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Objective: Trimethyltin (TMT) chloride is an organotin compound used in industry. It has been linked to generatingreactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammatory processes, and neuronal death. Carvacrol is a monoterpene phenolfound in the Lamiaceae plant family, modulating inflammatory conditions and necroptosis in neural tissue. This studyaimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of carvacrol in a rat model of hippocampal neuronal injury inducedby TMT.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, sixty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups(n=12): group 1 receiving saline, group 2 received dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a vehicle for 21 days, group 3 receivinga single dose of TMT (8 mg/kg) and groups 4 and 5 receiving carvacrol 40 and 70 mg/kg daily for 21 days after a singledose of TMT. All injections were intraperitoneal (I.P.). Caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2, and Bdnf gene expression and the numberof pyknotic neurons in the hippocampus were quantified. Spatial memory was assessed with a radial arm maze.Results: Statistical analysis of histological data revealed the carvacrol significantly attenuated cognitive dysfunction andthe number of pyknotic neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region of rats treated with TMT. Based on real-time polymerasechain reaction (PCR), carvacrol modulated the expression of genes involved in apoptosis (Bax and Caspase-3) andupregulated anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) genes in the hippocampal tissue.Conclusion: These findings revealed neuroprotective effects of carvacrol which might be mediated by apoptotic andanti-apopetotic factors.

Congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract account for about 30% of malformations diagnosed in children. These malformations may have derived from cellular and molecular deterioration. Some of these abnormalities, including accessory renal arteries, ureter duplication, and lobulated kidneys require early diagnosis before kidney transplantation and pelvic surgeries. During the routine dissection of an about 60-year-old man cadaver at Arak University of Medical Sciences, some congenital anomalies of the urinary system, including bilateral ureter on the left side and lobulated of both kidneys were observed. In this case, also an accessory renal artery was originated from the abdominal aorta and entered the lower pole of the left kidney hilum. Immediate identification of accessory renal arteries and duplicated ureters are necessary for kidney transplantation and prevention of vesicoureteral reflux. Early diagnosis of these problems through clinical symptoms and radiographic images before surgery is important as it reduces the possibility of errors or surgery compilations.

Background: Morphine as a strong analgesic compound is widely prescribed in clinic to control medium to severe pain, they are also may cause drug abuse. Recent studies have shown chronic morphine consumption and it could induce oxidative stress and cause cell damage. In this study, the effects of daily swimming exercise investigated on oxidative stress indices in the hippocampus and plasma of morphine dependent rats. Methods: In this study, 48 adult male wistar rats were randomly divided to four groups. Experiments were done during January to March 2022 at Arak University of Medical Sciences. Morphine was self-administrated for 4 weeks, as dissolved (0.4 mg/ml) in the daily drinking water. Exercise training was included 15 minutes daily continuous swimming in a swimming pool. Swimming occurred during all days of morphine consumption. At the end, 6 rats were randomly selected from each group and withdrawal signs were evaluated by naloxone injection, to confirm morphine dependency. Then, hippocampus and plasma were collected from the 8 remaining rats of each group and were used for GSH, GSSG, MDA, irisin and BDNF assessment. Results: All rats in morphine consumed groups showed withdrawal signs in naloxone text, which means morphine dependency successfully were induced. However swimming exercise significantly reduced the consumption size of morphine. GSH was significantly decreased, while GSSG and MDA were significantly increased in the plasma and hippocampus of morphine groups in compare with control. Morphine consumption had no effect on plasma levels of irisin, while significantly decreased hippocampus level of BDNF. Daily swimming exercise in the morphine consumed group significantly repaired morphine effects on plasma and hippocampus levels of GSH, GSSG, MDA and hippocampus levels of BDNF. Conclusion: Daily swimming exercise during the morphine consumption is able to repair at least some parts of the oxidative stress induced by morphine. This effect might help to reduce cellular and molecular damages raised by chronic morphine consumption.

