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A well-known clustering problem called Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise~(DBSCAN) involves computing the solutions of at least one disk range query per input point, computing the connected components of a graph, and bichromatic fixed-radius nearest neighbor. MapReduce class is a model where a sublinear number of machines, each with sublinear memory, run for a polylogarithmic number of parallel rounds. Most of these problems either require quadratic time in the sequential model or are hard to compute in a constant number of rounds in MapReduce. In the Euclidean plane, DBSCAN algorithms with near-linear time and a randomized parallel algorithm with a polylogarithmic number of rounds exist. We solve DBSCAN in the Euclidean plane in a constant number of rounds in MapReduce, assuming the minimum number of points in range queries is constant and each connected component fits inside the memory of a single machine and has a constant diameter.

Abstract Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are one of the world's most severe health challenges. The existence of STIs such as human papillomavirus (HPV) might cause cervical cell changes leading to cervical cancer. Objective: This study aims to assess the association of STIs with cervical cytological abnormalities and genital warts among women in northeastern Iran. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 190 women referred to the central laboratory of Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research, Mashhad, Iran from March to July 2022. The presence of genital infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Herpes simplex viruses (1 and 2) were assessed using the real-time polymerase chain reaction method. HPV genital infection was detected based on the principles of reverse hybridization, and cellular changes in the cervix were examined by the liquid-based cytology technique. Results: The mean age of participants was 35.33 ± 8.9 yr. 34 different HPV genotypes were detected in all HPV-positive cases, and the most common genotype was low-risk HPV6. No significant association was found between STIs and cervical cytology abnormalities. The prevalence rates of sexually transmitted pathogens among HPV-positive and HPV-negative individuals were 10.9 and 1.6%, respectively. The frequency of genital warts was significantly higher in cases with multiple infections of high- and low-risk HPV genotypes. Conclusion: High percentages of the participants with non-HPV STIs and HPV infection had normal cervical cytology. It is advised to use STIs and HPV diagnostic tests along with cytology examinations for cervical cancer screening.

Background and purpose: Human papillomavirus (HPV) often infects humans through sexual contact. Men are carriers of the HPV virus and inadvertently transmit the virus to their sexual partners while being asymptomatic. In many countries strategies are focused on controlling the virus in women and the role of men is ignored. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HPV infection and its common genotypes in men in order to facilitate designing and implementing national prevention programs. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, PCR and hybridization methods were used to determine 37 different HPV genotypes. The participants included 188 men attending Central Laboratory of Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research, Mashhad Branch between autumn 2020 and winter 2021. Results: In this study, 56.9% of the total population were infected with at least one of the HPV genotypes. Overall, 26 different HPV high-risk and low-risk genotypes were identified. The most common low-risk genotypes were HPV6 (50.5%), 11 (15%), 42 and 91 (11.2%). The most common high-risk genotype was HPV66 (9.3%). Conclusion: Men play an important role in transmitting the virus and are considered as the reservoir of HPV infection. The prevalence of HPV was high in current population, therefore, HPV screening in men can be very helpful in preventing the spread of infection.

Abstract Background: Endometriosis is associated with abnormal immunologic responses and combined inflammatory and anti-inflammatory conditions. Objective: This study aims to investigate follicular fluid (FF) concentration of interleukin (IL)-3, IL-5, and IL-6 in women with and without endometriosis. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectionalstudy 68 women who were referred to the in vitro fertilization center of Imam Reza hospital in Mashhad during 2018 were selected randomly. Leaves of cytokines in the FF samples were evaluated in the endometriosis and the control group (n = 34/each). The diagnostic accuracy of cytokines and clinical characteristics were evaluated. Results: IL-3 and IL-6 were significantly changed in the FF of the women with endometriosis compared with the control group (p = 0.04, and p < 0.01, respectively), and the mean concentration of IL-5 in the endometriosis group was lower than in the control group (p = 0.5), but this was not significant. There were significant differences in the menstrual cycle, dyspareunia, and dysmenorrhea between the groups (p < 0.01, p = 0.04, and p = 0.02, respectively). The diagnostic accuracy of IL-3 and IL-6 in the FF was low, with the area under the curve of 0.614 and 0.645, respectively. Conclusion: Although none of the cytokines had a predictive value for endometriosis, the decreased levels of IL-3 and increased levels of IL-6 in the FF samples of women with endometriosis, and risk factors, including irregular menstrual cycle, dyspareunia, and dysmenorrhea, could be associated with the pathogenesis of this painful disease.

