each group consisted of 15 subjects). One of the experimental groups received 8 sessions of compassion or choice theory training, while the control group did not participate in the intervention. Subjects were assessed using the Guilt and Shame Proneness Scale (GASP) and Levels of Self-Criticism Scale (LOSCS). Data were analyzed using SPSS 23 software and multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance. The results showed that after the group training, there was a significant difference between the mean of the experimental and control groups in terms of reduction of shame and self-criticism scores. This difference was greater for the compassion training than for the choice theory training. It can be concluded that although both types of group training were able to reduce students’ shame and self-criticism scores, the compassion training was more effective than the choice theory training.

Background: The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of stress inoculation and positive psychology on depression in pregnant women with mitral valve prolapse (MVP). Methods: This research falls among semi-probationary plans, with pretesting and posttesting in 2 experimental groups, and follow-up. The statistical population of the study included all pregnant women with MVP referred to Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran, Iran, in 2019. To form 3 groups, 45 people were first selected using purposeful sampling method (considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria). Then, 15 people were assigned to the first experimental group, 15 people were assigned to the second experimental group, and 15 people were assigned to the control group. The 3 groups were homogeneous and the dependent variable was measured in the experimental groups simultaneously. Moreover, the follow-up stage was performed on all 3 groups 3 months after the posttest. The research instrument was the Beck Depression Inventory (1989). Results: The collected data were analyzed using mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results of data analysis showed that stress inoculation and positive psychology had a significant effect on reducing depression in pregnant women with MVP in the experimental groups compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the effects of stress inoculation and positive psychology on reducing depression were not different (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that immunization against stress and positive treatment have a significant effect on improving psychological well-being and depression in pregnant women with MVP. There was no significant difference between the methods of immunization against stress and positive treatment in terms of their effect on depression.

Background: According to research, educational stress perception is an effective variable in adolescents' psychological health. Schema therapy, on the other hand, is one of the third-generation therapies and an appropriate method for treatment of psychological disorders in terms of efficiency and cost. Little research, however, has been carried out on the effectiveness of this treatment on adolescents' educational stress perception. Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of group schemas therapy on reducing students' educational stress perception. But first, the relationship between the disturbing variable of mothers 'parenting styles and students' educational stress perception was examined and controlled. Method: This study was a quasi-experimental study of pre-test, post-test and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of the present study included all 10th grade female high school students in Tehran who were studying in the academic year 2018-2019. Among these, 300 students were selected by cluster random sampling method, out of whom 30 students were selected based on inclusion criteria and then randomly divided into two groups of 15 i.e. experimental and control. The experimental group received group schema therapy during sixteen one-hour sessions. The research tools were: Badiavi and Gabriel Educational Stress Perception Questionnaire (2015) and Bamrind Parenting Methods Questionnaire (1991). Analysis of variance with SPSS16 software and repeated measures were used to examine the relationship between quantitative variables. Results: In the post-test, there was a significant relationship between the two groups of experimental and control in terms of educational stress perception with the control of parenting styles. Conclusions: The results of the study showed that group schema therapy was effective in reducing students' educational stress perception during the period. Therefore, it can be considered as one of the intervention programs at education-related counseling centers.

Background and aims: Infertility is considered as a disease of the reproductive system meaning by the failure to reach a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. This study aimed to design and standardize a self-care tool in infertile women. Method: For the purpose of the study, we performed a cross-sectional pilot study on 233 infertile women referred to Najmieh Infertility Treatment Center in Kerman city in 2020 whose selection were randomly. Considering the available theoretical foundations and theories as well as available questionnaires associated with the self-care, a self-administered questionnaire with 42 items was constructed. In the following, the psychometric properties of the questionnaire were assessed using the face validity, content validity, structural validity as well as internal consistency. After determining the face validity and content validity quantitatively and qualitatively, the number of items was reduced to 36 items. Pearson correlation coefficient between self-care factors had a significant correlation at the level of 0.01, which indicates the convergent validity of this tool. Results: As a result of explanatory factor analysis, a questionnaire with 28 questions remained, representing 5 factors which altogether accounted for 60.17% of the total variance of the test. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.764 confirmed the internal consistency of the questionnaire. Pearson correlation coefficients between self-care factors had a significant correlation at the level of 0.01, which indicates the convergent validity of this tool. Conclusion: This study showed that the questionnaire entitled with "Self-care questionnaire for women with infertility" consisted of 28 items has good reliability and validity. Furthermore, this questionnaire is useful for assessing the self-care abilities of women with infertility and therefore, it can be used by health care providers working in the healthcare field.