Correction to: Congenital Anomalies of Kidney and Urinary Tract in a Dissected Cadaver: Case Report Mohammad Hassan Sakhaie1, Marziyeh Pooladi2, Soheila Madadi3, Yusef Abbasi1 1 Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran 2 Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran 3 Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran In the article published in volume 33, issue 223, 2023, the affiliation of Soheila Madadi was published incorrectly, which is now corrected.

Objective: Methadone is one of the widely used drug substances prescribed in treatment of opioid dependence and pain management; however, several studies have shown its neurotoxic effects on individuals and animal models. The purpose of this study was to assess neuroprotective effects of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) on neurotoxicity induced by methadone in hippocampus of adult NMRI male mice. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 48 adult NMRI male mice were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=12 in each) including Methadone, Methadone with sesame oil, Methadone with CoQ10 and saline. The injections of methadone, saline and sesame oil were performed intraperitoneally for 20 days. 24 hours after last injection, half of the animals in each group (n=6) were randomly assessed for evaluating of spatial memory by radial maze. Following behavioral study, animals were sacrificed, and their brains were removed to evaluate pyknotic cells through histological assessment. The remaining were used to study the expression of Arc, Bax, Bcl-2 and Bdnf genes. Results: Results of the present study showed that daily administration of methadone increased the number of pyknotic neurons in the CA1 hippocampus and altered the expression of Bax, Bdnf, Arc and Bcl-2. However, it did not alter spatial memory comparing to saline group. CoQ10 treatment significantly reduced the number of pyknotic cells and expression of Bax, Bdnf, Arc when compared to the vehicle group treated by sesame oil. However, the expression of Bcl-2 significantly increased as a result of CoQ10 treatment. Conclusion: CoQ10 reduced the neuronal damage caused by methadone in the hippocampus CA1.

Background: Trimethyltin (TMT) is a toxic agent that causes oxidative stress, a laboratory model for inducing hippocampal injuries. Pentoxifylline (PTX) inhibits phosphodiesterase, inflammation and oxidative stress. This study evaluated the neuroprotective effects of PTX on injuries induced by TMT in the hippocampus. Methods: Sixty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups of 12 each. Group 1 received normal saline while Group 2 received a single dose of TMT (8 mg/kg). The other four groups received TMT at 8 mg/kg plus 60, 100 or 120 mg/kg PTX twice daily for six consecutive days. The rats’ working and reference memory were investigated, using radial arm maze tasks. At the end of the experiments, the rats’ brains were removed and processed for histological study of the hippocampus. Results: The TMT treatment prolonged the four baited arms tasks (P

An unusual origin of the common interosseous artery is reported in the paper. During educational dissection of a 37-year-old male, a rare variation in the origin of common interosseous artery of the right upper limb was observed. The common interosseous artery directly separated from radial artery. The right anterior interosseous artery is continued from common interosseous artery. Anterior and posterior ulnar recurrent arteries arising from common interosseous artery were noted on the right side of upper limb. In the present case, the median artery was replaced with anterior interosseous artery. Additionally, the ulnar artery passed superficially on flexor digitorum superficialis. In the cadaver, there was no other arterial or muscular variation. The embryological interpretation of this variation may be attributed to arising of the artery as a result of modifications to the normal pattern of capillary vessel maintenance and regression. Regarding the above mentioned variations, practical medical experiences are necessary to identify the variations of arterial pattern of upper limb vessels.

Exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields may induce constant modulation in neuronal plasticity. In recent years, tremendous efforts have been made to design a suitable strategy for enhancing adult neurogenesis, which seems to be deterred due to brain senescence and several neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we evaluated the effects of ELF-EMF on neurogenesis and memory, following treatment with trimethyltin chloride (TMT) as a neurotoxicant. The mice in all groups (n=56) were injected with BrdU during the experiment for seven consecutive days to label newborn cells. Spatial memory was assessed by the Morris water maze (MWM) test. By the end of the experiment, neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation were assessed in the hippocampus, using immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. Based on the findings, exposure to ELF-EMF enhanced spatial learning and memory in the MWM test. ELF-EMF exposure significantly enhanced the number of BrdU+ and NeuN+ cells in the dentate gyrus of adult mice (P