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Also, considering the increasing need of people for virtual space, the governance of the site space has become an important part of the governance of the national real space. Therefore, the existence of sovereignty in cyber space is important. Therefore, this research, which is a qualitative research, has been done with the aim of providing an ontology model of cyberspace sovereignty, so that it is the basis of a more comprehensive and complete definition of spatial explanation cyberspace sovereignty,. The domain of cyberspace sovereignty,, searching along with the theoretical foundations of cyberspace sovereignty, through up-to-date and reliable sources and documents and their analysis through thematic analysis method, important components and themes of cyberspace sovereignty, were identified. Based on the obtained components and themes, an ontology of cyberspace sovereignty was extracted. Finally, by organizing entities related to cyberspace sovereignty through the use of its ontology, a more comprehensive definition of cyberspace sovereignty has been provided. In this definition, 17 components related to cyberspace sovereignty were introduced, which constitute the core model of the cyberspace sovereignty ontology, and each of these 17 components has its own sub-components. The reviewed ontology shows the relationships and governing members of the cyberspace in detail. It can be acknowledged that the definition is one of the most complete definitions that have been presented regarding the cyberspace sovereignty.

Self-incompatibility (SI) is a genetic mechanism in many flowering plants by which generative reproduction is prevented. The self-incompatibility caused by the genetic functions of the cell is controlled by genes called S genes or self-incompatibility genes. Self-incompatibility results in decreased pollination and ultimately yield loss. In apple (Malus domestica L.), self-incompatibility is controlled by multi-allelic S-locus. Approaches in the S-glycoprotein profiles and allele-specific PCR methods using the gene profiles and S-glycoprotein profiles for determination of the incompatibility levels are of great importance. In current study, the self-incompatibility status of 192 apple genotypes (such as, Amasya, Hüryemez, Şah elması, Tokat, Demir elması etc.) obtained from the National Collection of Atatürk Horticultural Central Research Institute, Yalova, Turkey, has been determined. For this purpose, genotype-specific allele status and compatibility levels were screened via PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) using 4 different S-alleles (Sd, Sf, S26 and S9). 181 genotypes containing at least 1 S-allele were identified as ‘Partially Incompatible’ and 12 genotypes involving 4 S-alleles were assigned ‘Totally Incompatible’. No S-alleles were observed in 2 genotypes (Pancarlık and Hüryemez) which exhibited ‘Compatibility’ status.

Introduction: Medical errors are a serious problem in providing medical care and ensuring the health of society, and discovering the causes of errors to minimize the possibility of their occurrence is one of the main challenges in the field of treating patients. This study aimed to determine the relationship between professional identity, performance and attitude to self-reported medical errors among medical interns of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences.Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on 187 medical interns with census method in five Ardabil educational hospitals in the second semester of 2020-2021. Data collection tool was a questionnaire consisting of 3 parts (demographic, self-reported attitude towards medical errors and professional identity). The validity of the questionnaire was evaluated using Content validity index (CVI) and Content validity ratio (CVR). The reliability of the attitude section was 0.78 and 0.86 for professional identity section. Data analyses were performed using the IBM SPSS Statistics, version 21 by descriptive statistics, such as mean and standard deviation and independent T-test, chisquare and one-way ANOVA. P-values0.05).Conclusion: The attitude and performance of students regarding the self-disclosure of medical errors was not satisfactory, and it seems that the analysis of the educational programs in the education of medical errors and the legal and ethical aspects of errors needs serious attention.

Background. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a complex of neurotransmitters in the central nervous system (CNS) and plays a key role in regulating cognitive and physiological processes. Also, 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is one of the imperative endocannabinoids with key roles in the CNS. It acts as a signaling lipid and activates the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. In addition, 2-AG is involved in a variety of physiological functions such as energy balance, emotion, pain sensation, cognition, and neuroinflammation. Hence, rapid and specific diagnosis of 2-AG is of great importance in medical neuroscience. Routine methods used in detection of 2-AG are not sensitive and specific. Therefore, the development of new methods in this area has been one of the most important research areas in recent years. Methods. Herein, an innovative immunosensor was developed for quantification of 2-AG. To this end, gold nanostars (GNSs) were synthesized and conjugated with a specific biotinylated antibody activated by EDC/NHS against 2-AG. The resultant bio-conjugate was immobilized on the gold electrode surface and used to detect and analyze 2-arachidonylglycerol antigen by cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave voltammetry (SWV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques. Results. For the first time, 2-AG protein was measured with an excellent linear range of 0.00048-1 ng/L and lower limit of quantification of 0.00048 ng/L by electroanalysis method. The designed immunosensor showed high sensitivity and specificity in the presence of interfering antigens, which proved its appropriate use in the diagnosis of neurological disorders. Conclusion. The remarkable achievement of the present study is the development of a new immunosensor for the sensitive and accurate detection of 2-AG. The fabricated sensor substrate showed good analytical results for the target analyte. Regardless of the appropriate sensitivity and selectivity of the designed biosensor, the stability of the sensor is low and it is recommended to use it immediately after preparation. Also, the immunosensor engineered in this research was very economical and had a very fast and good performance compared to the usual and traditional methods for detecting 2-AG. Practical Implications. For the first time, 2-AG protein was measured with an excellent linear range of 0.00048-1 ng/L and lower limit of quantification of 0.00048 ng/L by electro analysis method. The designed immunosensor showed high sensitivity and specificity in the presence of interfering antigens, which proved its appropriate use in the diagnosis of neurological disorders.

The purpose of this study was to design an operational interactive model for the selective dissemination of information (SDI) in academic libraries. This research is purpose-oriented, applied, and methodically oriented. The statistical population of this study included all MSc students, Ph.D. students, and faculty members of Tarbiat Modares University in Tehran. According to the statistics available on the site of the university, the number of university faculty members was 730, Ph.D. students 3000, and MSc students 4000. Using the Cochran formula, the sample number of faculty members was 253, Ph.D. 340, MSc students 350. The data-gathering tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by experts in information science. For data analysis, 16Spss software and a single sample T-test were used. In this study, the identification and categorization of information-based dissemination services were first determined, then the number of 43 services identified in 7 characteristics included: knowledge repository(7), feedback (7), Two-way communication(5), education (4), Search (7), Orders (7), and Knowledge Management (6). The average score obtained for most of the characteristics of the selective dissemination system model was above the score of 4. Using this model, the selective dissemination system intelligently recognizes the information needs of member users. It is possible to support a wide range of information, two-way communication, orders, knowledge management, and instant messaging as one of the features of this model.

Objective: The purpose of this paper is to determine the quality of the reading related elements' representation in fictions published in Iran between 2011 and 2016.Methods: Descriptive content analysis carried out for thirty-four of the highest print run titles, both original or translated into Persian. These books have selected among Persian and translated fictions to encoding reading elements such as: reading, studying, book, bookcase, library, librarian etc. To get the quality of the reading-related elements presented in works, some questions were answered while reading the fictions:1) What reading elements are in the story?2) Which books had deep references to reading elements? And does the mentioned element play an effective role in shaping the story? 3) Do characters such as librarians, booksellers, etc. have a positive or negative aspect? Reliability approved by two literature professor and faculty members of Knowledge and Information science. To achieve stability the agreement between coders were calculated. Results: Among the 18 Persian books only in 12 we can see the reading elements and in the other 6, there are no references to those elements. Quantitatively, 791 codes were identified in 35 fictions. The most frequent code in both groups of works is the concept ‘book (object)’. The lowest frequency in the Persian fictions is ‘bookseller’ and in the group of translated works is ‘library (object)’. The diversity of the main characters of the fictions in the translated titles is significant but limited in Persian fictions. The character of the librarian or the person associated with reading element in Persian works is neutral and has a positive characteristic in the translated works. The influence of reading-related elements on translated works is greater than on Persian fictions. Although the presence of the elements related to reading and studying in both groups of works is weak but, the authors of the translated stories have tried more to use these elements in their works.Conclusion: While the focus of previous studies is on quantitative side, this study tries to determine the quality of the reading related elements. The presence of the reading elements in both groups of works is not acceptable. According to the current state of representation of reading-related concepts in the reviewed works, it is not expected from the highest print run titles to encourage reading, especially in the group of Persian works. Publishers are advised to publish works that contains reading-related concepts and indirectly improve the reading habits.