Abstract In current paper, a finned micro-channel is designed for the cooling application in Light Emitting Diode (LED), numerically using Galerkin weighted residual Finite Element Method (GFEM). Selected materials for LED-chip is GaN, Die from Si, Die-attach is made by Au-20Sn, substrate is copper and heat sink material is considered to be Al. To make a convection heat transfer for cooling process, Al2O3-water nanofluid is used as the cooling fluid flow through the micro-channel and tried to maximize the heat transfer efficiency by optimized geometry. For this aim, there geometry variables from the microchannel were selected and minimum possible geometry cases (11 cases) were proposed by Central composite design (CCD) and variables were optimized by the Response Surface Method (RSM). As a main result, parameter B, i.e. fin length had the most effect on the Nusselt number and Al2O3 nanoparticles with φ = 0.05 stated greatest heat transfer value. Also, different designs of fins arrangements, caused up to 6.5% increase in the nanofluid temperature which enhanced the LED cooling process.

Background and Objective: Chronic pain is among the most common causes of referring to primary medical care centers. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on anxiety, depression, and physical symptoms in patients with chronic pain. Materials and Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test, follow-up, and a control group. Participants included 60 patients with chronic pain who were referred to medical centers in Tehran in 2019, who were selected in a two steps sampling method. First, a questionnaire was circulated among patients with chronic pain at medical centers who were selected via convenience sampling method. Then, 60 participants were randomly selected from patients who received the highest scores, then randomly assigned to intervention (30 patients) and control (30 patients) groups. Data were collected using the Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory. The experimental group received acceptance and commitment therapy in eight sessions of 90 minutes once a week for two months, but the control group did not receive any treatment. Both groups responded to the research questionnaires in three stages: pre-test, post-test, and two-month follow-up. Data analysis was performed using repeated measure ANOVA using SPSS software version 22. Results: The mean (SD) age of participants in the experimental group was 43.7 (8.9) and in the control group 45.2 (9.2). In the experimental group, the mean (SD) depression score decreased from 32.6 (4.4) in the pre-test to 23.2 (5.1) in the post-test, and 22.1 (5.2) follow-up (P

Aim and Background: Skin diseases, such as psoriasis, are associated with significant psychological and social disabilities. Therefore, the current research was done with the aim of examining the effectiveness of self-compassion Therapy on psychological distress and quality of the life of Psoriasis Skin Patients. Methods and Materials: This research is a semi-experimental with control group and follow-up which was observed for a month. The statistical population of the research includes all skin patients with psoriasis who went to skin treatment centers in Tehran between Dec and Feb in 2019. From this population, 40 people were selected by available sampling method and after matching were randomly assigned to experimental (20 people) and control (20 people) groups. The subjects of experimental group received seven sessions of self-compassion Therapy, however, the control group did not receive any training. The questionnaires of Kessler's Psychological Distress (2002) and Bref's Quality of Life (1996) were distributed before and after educational interventions as pretest, posttest and follow up study on all subjects. The findings of the research were analyzed with Variance with repeated measures and SPSS-20 software. Findings: The results of the analysis showed that the self-compassion Therapy was significantly effective in reducing psychological distress and increasing quality of life in Psoriasis Skin Patients (p