MiRNAs are short stranded single non-coding oligonucleotides that play an important role in regulating gene expression. MiRNAs are stable in RNase enriched environments such as human body fluids and their dysregulation or abnormal abundance in human body fluids as a diagnostic biomarker has been associated with several diseases. Due to the low concentration of miRNAs, it is difficult to detect using interactive methods (ideal detection limit is femtomolar range). However, clinicians lack sensitive and reliable methods for quantifying miRNA. Microfluidic devices integrated with electrochemical, optical (fluorometric, SERs, FRET, colorimetric), electrochemiluminescence and photoelectrochemical signal readout led to development innovative diagnostic device test, can probably overcome the limitations of the traditional methods. In the present review, microfluid methods for the sensitive and selective recognition of miRNA in various biological matrices are surveyed. Also, advantages and limitation of recognition methods on the performance and efficiency of microfluidic based biosensing of miRNAs are critically investigated. Finally, the future perspectives on the diagnosis of disease based on microfluidic analysis of miRNAs are provided.

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is the main non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan of the extracellular matrix that is synthesized by fibroblasts and other specialized connective tissue cells. The accumulation of HA on different tissues is a characteristic of disorders that are associated with progressive tissue fibrosis. HA is also known to play a critical role in tumorigenesis and tumor metastasis. It is overproduced by many types of tumors and promotes tumor progression and multidrug resistance. There is a great necessity for the development of an easy and cost-effective detection method for the monitoring of HA for both the diagnosis and efficient treatment of related disorders. In the present study, an innovative immune device was designed for the rapid and sensitive recognition of HA in human plasma samples. For this purpose, an efficient alloy (Pt@Au) was fabricated on the surface of the gold electrode. Thus, a novel substrate was used for the preparation of an efficient transducer, which is necessary for the immobilization of biotinylated antibodies. CHA was applied for the electrochemical deposition of Pt@Au nano-alloy on Au electrodes. Additionally, the morphological study of the used nanocomposite was assessed using FESEM at a working voltage of 3 kV, and the chemical structures of the electrode were analyzed using the EDS apparatus. For the first time, a biocompatible alloy-based substrate was prepared for the study of antigen–antibody identification. The developed immunosensor has a linear response within the range of 0.156–160 ng.mL−1 with a limit of detection of 0.039 ng.mL−1 in human plasma samples. This research study offers a novel promising technique for HA analyses and is anticipated to be used in the early diagnosis of some disorders related to abnormal levels of HA in human bio-fluids. Thus, a constructed (pt@Au) nano-alloy provides a useful interface for the dense loading of AB. This excellent design loads high sensations of the biosensor for the selective detection of HA in real samples (human bio-fluids).

BACKGROUND: In commercial hatcheries, chicks are deprived of feed and water for up to 72 h, which is a det-rimental effect on growth performance. OBJECTIVES: Two experiments were designed to investigate the effect of hatching parameters and feeding time on the body and organ weights of chickens. METHODS: In the first experiment, 300 of both early- and later-hatched broiler chicks received feed immedi-ately after hatching or 48 h later and were divided into four experimental groups. The body and internal organ weights of chicks were determined for up to seven days. In the second study, 370 embryos, which were incubated in a setter until the 18th day, were transferred to two hatchers, which differed their air and eggshell temperatures. Then, hatching and post-hatched parameters were followed. RESULTS: Comparing early-hatched chicks, later-hatched chicks had significantly greater weight (p

Extended Abstract Abstract The aim of the study is providing a structural Equation model for developing human resources through entrepreneurship approach in public organizations. This study is application oriented study which is done through correlation analysis. The population of the study includes managers of public organizations in Ardabil province, and the selection method was simple random. The questionaore used to collect data has been provided by researchers. Reliability of questions were confirmed by experts and indices as AVE, done by R software. Loading factors for each items were above 0.5 and T statistics were less than 1.96 in all items which is confirmed by sig 0.05. Therefore, none of items were deleted from survey. Validity of questionnaire has been evaluated by Chronbach and combinated validity (CR) which Alpha index was higher that 0.7 and the cunstruc validity showed that the factor's items had good fit. The results showed that the organizational responsibility and organizational competitiveness had significant effect on entrepreneurial development of human resources. Also, the human resource development activities had effects on individual empowerments and organizational developments.Managers willingness to deveopment and organizational culture and incentives for human resource management development effected on individual empowerment and organizational development. Organizational atomosphere and empowerment had significant effects on individual and organizational development. Introduction Since the Osborn and Geabler theories in Entrepreneurial Government, public organizations intensively were searching to transform their management styles to benefit from implicit advantages of this theory which is derived from pivate management. One of these transfoms is related to human resource which is an internal factors of public organizations (Hassanzadeh, Mirsapasi, Faghihi & Najaf Beigi, 2019,161). Development of human resource plays important and remarkable role in adaptability of organizations with their changing environment, since organizations are made up of people which are working to achieve the determinded goals. However, rare researchs have been paid to relation between human resource and entrepreneurship (Moghaddam, Kamalian, Orei Yazdani, Kurd, & Roshan, 2016, 126). Accordingly, due to essential function of human resource managers to developing human resource, providing the domestic model of human resource development with entrepreneurship orientation is an important approaches to enhance the quality and quantity of human resource functions in public organizations. Also, it is considerable as a applicable way to get out of existing situation. Case study Public organizations in Ardabil province have the potential of educated and trained people, 38829 or 79 percent graduated people from universities, as politicy makers and executives. Each year; also, various educations and courses have been held to empower human resources and promote the knowledge and job skill in different organizational levels based on instructions of State Administrative and Recruitment Organization and other related centers which it costs a lot. Theoretical framework In a changing world, the success is belongs to societies and organizations that are able to build significant relation among management capabilities and the organizations' human resource entreprenership.Acknowledging the entreprenership role in one side, and the valuable role of human resource in reaching goals on the other side, the extensive tendency to human resource as a beneficial approach in entrepreneurship studies has been created. This approach underlies on the assumption that special applications and proceedings in human resource management would help to imcrease the entrepreneurship activities in the organizational level, as researchs has showed that the entreprenership has strongly tied to application of resources, especially human resources (Moghaddam & et al, 2016,124). Methodology This is an applied study in terms of purpose and a descriptive survey through using correlation and structural equation modeling. Data has been collected through the quationare included 99 items. The research statistical population included managers of public organizations. Three hundred and forty-one individuals in middle and first levels of management have been selected through simple random sampling method using Cochran's formula. Structural Equestion Modelling including second rank factor analysis and path analysis have been used for studying the relations between variables. Research data were analysed through R software. Discussion and Results The significant level of all variables are higher than .05, hence, the distribution of all variables are normal. Also, KMO has closed to 1 and higher that 0.6 for all variables which has indicated the sample size was adequate for factor analysis. In other hand, Bartlet test for all factors equaled to zero and less than .05, therefore factor analysis was suit for analysis. Considering the results of analysis, all T values were higher than 1.96 and all significant values were less than .05, so all factors have been effected on each others in the model. Conclusion In the structural model of entrepreneurship human resource development, organizational responsibility and competitiveness, have significantly effected on developing entrepreneurship human resource activities. Developing approach of managers, organizational culture and human resource incentives, have effects on individual empowerment. Organizational atomosphere and traditional administrative system effected significantly on organizational development. Individual and organizational empowerment effected significantly on individual and organizational development.

Human resource development is currently of paramount importance in state organizations owing to the intricacy of environmental conditions and the diversity of social needs. The purpose of this exploratory descriptive quantitative study was, thus, to present an entrepreneurship-oriented human resource model for state organizations based on the foundation data theory. The research population included 15 professors working in human resource areas and managers and experts in human resource planning and management at state organizations in Ardabil province, Iran. The research data were systematically gleaned through administering a semi-structured interview and further coded selectively, openly and axially. The validity of the qualitative data was verified through expert views offered by research participants and the reliability of the interview was checked through interrater reliability. The results were indicative of 12 major and 33 minor factors in the form of a paradigmatic model comprising entrepreneurship-oriented human resource activities as the central scale, causal conditions (organizational accountability and competitiveness), contextual factors (the managers’ developmental tendencies, organizational culture, human resource development incentives), intervening variables (organizational atmosphere, dominant conventional executive approach), strategies (individual and organizational empowerment), and consequences (individual and organizational development).

Background: Smartphone applications play a pivotal role in management, providing care and preventing infectious diseases. It also has the potential impact on supportive and self-care. This study aimed to identify the requirements for a smartphones self-care system to prevent corona-virus (COVID-19). Materials & Methods: This was a descriptive study performed in two main stages in 2020. At the first stage, to recognize the requirements for a smartphones self-care system, similar articles were searched and identified. In the second stage, the identified requirements were validated through a researcher-made questionnaire. The sample size of the study consisted of infectious diseases specialists of Urmia University of Medical Sciences. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and frequency). Results: Requirements of the self-care system were identified in four areas: "demographic data, clinical requirements, self-care strategies, and technical characteristics". Also, according to the research community, 5 data elements for demographic data, 11 data elements for clinical requirements, 5 data elements for self-care strategies, and 11 data elements for technical characteristics were selected. Conclusion: Applying the requirements and suggested strategies in the present study can improve self-care skills to prevent corona-virus, symptoms management, motivate and reduce stress, increase personal hygiene and communication with health care providers.

Digoxin separation from pharmaceuticals wastes, is small piece of the larger puzzle in holistic risk assessment. In this study, a novel magnetic nano composite (graphene oxide/Fe3O4/SO3H) was synthesized and used as an absorbent for the removal of digoxin from aqueous solution. We utilized UV-Vis spectrophotometry (UV/Vis) for detection and efficient removal of digoxin by magnetic graphene oxide (MGO) in different concentrations. Magnetic absorbent was characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The optimized concentration of absorbent and digoxin were 500 and 1 ppm respectively, in which the optimize reaction time was lasting 10 min. Finally, under optimized condition, MGO was used for the efficient separation of digoxin from aqueous solution.

KCC-1/Pr-SO3H is found to be a considerable efficient nanocatalyst for the one-pot three-component condensation coupling of aromatic aldehydes, isatoic anhydride, and primary amines for the synthesis of 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones in ethanol as a green solvent under reflux conditions with excellent yields. The influence of different reaction parameters such as the effects of solvent, temperature, time, and concentration of catalyst for the synthesis of 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one (4f) were studied. KCC-1/Pr-SO3H is easily recyclable without the significant loss of catalytic activities after seven times. This mild and simple synthesis method offers some worthwhile advantages including short reaction time, high yield, and convenient work-up procedure.

DNA methylation is an important epigenetic alteration that results from the covalent transfer of a methyl group to the fifth carbon of a cytosine residue in CpG dinucleotides by DNA methyltransferase. This modification mostly happens in the promoter region and the first exon of most genes and suppresses gene expression. Therefore, aberrant DNA methylation cause tumor progression, metastasis, and resistance to current anti-cancer therapies. So, the detection of DNA methylation is an important issue in diagnosis and therapy of most diseases. Conventional methods for the assay of DNA methylation and activity of DNA methyltransferases are time consuming. So, we need to multiplex operations and expensive instrumentation. To overcome the limitations of conventional methods, new methods such as microfluidic platforms and lateral flow tests have been developed to evaluate DNA methylation. The microfluidic tests are based on optical and electrical biosensing. These tests able us to can analyze DNA methylation with high efficiency and sensitivity without the need for expensive equipment and skilled people. Lateral flow strip tests are another type of rapid, simple, and sensitive test with advanced technology used to assess DNA methylation. Lateral flow strip tests are based on optical biosensors. This review attempts to evaluate new methods for assessing DNA extraction, DNA methylation and DNA methyltransferase activity as well as recent developments in microfluidic technology application for bisulfite treatment and restriction enzyme (bisulfite free), and lateral flow relying on their application in the field of recognition of DNA methylation in blood and body fluids. Also, the advantages and disadvantages of each test are reviewed. Finally, future prospects for the development of the microfluidics biodevices for the detection of DNA methylation is briefly discussed.

Microfluidic technology is one of the new technologies that has been able to take advantage of the specific properties of micro and nanoliters, and by reducing the costs and duration of tests, it has been widely used in research and treatment in biology and medicine. Different materials are often processed into miniaturized chips containing channels and chambers within the microscale range. This review (containing 117 references) demonstrates the significance and application of nanofluidic biosensing of various pathogenic bacteria. The microfluidic application devices integrated with bioreceptors and advanced nanomaterials, including hyperbranched nano-polymers, carbon-based nanomaterials, hydrogels, and noble metal, was also investigated. In the present review, microfluid methods for the sensitive and selective recognition of photogenic bacteria in various biological matrices are surveyed. Further, the advantages and limitations of recognition methods on the performance and efficiency of microfluidic-based biosensing of photogenic bacteria are critically investigated. Finally, the future perspectives, research opportunities, potential, and prospects on the diagnosis of disease related to pathogenic bacteria based on microfluidic analysis of photogenic bacteria are provided.

The early detection of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a critical issue in terms of efficiency. Alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) is a biomarker in PD checks. Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is the major constituent of Lewy bodies and a pathogenic hallmark of all synucleinopathies, including PDs, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy. In this study, KCC-1-NH-CS2 was conjugated with biotinylated Ab and entrapped in P(β-CD) polymer cavities. Using this approach, a novel electrochemical label-free immunosensor was designed for the quantification of α-syn in real human samples. For this purpose, the glassy carbon electrode electropolymerized with P(β-CD) biopolymer provided an excellent matrix for entrapping of KCC-1-NH-CS2 loaded with the biotinylated antibody of α-syn. Using the chronoamperometric technique, the proposed immunosensor shows a suitable range of 0.02 to 64 ng/mL for the determination of α-syn. Additionally, a low limit of quantification of the engineered biosensor was obtained at 0.02 ng/mL. The developed immunosensor’s adequate stability, sensitivity, and selectivity, together with its ease of manufacture, make it a promising diagnostic technique for further research. This study also will pave the way for further applications of the synergetic effect of β-CD and KCC-1-NH-CS2 for biomedical analysis in the near future.