Abstract Background and Objectives: Marital satisfaction is one of the factors that are related to mental health and occupational stress in nurses. Many studies have shown that religiosity is associated with greater stability and higher quality of marital life. In this regard, the present study aimed to investigate the modulating role of religiosity on occupational stress in female nurses and their marital satisfaction. Methods: This descriptive-analytical research was performed on female nurses working in hospitals in the west of Tehran, Iran. In total, 230 people were randomly enrolled in this study according to Morgan table. The research instruments in this study were the ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Inventory developed by Olson et al. (1989), Religiosity Questionnaire developed by Khodayarifard (2009), and Occupational Stress Questionnaire (HSE) (2009). Finally, the collected data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation test and regression analysis. Results: According to the findings, the mean values of religiosity, marital satisfaction, and occupational stress were 454.89±63.46, 158.58±32.85, and 143.97±33.45. Moreover, the results revealed a significant negative correlation between occupational stress and marital satisfaction in female nurses (P=0.01, r=-0.21). Conclusion: The results indicated that religiosity cannot affect the relationship between occupational stress and marital satisfaction. However, there was a significant negative correlation between occupational stress and marital satisfaction in female nurses. Therefore, the increase in occupational stress leads to the decline of marital satisfaction.

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to design a questionnaire for assessing happiness in the elderly based on Iranian culture and then determine its psychometric properties. Methods & Materials: This is a methodological study conducted from May 2018 to June 2019. It was conducted through four phases recommended by Schneider et al. (2004). In the first phase, content analysis was carried out to explore the meaning of happiness in the elderly. In the second phase, the components of happiness were extracted by reviewing related papers, measurement tools, and interviewing the participants. An initial draft was prepared by using the results of the first and second phases and according to the opinions of experts. In the third phase, the validity (face, content, and construct) was measured. In the final phase, internal consistency and test-retest reliability were measured by participation of 304 older adults who were selected randomly. Results: The initial draft had 77 items, reduced to 39 items after measuring its face and content validity. The result of exploratory factor analysis reported 5 acceptable factors including human rights, enjoyable life, good mood, health, and spirituality. These factors explained about 70.49% of the total variance. The results of known-groups comparisons showed that this questionnaire could successfully discriminate between the elderly subgroups in terms of gender and education. The internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) was reported 0.838-0.950, and the test-retest reliability using intraclass correlation coefficient was reported 0.95 at a two-week interval (P

Objective (s): Acute coronary heart disease is the most common cause of death in the elderly. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of spiritual therapy on quality of life in elderly patients with acute coronary heart disease. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design on a sample of 54 elderly people with acute coronary heart disease in Tehran who were selected by convenience sampling method and then were randomly assigned to two groups including 27 intervention and 27 control group. The intervention group received 8 sessions of 60 minutes’ spiritual therapy and the control group did not receive the intervention. Elderly participants in the study completed the Elderly Quality of Life Questionnaire (CASP-19) and Seattle Angina Quality of Life Questionnaire (SAQ) before, one week and one month after the intervention. Results: The results showed that spiritual therapy was significantly effective on quality of life of the elderly with acute coronary heart disease using the total score of both Seattle questionnaire the elderly quality of life questionnaire(CASP-19) indicating that the interaction between group and time was significant (P

In this study, Galerkin Finite Element Method or GFEM is used for modeling the heat transfer in a channel filled by hybrid nanofluids under the electric field. Three voltages of 1, 3 and 5V are supplied to the inlet boundary condition and four types of hybrid nanofluid were used (TiO2–CuO, TiO2–Al2O3, Al2O3–CuO and Al2O3–Cu) to improve the average Nusselt number. 11 different cases also were proposed to examine the effect of fins geometries on the heat transfer by Central composite design (CCD). Number of fins (4–8), length of fins (10–20 cm) and thickness of fins (2–4 cm) are the considered variables and levels. Results indicated that TiO2–Al2O3 with ϕ=0.05 had the greatest Nusselt number among the other experienced cases. Also, increasing the nanoparticles concentrations by 0.01 could improve the Nusselt number up to 5.19%. Furthermore, Results showed that increasing the supplied voltage for electric field from 1V to 5V can improve the heat transfer process in the channel.