For the first time, a novel aptamer was designed and utilized for the selective detection of rivaroxaban (RIV) using the integration of bioinformatics with biosensing technology. The selected aptamer with the sequence 5′-TAG GGA AGA GAA GGA CAT ATG ATG ACT CAC AAC TGG ACG AAC GTA CTT ATC CCC CCC AAT CAC TAG TGA ATT-3′ displayed a high binding affinity to RIV and had an efficient ability to discriminate RIV from similar molecular structures. A novel label-free electrochemical aptasensor was designed and fabricated through the conjugation of a thiolated aptamer with Au nanoparticles (Au-NPs). Then, the aptasensor was successfully applied for the quantitative determination of RIV in human plasma and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) samples with limits of detection (LODs) of 14.08 and 6.03 nM, respectively. These valuable results provide ample evidence of the green electrogeneration of AuNPs on the surface of electrodes and their interaction with loaded aptamers (based on Au-S binding) towards the sensitive and selective monitoring of RIV in human plasma and EBC samples. This bio-assay is an alternative approach for the clinical analysis of RIV and has improved specificity and affinity. As far as we know, this is the first time that an electrochemical aptasensor has been verified for the recognition of RIV and that allows for the easy, fast, and precise screening of RIV in biological samples.

In this work, 2-AG was successfully detected in human plasma samples using a new sandwich-type electrochemical immune device based on poly-β-cyclodextrin P(β-CD) functionalized with AuNPs-DDT and toluidine blue. The P(β-CD) ensured the bioactivity and stability of the immobilized 2-AG antibody by providing a broad surface for the efficient immobilization of the biotinylated antibody. To complete the top section of the immunosensor (reporter), an HRP-conjugated antibody of 2-AG (secondary antibody (Ab2)) was attached to the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified by P(β-CD), as well as a primarily biotinylated antibody (Ab1). The biosensor fabrication process was monitored using field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and EDS methods. Using the differential pulse voltammetry technique, the immunosensor was utilized for detection of 2-AG in real samples. The suggested interface increased the surface area, which allowed for the immobilization of a large quantity of anti-2-AG antibody while also improving biocompatibility, stability, and electrical conductivity. Finally, the suggested immunosensor’s limit of quantitation was determined to be 0.0078 ng/L, with a linear range of 0.0078 to 1.0 ng/L. The results showed that the suggested bioassay can be utilized for diagnosis of 2-AG in clinical samples as a unique and ultrasensitive electrochemical biodevice.

Silibinin is effective in significantly inhibiting the growth of cancer cells which shown significant anti-neoplastic effects in a variety of in vitro and in vivo cancer models, including skin, breast, lung, colon, bladder, prostate and kidney carcinomas. So, development of a new method to its biomedical analysis in clinical samples in highly demanded. In this study, an innovative electroanalysis method for the accurate, sensitive and rapid recognition of silibinin in human plasma samples was proposed and validated. The sensing platform was designed using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) dispersed on the polymeric layer of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). AgNPs with cubic shape providing a large effective surface area for β-CD electropolymerization. So, a layer with high electron conductivity boosting the detection electrochemical signals. Also, poly(β-CD) providing an efficient substrate with cavities to interact with silibinin and its oxidation. Differential pulse voltammetry technique was conducted to measure silibinin concentration in human real samples. Under optimized conditions, proposed sensor indicated linear relationship between the anodic peak current and concentration of silibinin in the range of 0.0103–10.3 µM on the standard and human plasma samples. Based on obtained results, proposed sensor is an efficient platform to efficient therapy of cancer based on recognition of silibinin in clinical samples.

In this study, a novel approach has been used for the efficient synthesis of tetrahydrodipyrazolopyridine derivatives (5a–m) via a four-component one-pot condensation reaction of aromatic aldehydes, hydrazinehydrate, ethyl acetoacetate, and ammonium acetate in the presence of KCC-1-npr-NH2-DPA as an advanced nano-catalyst in ethanol under reflux conditions at 30 min. For this purpose, mesoporous fibrous nano-silica functionalized by dipenicillamine as a novel nanocatalyst (KCC-1-npr-NH2-DPA) was synthesized using a hydrothermal protocol. KCC-1-npr-NH2-DPA nano-catalyst is easily recyclable eight times without the considerable loss of catalytic activity. Other remarkable features include the short reaction time, simple work-up procedure and providing excellent yields (89–98%) of the products under mild reaction conditions. Furthermore, the effects of solvent, concentration of catalyst, time and temperature for the synthesis of tetrahydrodipyrazolopyridine (5a) were studied.

l-Cysteine-modified dendritic fibrous nanosilica grafted by amine groups (Cys-DFNS-NH2) have been synthesized by a novel hydrothermal method. The N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms analysis on the Cys-DFNS-NH2 show that the average pore volume and surface area of the prepared fibrous Cys-DFNS-NH2 were 2.2 cm3/g and 205 m2/g, respectively, while the average pore size is 6.06 nm. Adsorption behavior of the Cys-DFNS-NH2 for Cd2+, Cu2+, Ag+, and Pb2+ was investigated by electrochemical methods. The results show that Cys-DFNS-NH2 can selectively adsorb Cd2+, Ag+, and Pb2+ in different potentials. Finally, the application of the engineered adsorbent for the removal of Cd2+, Ag+, and Pb2+ from contaminated water samples was examined. This work provides a new platform to the synthesis of Cys-DFNS-NH2 with high specific surface area for efficient adsorbent of specific metal ions.

Objective: Today, social networks play a significant role in providing services in the libraries because of their capabilities, due to the benefits of using social networks in libraries, examining the factors that increase the use of social networks among librarians can help to provide better services in the library. In various studies, many variables have been identified as factors affecting the adoption and application of social networks, one of these factors is the technical variable. Therefore the present study attempts to investigate the effect of technical components on the application of social networks in the Iran’s academic libraries in both current and ideal condition Methodology: This research was an applied one in term of target, and methodologically was an analytical survey research. The research sampleconsisted of146librarians who are working at central libraries of 40 state universities in the capital of province subordinated to ministry of science, research and technology. Data collection instrument was a researcher- made .10 items were included in questionnaire such as accessibility, ease of use, fresh and up to date, multimedia capability, structure and presentation of content tailored to the needs of the audience, accuracy, ability to understand the content, appropriate graphical and visual structure, subject coverage (comprehensiveness), communication and interaction (interactivity) which were designed by likerts' five-choice scale. Out of 180 questionnaires, 146 questionnaires were completed and returned, and returned questionnaires were analyzed by using SPSS 22 software package in two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics. To analyze the data, descriptive (frequency, percentile of frequency, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (paired t-tests) were used. To assess the validity of the research questionnaire, the content validity method was used and after designing the questionnaire, some corrective actions were taken with the help of specialists. Also Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaire.In this method, questionnaires were distributed among 15 librarians to determine the coherence of the questions and to ensure the possibility of repeatability of the test under the same conditions. The reliability coefficient of the test was calculated separately from each component of the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the whole questionnaire was 0,94, which indicates that the questionnaire is suitable for internal consistency. Findings: Based on the findings of the research, about the current status of the impact of technical components influencing the use of social networking in the academic libraries, the two items of the ease of use with average 3,47 and accessibility with average 3،38 had the greatest effect. In fact, the ease of use of technological tools will make this tool much better.On the other hand, the two items of communication and interaction (interactivity) with average 3,18 and structure and presentation of content tailored to the needs of the audience with average 3,19 had the least impact on the use of social networks.Also about the ideal status of the impact of technical components, the two items of ease of use and fresh and up to date with average 4،56 had the highest effect on using the social networking in the academic libraries. And two items of the ability to understand the contents with average 4,34 and accuracy with average 4,37 had the least effect on the use of social networks. Therefore, as much as the use of technological tools is facilitated and the up-to-date information is exploited, the positive impact on the use of social networks in libraries is strengthened. Findings showed that the average total impact of technical components on using social networks in the current condition is 3,28 at moderate level and in the ideal condition it is 4,44 which indicates high level of effectiveness. Conclusion: The results showed that there is a significant difference between the effect of technical factors on the application of social networks in academic libraries in the current and ideal status. This situation shows that there is a very good capacity to use social networks in libraries, and in the current situation this capacity is not exploited. Upgrading the status quo can ultimately improve the effectiveness of academic libraries. and managers and librarians can play essential role to reduce the gap between exciting and desired situatin by doing several activities such as: Providing required hardware and software, as well as high-speed Internet and amplifiers in the library, upgrading the technical infrastructure of the library, including the Internet, hardware, software, and library generators to provide better services and determining the budget for building the appropriate technical infrastructure for the library. applying the most important, user-friendly, and best social media to improve services in library, determining the budgeting for building the appropriate technical infrastructure for the library, organizing appropriate training courses for better understanding of librarians with social networking tools, receive feedback from users in order to increase the effectiveness of these networks in the library, participate librarians in conferences related to social networking and Analyzing various social networks with their facilities for library activities

In this work, an innovative nanocatalyst (Cu/SiO2-Pr-NH-Benz) was synthesized and applied to coupling and click reaction in an aqueous solution. This work reports an efficient and straightforward approach for synthesizing diverse propargylamine and 1,2,3-triazole derivatives in excellent yield and short-time reaction. Also, a novel method involving the Cu NPs supported on the SiO2 nanocatalyst as a heterogeneous novel catalyst for the “one-pot” three-component A3-coupling of aldehyde, amine, and alkynes and “one-pot” click reaction between alkyne, benzyl halide, and sodium azide in the water at room temperature was developed. Significant advantageous such as enhanced catalytic activity with efficient recycling for the one-pot synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted triazoles and propargyl amine derivatives and in green condition were observed. Also, after five successive reactions, the catalytic activity of recycled Cu/SiO2-Pr-NH-Benz remained high without significant loss in its intrinsic activity.

Cancer metastasis is one of the foremost causes of cancer incidence and fatality in the whole of the world. Circulating tumor cells (CTC) have been confirmed to be among the most significant stimuli of metastasis in recent years and presently are the subject of extensive research aiming to be accurately identified by using biological and physical properties. Among the various studies conducted for isolation, identification, and characterization of CTCs, microfluidic systems have aroused great attention owing to their unique advantages such as low-cost, simplicity, reduction in reagent consumption, miniaturization, fast and precise control. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of current state of the microfluidic biosensors for the screening of CTCs. Additionally, given the recent progress in this field, future outlook for the development of the microfluidics biosensing is briefly discussed.

Trifluralin is herbicide of the dinitroanilines group in which NO2 molecules are attached to the benzene ring at diverse positions. Trifluralin affects endocrine function and is listed as an endocrine disrupter in the European Union list. Therefore, its determination is so important in health science. In this study, an easy, sensitive and environmentally friendly method has been developed for determination of trifluralin based on its electrochemical oxidation on a three-electrode system designed on the surface of agricultural products using Ag-citrate/GQDs (graphene quantum dots) nano-ink. The sensor was prepared by direct writing on the surface of the samples. The designed electrodes were dried after 24 h at room temperature and used for trifluralin detection. Under optimized experimental conditions, the Ag-citrate/GQDs nano-ink based sensor was exhibited good sensitivity and specificity for trifluralin detection. The obtained linear range using the cyclic voltammetric (CV) technique is between 0.008 to 1 mM and low limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 0.008 mM. Also, the obtained linear range using differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) and square wave voltammetric (SWV) techniques is 0.005–0.04 mM with LLOQ of 0.005 mM. For further validation of the applicability of the proposed method, it was also used for detection of trifluralin on the surface of apple skin.

Cancer is the second most extended disease with an improved death rate over the past several time. Due to the restrictions of cancer analysis methods, the patient's real survival rate is unknown. Therefore, early stage diagnosis of cancer is crucial for its strong detection. Bio-analysis based on biomarkers may help to overcome the problem Biosensors with high sensitivity and specificity, low-cost, high analysis speed and minimum limit of detection are practical alternatives for laboratory tests. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is reaching a maturity level sufficient for their application in detection and determination cancer biomarkers in clinical samples. This review discusses main concepts and performance characteristics of SPR biosensor. Mainly, it focuses on newly emerged enhanced SPR biosensors towards high-throughput and ultrasensitive screening of cancer biomarkers such as PSA, α-fetoprotein, CEA, CA125, CA 15-3, HER2, ctDNA, ALCAM, hCG, VEGF, TNF, Interleukin, IFN-γ, CD24, CD44, Ferritin, COLIV using labeling processes with focusing on the future application in biomedical research and clinical diagnosis. This article reviews current status of the field, showcasing a series of early successes in the application of SPR for clinical bioanalysis of cancer related biomolecules and detailing a series of considerations regarding sensing schemes, exposing issues with analysis in biofluids, while providing an outlook of the challenges currently associated with plasmonic materials, bioreceptor selection, microfluidics, and validation of a clinical bioassay for applying SPR biosensors to clinical samples. Research opportunities are proposed to further advance the field and transition SPR biosensors from research proof-of-concept stage to actual clinical usage.

Cancer is the second most extended disease during the world with an improved death rate over the past several time. Due to the restrictions of cancer analysis methods, the patient's real survival rate is unknown. Therefore early stage diagnosis of cancer is crucial for its strong detection. Bio-analysis based on biomarkers may help to overcome this problem. Aptamers can be employed as high-affinity tools for cancer detection. The utilization of aptamer-based strategy in cancer investigation and strategy shows new opportunities in biotechnology. The label-free system is an important method to study biomolecules in different sizes, such as biomarkers in real-time because of their greatest sensitivity, selectivity, and multi examination. In this review (with 75 references), excellent features of the label-free aptasensors on the sensitive and accurate monitoring of cancer biomarkers were discussed. Also, the role of advanced of nanomaterials on the construction of label-free aptasensors were investigated. In addition, application of different detection methods such as electrochemical, optical, electronic, and photoelectrochemical (PEC), electrochemiluminescence (ECL) were surveyed. Finally, advantages and limitation of different strategies on the early stage diagnosis of cancer biomarkers were discussed. This article has been updated until July 2020.

Cancer is known to be one of the most major issues all around the world and is the most important cause of death. Prostate cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers among men, and the principal reason of death due to this cancer is the inappropriate detecting tools. Therefore, there is a great request for accurate diagnosis of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Bio-analysis based on biomarkers might help to overcome this problem. Aptamers can be employed as high-affinity tools for cancer detection. The utilization of aptamer-based strategy in cancer investigation has demonstrated new horizons in biotechnology. The use of nanotechnology in biosensing is a serious development in this field. Advanced nanomaterials enhance the signal amplification in the biosensors, which also reduce the time required for diagnosis and analysis, they are also affordable, with high accuracy. In the present review (with 108 references), we discussed excellent features of the aptasensors on the sensitive and accurate monitoring of PSA biomarkers. Moreover, various types of nanomaterial-based aptasensors were surveyed for PSA detection (electrochemical, optical, piezoelectric, photoelectrochemical, electrochemiluminescent, and so forth). Furthermore, we reported the role of advanced nanomaterials, for instance graphene oxide, carbine nanotube, quantum dots, silica, gold, silver, and magnetic nanoparticles on the improvement of aptasensors of PSA. Finally, we discussed the advantages and limitations of different strategies on the early stage diagnosis of cancer. This article has been updated until July 2020.