The photodegradation efficiency of cellulose-X/zinc oxide-Y (CA-X/ZnO-Y) aerogels was studied to degrade methyl orange (MO) as an organic dye pollutant from an aqueous solution under UV light irradiation. In this study, the initial pH of the solution (3, 7, and 11), the photocatalyst dosage (3, 6, and 9 g L-1), the initial concentration of solution MO (10, 20, and 30 ppm), and the concentration of cellulose in CA-X/ZnO-Y hybrid aerogel (3, 6, and 9 wt%) were selected as four variable parameters, whereas the photoderadation performance was selected as the response. Moreover, the response surface methodology (RSM) analysis was carried out to investigate the influence of four various experimental factors at different times on the degradation of MO. The adequacy result of the proposed models displays that total of the proposed models can predict the photodegradation efficiency of MO by CA-x/ZnO-y aerogel. The optimization results of the process showed that pH = 3 and concentration of MO = 10 ppm, photocatalyst dosage (9 g L-1), and MCC concentration (9 g) are the optimal level of the studied parameters. Also, the results showed that desirability of 0.96 confirms the acceptance and applicability of the model where the RSM model is a helpful technique for the optimum conditions design.

Aim and Background: Diabetes is a factor of many physical and psychological disorders. Nowadays, the concept of adherence in diseases be attention and has been developed due to changing the illness pattern from acute to chronic, changing its ideology from cure to prevention, limited economical resource and shortening the Duration of hospitalization of patients. In order to, the aim of this study was to survey of effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on health related beliefs among patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods and Materials: research method was semi experimental with pretest, posttest and control group design. From patients with type 2 diabetes who referred to Assaluyeh health centers, 30 subjects were selected purposely and were assigned in control and experimental groups randomly (15 subjects each group). To collect the data the Health Beliefs Questionnaire (HBQ) was used. The data analyzed using MANCOVA. Findings: Results of data analyzing showed that acceptance and commitment therapy on health related beliefs of patients with diabetes type 2 is effective (p

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on self-care and adherence to treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental research with pretest–posttest-follow-up and control group design. The sample of the present study consisted of 30 patients with type 2 diabetes referred to the health network of Asaluyeh city in the first half of the year 2019. The perceived self-efficacy scale for self-care and adherence to treatment questionnaire were used for data collection. Results: The results of the data analysis showed that acceptance and commitment therapy is effective in the self-care and adherence to treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes. Conclusion: Based on obtained results, it can conclude that acceptance and commitment therapy as a short term therapy has effective influences on self-care and adherence to treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes.

Background: studies have shown the effectiveness of compassionate therapy and integrating religious and Islamic teachings with psychotherapies. So can integration with Islam increase compassionate therapy effectiveness? Aims: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of compassionate therapy adapted to Islamic teachings with classical compassionate therapy on self-compassion in patients with breast cancer. Method: The method of this study, was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with control group. The study population consisted of 45 patients referred to the oncology ward of Shohadaye Tajrish Hospital in 1397 who were selected by convenience sampling and were randomly divided into three groups: Islamic Compassionate therapy, Classical Compassionate therapy and Control. Treatment sessions were conducted over eight 90-minute sessions on Classical compassion therapy group (based on Guilbert “2010”) and Islamic compassionate therapy group (based on the author-made protocol). To collect data, Self-compassion scale (Neff, 2003) was used and data were statistically analyzed by Mancova method. Results: The Results showed although both treatments were effective in improving the variables studied, Islamically-adapted compassionate therapy was more effective in improving self-kindness component of self-compassion(P value=0/005). Conclusions: integrating Islamic teachings can increase effectiveness of compassionate therapy and this integration can be a suitable psychotherapy for breast cancer patients.

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of stress management therapy with a cognitive-behavioral approach to cognitive emotion regulation in mothers of children with cancer. Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test, and follow up design as well as the control group. The statistical population of this study included all mothers of children with cancer who referred to the Qods children’s hospital located in Qazvin province. A sample of 30 subjects was selected through purposive sampling and assigned to two groups of experimental (n = 15) and control (n = 15). Both groups were pre-tested using the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). Then, the experimental group received 8 sessions of training in stress management skills with cognitive-behavioral approach while the control group did not receive any intervention. Subsequently, both groups administered post-test, and the data were analyzed by SPSS 21 software using single variable one-way ANOVA. Results: The results showed improvement in the scores of the experimental group mothers in cognitive emotion regulation variable and components of self-blame, acceptance, rumination, positive refocusing, refocus on planning, perspective-taking, catastrophization, and other-blame. However, no significant improvement observed in the component of positive reappraisal in parents of children with cancer (P

Background: The tendency to avoid negative emotions may occur in any psychological treatment process. In this regard, Robert Leahy reviewed this topic by presenting the model of emotional schemas. He believes that excitement is some sort of information. Excitements arise from the parallel processing of various information and most of them occur outside the scope of consciousness. In this regard,Robert Leahy tries to overcome this disadvantage by offering a therapeutic model based on emotional schemas. The present research question is what difference is between emotional schemas of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, major depression and normal people? Aims: The main purpose of the present research was comparing emotional schemas in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, major depression and normal people. Method: The method of this research was descriptive.The statistical population of the study consisted of all individuals with depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and normal people. Using available sampling method, 90 people(30 with obsessive-compulsive disorder,30 with depression and 30 of ordinary people)as sample size.In this study,questionnaires Leahy Emotional Schemas LESS(Leahy, 2002) and Structured Interview were used. Results: The statistical model used was multivariate analysis of variance and the findings showed that "obsessive rumination", "being uncontrollable" and "higher values" had significance level a:0.01, and in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder have been high. also "guilty" and "blame" had significance level a:0.01 ,and in depressed people it was higher than people with Obsessive-compulsive disorder and normal people. Conclusions: This means that the patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder had more emotional schemes than other groups.

Background: Different treatments have tried different ways to improve and treat borderline personality disorder and its syndrome. Meanwhile, the most effective way have reported dialectic behavior therapy. Aims: The aim was determination of effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy on suicide behavior in suicidal adolescent with borderline personality syndrome. Method: This syudy used a two group pre-test, post test with follow-up quasi–experimental design. The statistical population was all girls aged 15-18 years old in kara, among them 24 girls selected using available sampling that psychiatrist had distinguished that they suffered from Borderline personality syndrome and had at least one suicide attempt in 16 weeks ago. They were placed in experimental and control groups randomly. also Condition of exit from this research we suffering of psychotic disorder, conduct disorder, attention deficit hyper activity disorder and legal problems. The experimental group recived 16 sessions skill training and 16 sessions dialectical behavior therapy adapted for Adolescent and the same time control group didn’t receive any kinds of psychotherapy. Instrument of research was Borderline Personality Disorder Severity Scale, that is made by Arentz & et al at 2003 and participants responded it in pre-test, post-post-test and follow-up. Results: Analysis of mixed variance showed that decrese of means scores in post- test and follow-up have been significant at Dialectical behavior therapy group compare with control group (p≤0/001). Conclusions: Dialectical behavior therapy adapted for adolescents can reduce suicide behavior in suicidal adolescents with borderline personality syndrome and this result can be stable during the time.

In the present study, two-phase nanofluid flow in a three-dimensional system is modeled over a stretching infinite solar plate and the heat transfer analysis is performed for this problem. The governing equations are presented based on previous studies and the suitable solution method is recommended due to infinite boundary condition in the problem. Keller Box Method (KBM) using the Maple 15.0 mathematical software is applied as the solution method for the governing equation of the problem. The effect of some parameters existed in the equations (Pr (Prandtl number), Sc (Schmidt number), Nb (Brownian motion parameter), Nt (Thermophoresis parameter), λ=b/a (ratio of the stretching rate along y to x directions) and n (power-law index)), are discussed on the velocities, temperature, and nanoparticles concentration functions. As an important outcome, increasing both n and λ parameters, makes a reduction in shear stress, while it increase the Nusselt number function of heat transfer.