Oral cancer (OC) is considered as sixth most common cancer in the world. The challenge facing oral cancer is the lack of non-invasive, rapid, sensitive, accurate, and inexpensive screening and diagnosis methods. Given the increasing importance of prevention, prognosis, and early-stage diagnosis of cancer in improving of survival rate, the use of efficient diagnostic devices is essential. In this study, novel bioassay based on antigen and antibody immunocomplex was proposed for early stage diagnosis of OC. For the first time, an efficient immunosensor (Cys-GA-anti-Cyfra21.1-BSA-Cyfra21.1 antigen/AuE) was successfully designed and developed to the detection and determination of the Cyfra21.1 biomarker in unprocessed human saliva samples. The Au electrode was modified by Cysteamine (CysA) and Glutaraldehyde (GA) respectively via self-assembly as a substrate to immobilize the biological agents. The engineered immunosensor exhibit an excellent ability to detect and determine of Cyfra21.1 biomarker in low concentrations in unprocessed human saliva samples. Under the optimized operating conditions, the results demonstrate that the desired platform has a good sensitivity in the detecting of Cyfra21.1 with the low limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of 2.5 ng/mL, which this evaluation was performed at a wide linear range of 2.5−50 ng/mL. The use of the CysA-GA nano-hybrid as extraordinary stable substrate and extensive platform to place recognition elements was investigated using various electrochemical methods including cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV). In this study, the engineered biosensor was used to non-invasive detection of Cyfra21.1 in unprocessed human saliva sample. Based on results, CysA-GA-anti-Cyfra21.1 antibody-BSA- Cyfra21.1 antigen/AuE with significantly high current intensity can provide appropriate, reliable, affordable, quick, and user-friendly diagnostic device to monitoring oral abnormality by detection and determination of Cyfra21.1 biomarker in human real sample. Above all, the easy to prepared designed immunosensor can be an extremely promising candidate to specific and favorable for a vast range of clinical diagnosis of OC in near future.

Leishmaniasis considered as the most crucial epidemic-prone diseases according to the World Health Organization. Early diagnoses and therapy of Leishmania infection is a great challenge since, it has no symptom and is resistance to drugs. Therefore, there is an urgent need for sensitive and precise detection of this pathogen. In this study, a new method was developed for optical biosensing of Leishmania spp sequence based on hybridization of Citrate capped Ag nanoparticles bonded to specific single stranded DNA probe of Leishmania spp. Aggregation of the Citrate capped Ag nanoparticles in the existence or lack of a cDNA sequence of Leishmania, cause eye catching and considerable significant alter in the UV–vis. The obtained low limit of quantification (LLOQ) of was achieved as 1ZM. Based on experimental results in optimum conditions, quick bioanalysis of Leishmania spp sequence was performed (2 min). So, this probe can be used for the clinical diagnosis of this pathogen and infection disease.

Turner Syndrome (TS) is a chromosomal sex disorder, phenotypically characterized by short stature, webbed neck, cubitus valgus, and rarely with slight intellectual disability. A majority of TS patients (95%-98%) have infertility due to ovarian failure. Pregnancy in TS patients is an unusual case; however, pregnancy could rarely occur in mosaicism TS patients without any assistance. Pregnancy in such patients is associated with high risks of maternal mortality, spontaneous abortion, as well as the congenital and karyotype abnormalities of the fetus. A 30-year-old pregnant woman has referred to our genetics lab with a history of polyabortivity. Her menarche occurred at the age of 13 years and her menstruation was claimed to be in a regular cycle. The patient’s two first pregnancies resulted in stillbirth, whereas the third one was delivered through caesarian surgery, but spoiled after 8 days. Our case was characterized by mosaicism 45, X/45, XX, after referring as a multi-abortion case. The fourth pregnancy has happened at the age of 31 years and a healthy embryo with normal heart function was diagnosed by sonography in 17 weeks of gestation. The result of amniocentesis confirmed a healthy female embryo with 46, XX karyotype. Spontaneous pregnancy is regarded as a precarious situation terrifying by abortion or malignancy; also, chromosomal abnormalities, like trisomy 21 and TS, are prevalent in offspring. Therefore, it is strongly recommended to have cohort studies based on karyotype characterization to decrease the patient’s concerns as well as to follow more practical clinical approaches.

Prostate cancer is the most significant reason for deaths in men, outside of lung cancer. The clinical examination of cancer proteins or biomarkers is extremely significant in early examination and monitoring of recurrence of disease after treatment. Biomarkers have expanded great clinical significance owing to their extensive spectra in the identification, elimination, early diagnosis and cure of cancer. In this work, novel, ultrasensitive sandwich-type portable bio device based on citrate-capped silver nanoparticles (Citrate-AgNPs) modified graphene quantum dots (GQDs) nano ink for detection of Prostate specific antigen (PSA) was fabricated. Functionalized cysteamine with gold nanoparticles (Cys-AuNPs) was also utilized to amplify the signal. It provides a good and high external area for the immobilization biotinylated antibody of PSA in the large amount. For the first time, citrate-AgNPs-GQDs nano ink was directly written on the cellulose paper surface (ivory sheet and photographic paper) and modified by Cys-AuNPs. So, final structure of the immunodevices was completed after including of Ab1 and PSA (antigen). The immunosensors were used for the recognition of PSA by using DPVs (differential pulse voltammetry) technique. The obtained low limit of quantification (LLOQ) of the first immunodevice (ivory sheet/Citrate AgNPs-GQDs nano-ink/CysA-Au NPs/Ab1/BSA/PSA/Ab2) was 0.07 μg/L and the linear range for the calibration plot was from 0.07 to 60 μg/L. Also, the achieved LLOQ of the second immunodevice (photographic paper/Citrate AgNPs-GQDs nano-ink/Cys-Au NPs/Ab1/BSA/PSA/Ab2) was 0.05 μg/L with the linear range of 10 to 0.05 μg/L. It is noteworthy that, proposed immunoassay was effectively utilized to the monitoring of PSA glycoprotein in unprocessed human plasma sample. Obtained results show that the constructed immunosensor is able to apply as portable bio device for the clinical analysis of PSA in human plasma samples.

Acinetobacter baumannii is the main cause of nosocomial infections in blood, urinary tract, wounds and in lungs leading to pneumonia. Apart from its strong predilection to be the cause of serious illnesses in intensive care units. Herein, we present a specific and sensitive approach for the monitoring of Acinetobacter baumannii genome based on citrate capped silver nanoparticles (Cit-AgNPs) using spectroscopic methods. In this study, (5ʹ SH-TTG TGA ACT ATT TAC GTC AGC ATG C3ʹ) sequence was used as a probe DNA (pDNA) of Acinetobacter baumannii. Then, complementary DNA (cDNA) was used for hybridization. After the hybridization of pDNA with cDNA, target DNA (5ʹ GCA TGC TGA CGT AAA TAGTTC ACA A 3ʹ) was recognized and detected using turn-on fluorescence bioassay. After the hybridization of pDNA with cDNA, the target DNA was successfully measured in optimum time of 2 min by spectrophotometric techniques. Moreover, the selectivity of designed bioassay was evaluated in the presence of two mismatch sequences and excellent differentiation was obtained. 1 Zepto-molar (zM) of low limit of quantification (LLOQ) was achieved by this genosensor. The present study paved the way for quick (2 min) and accurate detection of Acinetobacter baumannii, which can be a good alternative to the traditional methods. Current study proposed a novel and significant diagnostic test towards Acinetobacter baumannii detection based on silver nanoparticles aggregation which has the capability of being a good alternative to the traditional methods. Moreover, the proposed genosensor successfully could be applied for the detection of other pathogens.

Digoxin is cardiac glycosylated steroid like drug which is the fifth most commonly prescribed in US. Since the health of human population is largely determined by pharmacy they utilized, toxicity and side effects of pharmaceutics can put the safety of people in jeopardy and lead to some devastating impacts. Therefore, it is essential to detect and monitor small molecules like digoxin more meticulously. Although digoxin has positive inotropic and batmotropic impact on heart muscle, it has also negative chronotropic and dromotropic effect. The prescription dose of this drug is 1−2 ng/ml and more than 2.8 ng/ml of this medication cause toxicity. Hence, there is small variation between therapeutic and toxic dosage of digoxin. Abundant conventional methods have been introduced for digoxin monitoring such Liquid chromatography (LC), LC–MS, HPLC. However, they suffer expensive equipment, long lasting procedure and high limit of detection. Hence, various advance immunosorbent, biosensors and aptasensors have been introduced. The purpose of this review is limited to pointing convention methods drawbacks and introducing novel digoxin enzyme-linked or non-enzymatic immunosorbent assays, and biosensors paying special attention to their basic strategies and detection abilities. Future trends in Bio and immune sensors used for onset monitoring and detection of digoxin are also highlighted.

Early detection is the most important strategy for controlling and management of cancer, which can significantly increase the survival rate by detecting disease in the early stages and rapid treating and preventing the progression of the disease. There are a number of methods to differentiate the normal and cancerous cells including pH changes, temperature change, variation in electrical properties and also preliminary evidence on specific frequency of some cancer cells which are reviewed in this work. The results obtained in cancer treatment using the amplitude-modulated electromagnetic fields indicate that each type of cell has a specific response to the emitted frequencies. Also, the results reveal that the recorded frequencies of prostate and breast cancers are lower compared to the normal cells associated with these tissues. There are more evidences for the existence of specific cell frequencies in the form of the response of each cell to its own specific frequency and the difference between normal and tumor cell frequency levels. Based on these evidences, it can be introduced as a hallmark with the ability to the distinction between normal and tumor cells for cancer detection. Our suggestion is to hear the voice of cancer, by designing and developing a non-invasive, biocompatible, affordable and miniaturized tools, such as nano-antennas and implantable biosensors that able to detect and record cell-specific frequencies. Designing transducers to convert the cell-specific frequency to a sound or other measurable signal will accomplish the job. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the cell-specific frequency measurement, which is derived from cell activity, is introduced as a biomarker for early detection of cancer. The development of studies aimed at expanding research and designing instruments for detection of the frequency with the goal of establishing a comparative library of cell-specific frequency for all cell types, especially non-communicable diseases such as cancer. The main goal of the project is to plan the idea of developing modern tools and hallmark for early detection of cancer as one of the most important global strategies for managing the disease by introducing new parameters with a high-accuracy and in proportion and direct relationship with the activity and functioning of the body, without any affecting exogenous interferer.

Background: Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is one of the best characterized genetic regions controlling immune responses against vaccines. Identifying the association between MHC haplotypes and improved immune responses would be useful in genetic breeding strategies in animals. OBJECTIVES: MHC class II B genetic diversity and its association with humoral immune responses against Newcastle vaccine (NDV) were evaluated in commercial turkey poults (meleagris gallopavo). METHODS: A total of 92 turkey poults were vaccinated with live VG/GA strain of Newcastle disease vaccine at age of 10 and 20 days. Serum NDV specific IgY was assessed by indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and MHC II B polymorphism was determined using high resolution melting curve (HRM) technique and DNA sequencing method. Effects of alleles on humoral immune responses were evaluated by multivariate regression analysis and GLM procedures. RESULTS: A total of 8 HRM profiles and 10 alleles were identified in this population. B1-1*3, B1-1*4 and B1-1*5 alleles were significantly associated with lower antibody responses against vaccine in commercial turkey poults. CONCLUSIONS: Three alleles reported in this study were associated with reduced immune responses against NDV vaccine in turkey population. Due to such negative associations, molecular breeding programs based on specific genetic markers should be implemented with great caution.

Biomedicine is inseparable part of medicine that play vital role in modern medical progress. Bioimaging, smart drug delivery, safe cancer therapy and personalized medicine are some important properties of this science. Pico technology as a next frontier in a scientific filed will revolutionized the scientist world ubiquitously. Extraordinary abilities of pico-particles will overcome convention obstacles and reveal spectacular impact on various scientific fields as well as biomedicine. Fabrication of pico-scale particles and developing pico-technology will be a breakthrough in biomedicine. Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs) with the particle size of 1–5 nm are highly potential particles with an ability of converting to small molecules. Therefore, we hypothesis emerging of pico-technology based on graphene quantum dots on the future research and development. Therefore, GQDs will be applied as advanced Pico-materials instead of nanomaterials in the future biomedicine and healthcare studies.

Misreported pyrite into copper concentrates dramatically declines copper grade and recovery. Copper flotation can be also more complicated if flotation feed comes from an elevated-pyritic copper ore. In this investigation, the effect of two different ore types (high pyritic and low pyritic feeds) was studied on rougher stage of industrial copper flotation circuit. Samples were taken from different streams and the structure of chalcopyrite within the pyrite and non-sulfide gangue minerals was examined in various size fractions for mentioned ore types. Results indicated that 72% and 56% of the total floated pyrite was transferred to concentrate in first four cells in the low and high pyritic feeds, respectively. Whereas, this proportion for floated SiO2 in last ten cells was detected as 72% and 71%, respectively. A detailed interpretation of the effect of locked particles in different size fractions on rougher flotation cells is studied from industrial point of view. Keywords: Liberation degree, High pyritic feed, Pyrite, Froth flotation, Chalcopyrite

L-Tryptophan (L-Trp) is of great importance in the biochemical, pharmaceutical and dietetic fields as it is precursor molecule of some hormones, neurotransmitters and other relevant biomolecules. So, determination of this amino acid has important role in detection of some neuron based disease. The main purpose of this report was to develop application of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles/graphene quantum dots (Fe3O4 MNP-GQDs)) as a nanosensor towards electrooxidation and determination of L-Trp and also the evaluation its kinetic parameters. In continuation of our efforts to use Fe3O4 MNP-GQDs for amino acids detection, our objective in the present work was to expand application of this sensor for the determination of L-Trp which is very sensitive. Decrease in oxidation overpotential and enhancement in current proved the electrocatalytic activity of Fe3O4 MNPs-GQDs-GCE as a sensor. Importantly, by this simple method of fabrication a much lower detection limit was achieved without involving any pre-treatment or activation steps. The analytical applicability of the modified electrode has been evaluated by successfully employing it for the determination of L-Trp in the standard solution.

Background: The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is one of the best markers for detecting prostate cancer. Rapid and real time recognition of PSA biomarker could be helpful in the early diagnosis and efficient treatment of prostate cancer. One of the usual methods to identify this biomarker is ELISA, which has a picomolar detection range but requires specialized personnel and also this technique is time-consuming and expensive. Methods: Cost-effective POC devices are great solutions because they are very cost-effective, sensitive and simple, do not require expert operators and have a high response time in a short time. With that in mind, in this work, a novel and simple label-free paper-based electrochemical immunosensor were designed by using conductive Ag-ink and designed directly by pen on paper technique on the surface of photographic paper, which is a suitable substrate for antibody immobilization, for rapid detection of PSA. Results: Based on the obtained results, under the optimum conditions, the synthesized Ag ink has a great substrate for antibody (Ab) and antigen (Ag) immobilization. The linear range was from 0.001 to 30 µg/L and the obtained low limite of quantification (LLOQ) was 0.001µg/L. This immunosensor also tested in human plasma samples, which had good analytical power Conclusion: The proposed paper-based immunoassay could be a hopefully new and cheap tool for the diagnosis of other biomarkers.