Background: Anyone suffering from spinal cord injury will face significant changes in almost all aspects of life. Challenges can be very difficult for people with limited personal and environmental resources. Aims: The aims of this study was to apply seven sessions of training with the coping strategies and quality of life. Method: This semi-experimental study was performed with pretest-posttest design on people with spinal cord injury. 32 subjects were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups of 16 participant. Coping Effectively training was taught to the experimental group during 7 sessions. To examine the results, the Coping Preference Questionnaire (COPE) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF) was used. Data were analyzed using 21-spss software and mixed ANOVA. Results: The findings showed that there was no significant difference in the post test of the experimental group compared to the control group in the problem- oriented and emotional- oriented coping strategies and quality of life, but there was a significant reduction in the avoidance coping strategy. Conclusions: To improve the quality of life, there should be long-term interventions designed specifically for these individuals that address more aspects of the lives of people with SCI.

In this study, nanofluid condensation and MHD flow analysis over an inclined and rotating plate are investigated respectively using Least Square Method (LSM) and numerical method. After presenting the governing equations and solving them by LSM, the accuracy of results is examined by the fourth order Runge-Kutta numerical method. For condensation, modeling results show that the condensate film thickness is reduced and in turn, the rate of heat transfer is enhanced by the addition of nanoparticles to the regular fluid. Effect of normalized thickness on velocity and temperature profiles reveals that increasing normalized thickness leads to an increase in f, f’ and a decrease in g, q. Effect of normalized thickness on k and s are similar to those of f’ and g, respectively.

The current research aims to study the impacts of teaching the educational pattern on improving the parent-child relationship and the national and religious identity. The study approach was of quasi-experimental pretest-posttest type with an existing control group, the statistical population of which is all female students in the twelfth grade at Technical Schools in Birjand in the academic year of 2016-2017. A total of 30 people, who had the desired input characteristics, were selected by a multistage cluster sampling as the sample group. The Fine, Morland and Schwebel’s Parent-Child Relationship questionnaires (1983) and Lotfabadi’s National and Religious Identity questionnaire (1383) were used to measure the variables of the research. The analysis of the research data was conducted through the Multivariate Covariance Examination. The results indicate that the parent-child relationships improve by teaching the Educational Pattern. It was also demonstrated that the relationship improvement, in turn, improved the children’s national and religious identity. So, it can be concluded that the educational model training leads to the improvement of children’s national and religious identity as well.

In this study, effects of different nanoparticles and porosity of absorber tube on the performance of a Concentrating Parabolic Solar Collector (CPSC) were investigated. A section of porous-filled absorber tube was modeled as a semi-circular cavity under the solar radiation which is filled by nanofluids and the governing equations were solved by FlexPDE numerical software. The effect of four physical parameters, nanoparticles type, nanoparticles volume fraction (φ), Darcy number (Da) and Rayleigh number (Ra), on the Nusselt number (Nu) was discussed. It turns out that Cu nanoparticle is the most suitable one for such solar collectors, compared to the commonly used Fe3O4, Al2O3, TiO2. With the increased addition of Cu nanoparticles all the parameters φ, Da and Ra shows a significant increase against the Nu, indicates the enhanced heat transfer in such cases. As a result, low concentration of Cu nanoparticle suspension combined with porous matrix was supposed to be beneficial for the performance enhancement of concentrating parabolic solar collector. Keywords: Concentrating parabolic solar collector, Porous absorber tube, Nanofluid, Nusselt number, Finite Element Method

Journalism has always been considered as a profession associated with a high level of stress that can be accompanied with negative results for both individuals and organizations. Proper management of stress experienced by a person in the work environment is known as a kind of psychological ability which is essential for mental health. In addition, the spiritual well-being can also be affected by this ability. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of multifaceted stress management training on spiritual well-being in journalists with job stress. The study design was quasi-experimental (pretest-posttest design with control group). The sample consisted of 30 volunteer stressful journalists in Fars news agency of Tehran city who randomly were assigned into two groups of experimental (n=15) and control (n=15). The sessions were conducted for 18 weekly sessions of 90 minutes and the subjects responded to Spirituality Index of Well-Being (SIWB). The data were analyzed using univariate analysis of variance and univariate analysis of covariance. The results showed that Loren's multifaceted stress management training program significantly affects spiritual well-being (p