The aim of this study is to identify the scientific, educational, cultural and social major goals of public libraries in the vision document and the fifth and sixth development plans. Method: This descriptive study was conducted using the documentary method and the analytical content analysis is based on upstream documents of the Islamic Republic of Iran such as the vision document and development plans. Findings: The examination of documents on one hand shows that in some sections related to the public libraries goals, public libraries are not directly mentioned while some of these sections are pursued and implemented by the public libraries. On the other hand, with considering the goals and characteristics of the public library, it is possible to identify some sections in the upstream documents which are in relation to the goals and roles of the public library and also it is possible to design and implement the necessary measures for the operation of these sections by public libraries. Value: The present research can provide a clear picture of the major scientific, educational, cultural and social goals of the country relating to public libraries, while also positioning these libraries in the vision document and development plans, and it aims at identifying and defining new roles for public libraries in fulfilling the diverse scientific, educational, cultural and social goals of the country.

Purpose: addressing of the factors that can increase utility of information databases customers. Methodology: in order to achieve that, summarizing content analysis techniques was used. The study population was some customers that pay money for useing information databases in Iran. The bibliographical research has been done on utility related literatures which published in the 5 years period of 2011-2015, indexed on Science Direct, ProQuest and Ebsco information databases. Samples were randomly chosen from information database customers using paid services from two major information centers in Iran - University of Tehran Central library and Documentation Center and Organization for Industrial Management Library, for interviews. These two centers were chosen based on their accessibility for the researcher. 150 people were interviewed in a 60 days, after 50 interviews, the answers pool was saturated and no relevant new information was added. Findings: Results showed that the main factors affecting customer utility in using paid information databases are information needs, quality, Incentives, additional information and users' individual and social characteristics, respectively. Originality: This article has not been published in any journal, and it has been extracted from an applied research.

BACKGROUND: It is important to understand the efficacy of immunoregulatory materials, herbal remedies or probiotics, in different parts of immune system following vaccination with different tropism. OBJECTIVES: Aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Echinacea purpurea and a probiotic (protexin) on systemic and mucosal immune response in turkey. METHODS: A total of 288 1-day-old male turkey poults were randomized into 6 groups as follow: Group T1: Turkeys received Echinacea purpurea at the rate of 1 ml /1 liter water and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine, Group T2: Turkeys received probiotic at the rate of 1 g /1 liter water and NDV vaccine, Group T3: Positive control that turkey received NDV vaccine without any additives. Group T4: Turkeys received Echinacea purpurea at the rate of 1 ml /1 liter water without NDV vaccine. Group T5: Turkeys received probiotic at the rate of 1 g /1 liter water without NDV vaccine, Group T6: Negative control group, neither vaccinated against NDV vaccine nor given additives. At age of 10 and 20 days, poults were vaccinated with Villegas_Glisson/University of Georgia (VG/GA) strain of Newcastle disease vaccine by eye dropper method. For systemic and mucosal antibody analyses, blood samples and tracheal lavages were collected at different ages. The titers of antibody against NDV were measured using ELISA and HI tests. RESULTS: Addition of Echinacea to the water increased the systemic IgG, IgA and HI compared to the positive control group. Protexin supplementation to the water of T2 turkeys increased serum IgG and both total and specific IgA compared to the T3 group turkeys. Generally, turkeys that were supplemented with probiotic had higher specific and total tracheal IgA antibody levels than the other vaccinated groups. Among vaccinated turkeys only T1 group showed significantly higher HI antibody titers on day 42. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicated that systemic and mucosal immunity of turkeys following vaccination against Newcastle disease (ND) could be improved by supplementation of Echinacea and probiotic. The effect of Echinacea purpurea on systemic immunity of turkeys seemed more pronounced than on mucosal immunity; further, the effect of probiotic on mucosal immunity was more obvious.

Bioelectric potential and frequency parameters, unlike temperature and pH are not affected by environmental factors. Independence of these parameters and their dependence on cellular interactions eliminates interfering factors and increases the accuracy of direct drug delivery. To the best of our knowledge, both parameters of bioelectric potential and the frequency which is produced from cellular activity have not been used as a target for targeted drug delivery. Based on the available evidence, we propose that the frequency and bioelectricity from normal cells with tumor cells and tumors together demonstrate a good level of distinction in order to target proposed cell for drug delivery. Applying this feature as a means of distinguishing between normal and tumor cells and utilizing nanotechnology in the design and production of nano-carriers based on sensitivity to frequency or bioelectric potential and adjustable as alternatives for temperature and pH in purpose of targeted drug delivery with the maximum level of efficiency. Our proposed method of frequency/bioelectric potential-based drug delivery can significantly reduce damages and medication side effects to normal cell by improving drug delivery to tumor cells. It can be an important development in the prevention of expanding tumor cells and enhancement treatment of cancer.

The implementation of nanomedicine not only provides enhanced drug solubility and reduced off-target adverse effects, but also offers novel theranostic approaches in clinical practice. The increasing number of studies on the application of nanomaterials in kidney therapies has provided hope in a more efficient strategy for the treatment of renal diseases. The combination of biotechnology, material science and nanotechnology has rapidly gained momentum in the realm of therapeutic medicine. The establishment of the bedrock of this emerging field has been initiated and an exponential progress is observed which might significantly improve the quality of human life. In this context, several approaches based on nanomaterials have been applied in the treatment and regeneration of renal tissue. The presented review article in detail describes novel strategies for renal failure treatment with the use of various nanomaterials (including carbon nanotubes, nanofibrous membranes), mesenchymal stem cells-derived nanovesicles, and nanomaterial-based adsorbents and membranes that are used in wearable blood purification systems and synthetic kidneys.

Low toxic graphene quantum dot (GQD) was synthesized by pyrolyzing citric acid in alkaline solution and characterized by ultraviolet--visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), spectrofluorimetery and dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques. GQD was used for electrode modification and electro-oxidation of doxorubicin (DOX) at low potential. A substantial decrease in the overvoltage (−0.56 V) of the DOX oxidation reaction (compared to ordinary electrodes) was observed using GQD as coating of glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Differential pulse voltammetry was used to evaluate the analytical performance of DOX in the presence of phosphate buffer solution (pH 4.0) and good limit of detection was obtained by the proposed sensor. Such ability of GQD to promote the DOX electron-transfer reaction suggests great promise for its application as an electrochemical sensor.

Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157:H7) is a pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli which has issued as a public health threat because of fatal contamination of food and water. Therefore, accurate detection of pathogenic E. coli is important in environmental and food quality monitoring. In spite of their advantages and high acceptance, culture-based methods, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), flow cytometry, ATP bioluminescence, and solid-phase cytometry have various drawbacks, including being time-consuming, requiring trained technicians and/or specific equipment, and producing biological waste. Therefore, there is necessity for affordable, rapid, and simple approaches. Electrochemical biosensors have shown great promise for rapid food- and water-borne pathogen detection. Over the last decade, various attempts have been made to develop techniques for the rapid quantification of E. coli O157:H7. This review covers the importance of E. coli O157:H7 and recent progress (from 2015 to 2020) in the development of the sensitivity and selectivity of electrochemical sensors developed for E. coli O157:H7 using different nanomaterials, labels, and electrochemical transducers.

Purpose: The aim is investigating views of three groups of library users (non-professionals, specialized professionals, librarians) regardingthe importance and value of Attributes of entities of FRBR Conceptual model in supporting user tasks. Methodology: all attributes of entities of FRBR Conceptual model in supporting user tasks, was examined and evaluated through a descriptive-survey of the views of potential users of OPACs. During the data gathering sessions, semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect information from the research population for valuation of each attributes of entities in supporting user tasks with the questionnaire prepared by researcher based on IFLA FRBR report. Findings:, “title of work”, “title of expression”, “title of manifestation”, “name of person” and “name of corporate body” are the attributes all users assigh them being of great value in supporting user tasks. Originality/Value: it is necessary that library software be reviewed based on FRBR conceptual model. Also because little research of users' point of view isstudied t more researche is needed. According to IFLA FRBR group,has confirmed this.