Background: Expressed emotion is one of the key factors resulting in relapse of psychiatric disorders. Expressed emotion is a critical, hostile and emotionally over-involved attitude that relatives have toward a family member with such disorder. Since stress from the expressed emotion leads to relapse in person with a disorder, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of mental training based on the acceptance and commitment on the regulation of expressed emotion in families of patients with bipolar disorder. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was carried out on families of patients with bipolar disorder referring to Kargarnejad hospital (Kashan, Iran). The purposive sampling method was used to select the participants. As an intervention acceptance and commitment-based psychoeducation of the families was held in 10 sessions. Expressed emotion questionnaire was completed by relatives pre- and post-intervention. Results: The results showed that the level of expressed emotion reduced after the intervention in families of patients with bipolar disorder (P

Journalism has always been known as a profession associated with a high level of stress. High involvement and preoccupation with work can be a cause of stress that poses negative results for both individuals and organizations. In this regard, LEARN stress management program as a complete intervention can prevent journalists from workaholism. So, the current study aimed to determine the effectiveness of multifaceted stress management training on workaholism in journalists with job stress. Research design was quasi-experimental (pretest-posttest design with control group). The sample consisted of 30 volunteer stressful journalists in Fars news agency of Tehran city who randomly were assigned into two groups of experimental (n = 15) and control (n = 15). The sessions were conducted for 18 weekly sessions of 90 minutes and the subjects responded to Work Addiction Risk Test questionnaire (WART). The results showed that Loren's multifaceted stress management training program significantly affects the workaholism (p

This paper presents a new algorithm for production planning, thermal units called so-called economic dispatch. The selected problem for algorithm implementation is a bounded and non-linear optimization problem. In the present paper, it has been tried to reduce the production costs, as well as the polluting gases emitted while generating energy. The proposed algorithm is based on multi-objective optimization algorithm of Genetic Algorithm, which is a meta-heuristic algorithm. In this paper, an idea is suggested to improve the efficiency of the multi-objective optimization algorithm. After implementation and comparing the results obtained for the multi-objective standard algorithm with the previous works, it was observed that the proposed algorithm can obtain better results. To investigate the results, a 3-generator system with and without considering the losses was used. However, in each state, 3 different demands for energy was considered and the algorithm was implemented on this system. The proposed algorithm, find answers with less than 0.15% improvement in production costs, as well as on average 0.30% improvement on the find answers with less contaminant. Keywords: Economic load dispatch, Emission dispatch, Multi-objective optimization, Multi-objective optimization algorithm based on GA (NSGA II)

Background and Purpose: Cancer is considered as one of the most radical hygienic issues in children. It threats the health and active lives of children and their parents causing numerous personal, familiar and social damages in physical, mental and social dimensions. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of stress management with cognitive-behavioral approach on the anxiety sensitivity of the mothers with cancerous children. Methods: In a quasi-experimental with pretest- posttest study, 30 mothers with cancerous children were selected using purposeful sampling and divided into case and control groups. Both groups were given pretest using the 16 questions questionnaire of anxiety sensitivity. Then, the skills of stress management with cognitive-behavioral approach were taught to the case group for 8 sessions and the control group didn’t receive any intervention. Finally both groups were given posttest and the data were analyzed using one-way and single variable variance analysis through SPSS21 software. Results: Mothers in case group showed reduction in the anxiety compared to the control one and it was maintained in the following period (p < 0.01). The highest reduction was in the parameter of the fear of physical concerns (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Teaching the methods of coping with stress with cognitive-behavioral approach is an effective strategy for helping mothers with cancerous children due to its high efficiency especially when it is held in groups.

In this paper, the security of two-phase relaying system with multiple intermediate nodes in the presence of a malicious eavesdropper is investigated. To enhance the secrecy, a joint cooperative beamforming and jamming combined with relay and jammer selection is proposed. First, the source broadcasts its signal to the relays that are located close to source in a cluster, i.e., the source node uses a small amount of power to broadcast its message locally to other nodes of the cluster, while destination and the eavesdropper are located outside this cluster. In the second phase, two relays transmit re-encoded signal with optimal beamforming such that the secrecy rate is maximized. Simultaneously, two other intermediate nodes (which act as friendly jammers) transmit random jamming signals to degrade the eavesdropper’s channel. Our goal in this paper is to maximize the secrecy rate by applying different methods such as cooperative beamforming, cooperative jamming and relay and jammer selection. To avoid operational complexity, we consider the minimum number of intermediate nodes needed for relaying and jamming without losing the performance, i.e., achieving a non-zero secrecy rate. Cooperative beamforming with multiple relays demands high amount of information exchange and therefore increases the operational complexity. Thus, we aim to reduce the number of relays which take part in cooperative beamforming. Limiting the number of relays may have a bad effect on the coding gain which we compensate it with a proposed selection gain scheme. Numerical results demonstrate the advantage of our proposed scheme compared to the scheme with no cooperative jamming. The main contribution of this work is combining cooperative beamforming and jamming with relay and jammer selection to enhance the physical layer security.

The phenomenon of infertility, in addition to the medical field, have been discussed in behavioral and social sciences realm also. The aim of this study was to compare emotion regulation strategies and mindfulness among infertile women, fertile women with IVF and normal women. using casual-comparative design 120 women (40 infertile women, 40 women conceived by IVF and 40 normal fertile women) were selected and assessed by cognitive emotion regulation (CERQ) and five factors mindfulness questionnaire (FFMQ). The results of multivariate analysis of variance showed that infertile women and women conceived by IVF in comparison with normal fertile women have more maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (self-blame, other-blame, rumination, catastrophizing) and more adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (acceptance, positive reappraisal and putting into erspective) and lower mindfulness (observation, description, lack of judgment & non-reactive). The results indicate disturbance in the proper management of emotions, processing and biased assessment of environmental stimuli and a lack of awareness of the present, including venture factors for developing mood and anxiety disorders in infertile women & infertile women undergoing treatment.

Since poor adolescents may have insecure attachment styles because of the lack of their parents and have trouble with expression or acceptance of their feelings, This study aimed to investigate the relationship between attachment styles and emotional schemas in vulnerable adolescents whom one of their parents was absent due to death, divorce or employment. This was a correlation study and samples consisted of 100 students from deprived areas of Alborz province, were randomly selected. Data collection was done by using Leahy emotional schema questionnaire and collins and read attachment styles questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficients with SPSS 22.0 software. The results showed that in this specific target group, there was a positive correlation between emotional schemas aspects of consensus, guilty, validation, blaming others, duration of strong feelings, controllability and anxious insecure attachment style. Also, people with avoidant attachment style showed a significant relationship with some of emotional schemas aspects such as acceptance, expression, numbness and rationality with 95% confidence.

The chronic pain is a common physical illnesses. Cognitive Behavior Therapy is considered to be a useful treatment for it. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy on mindfulness, resiliency and quality of life in patients with chronic pain in Tehran. Using convenience sampling, 2 patients with chronic pain were selected as the sample. All patients were assessed 5 times by Bauer and colleagues mindfulness questionnaire (FFMQ), Connor and Davidson resiliency scale and quality of life questionnaire (QOL). This study was a basic, multiline, and single subject research. The collected data were analysed using repeated measures analysis. The improvement percentage formula was used for judging improvement rate. The patients with chronic pain obtained high improvement percents in 30 days post-treatment and folow-up phases; they proved their effectiveness in all variables. Cognitive behavior Therapy led to a sinificant increase in the level of all three variables, in patients with chronic pain. Therfore clinicians should pay attention to it more than before

In present study, the operational parameters for a two stroke gasoline engine such as delivery ratio, scavenging efficiency, trapping efficiency, etc. have been investigated experimentally when its fuel is blended with ethanol additives. Also the amounts of emitted pollutants (HC, CO, CO2 and NOX) from this engine are measured in various engine velocity and loads. In experiments, ethanol is combined with gasoline in different percentages of 5%, 10% and 15%. The experiments have been done for 2500, 3000, 3500 and 4500 rpm. The results show that in most test cases, when alcoholic fuel is used, scavenging efficiency and delivery ratio increased due to rapid evaporation of ethanol, but fuel converging efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) decreased. The most outstanding result of using ethanol additive is significant reduction in pollutions emitted from engine and CO with 35% reduction has the most reduction percentage among other pollutants.