Background and purpose: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the main cause of cervical cancer. Awareness of the prevalence of different HPV genotypes in Iran will facilitate implementation of national prevention and vaccination programs. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of HPV infection and the association of different genotypes with Pap smear results. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, 502 married women attending Central Laboratory of Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research in Mashhad were selected by non-probability easy sampling in 2018-2019. Cervical cytology specimens were examined for 32 different HPV genotypes using PCR and hybridization. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used to analyze the data. Results: Out of 502 samples 26.5% were infected with HPV. The most common genotypes in all HPV+ samples were the low risk genotype 6 (35.3%) and the high risk genotype 16 (17.3%). According to findings, HPV infection and the HPV genotype were significantly associated with progression of cellular changes to abnormality (P

Average females’ age in the first marriage was increasing in Iran over the last two decades from 20.9 in 1991 to 22.7 in 2010. It is well accepted that labor market prospects and the males’ wage structure are the main determinants of preference toward marriage among others. Making use of a province-wide panel data and micro individualized data (Household income and expenditure survey) for provinces, this research aims to examine the role of males’ wage inequality in the marriage rate across provinces and the probit cross-section models of preferences toward marriage in Iran. In the framework of search and match theory of marriage our findings reveal that wage inequality and gender ratio have negative impact on the marriage decision, but males’ wage over females has positive and significant effect on the marriage rate and marriage decision. These results are rather robust across the several cross-section probit models.

"nTo determine the prevalence of pituitary hormone deficiencies after moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI). We conducted a prospective cohort and included 75 patients with moderate TBI with GCS between 9 and 13 who referred to emergency department of Shariati Hospital, Tehran/Iran, during 2004-2007. Pituitary hormones were assessed 3 and 6 months after injury. In 3rd month post-injury, 39 cases had not any pituitary dysfunction; however, deficiencies in one, two and three of the pituitary hormones were found in 26, 8 and 2 patients, respectively. Twenty one patients showed a deficiency in one of the pituitary hormones and only one case with deficiency of two after 6 months. The most prevalent changes occur in IGF-1 and LH/FSH after moderate TBI. However, the whole deficiencies decrease over the time.

The oral microbiome, the complex ecosystem of microbes inhabiting the human mouth, harbors several thousands of bacterial types. The proliferation of pathogenic bacteria within the mouth gives rise to periodontitis, an inflammatory disease known to also constitute a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. While much is known about individual species associated with pathogenesis, the system-level mechanisms underlying the transition from health to disease are still poorly understood. Through the sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and of whole community DNA we provide a glimpse at the global genetic, metabolic, and ecological changes associated with periodontitis in 15 subgingival plaque samples, four from each of two periodontitis patients, and the remaining samples from three healthy individuals. We also demonstrate the power of whole-metagenome sequencing approaches in characterizing the genomes of key players in the oral microbiome, including an unculturable TM7 organism. We reveal the disease microbiome to be enriched in virulence factors, and adapted to a parasitic lifestyle that takes advantage of the disrupted host homeostasis. Furthermore, diseased samples share a common structure that was not found in completely healthy samples, suggesting that the disease state may occupy a narrow region within the space of possible configurations of the oral microbiome. Our pilot study demonstrates the power of high-throughput sequencing as a tool for understanding the role of the oral microbiome in periodontal disease. Despite a modest level of sequencing (~2 lanes Illumina 76 bp PE) and high human DNA contamination (up to ~90%) we were able to partially reconstruct several oral microbes and to preliminarily characterize some systems-level differences between the healthy and diseased oral microbiomes.

Background: Due to persistent infections of human central nervous system (CNS), polyomaviruses have been identified as one of the risk factors for brain tumor development. Human BK virus is of significant interest due to its experimental neuro-oncogenic potential and the possible association with CNS neoplasms. However, the results of different studies are discrepant. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of BK virus genome and quantify BK viral load in Iranian patients with primary and metastatic brain malignancies. Methods: To assess the prevalence of BK virus sequences, a total of 58 fresh brain tumors were examined by quantitative real-time PCR. The BK viral load was determined as viral copy number per cell. Results: Of the 58 brain tumor samples BK tumor antigen (TAg) sequences were detected in 26 (44.8%) of cases. In primary brain tumors, BK virus sequences were recognized more frequently in schwannomas (15.5%) and meningiomas (12.1%). The mean BK virus TAg copy number in positive cases was 0.20×10-3±0.27×10-3 (range 0.01×10-3- 0.8×10-3) copies per cell. Conclusion: Taken together, in the present study low copy numbers of BK virus TAg gene was detected in brain tumor cells, which can indicate that BK virus may contribute to tumor induction by indirect mechanisms or neuro-persistence of this virus without any pathological consequences.

Introduction Covering as a social action, like other social actions, in a society is influenced by some social factors. Social actor consciously uses a type of covering to influence other actors. Covering, then, as a social action is done by some social factors that form its meaning and content. A typology of covering includes a range of covering types that distinguishes quality of covering according to individuals’ motives and intentions in the forms of different covering types. Society as a container and culture as a content provide these covering types for individuals. This research attempts to study a typology of covering according to some social factors related to its types in Hamadani women. There are two fundamental questions that this research is going to answer them. First, how is woman typology of covering in Hamadan? And second, what are some social factors that form this typology and its constituent types? Material & Methods The study method is survey and its population includes all Hamadani women aged 18-50. For gathering information in exploratory stage, 40 women were interviewed with a specified covering range and its types. For studying relationships between research variables and the covering types, a questionnaire was designed after specifying covering types. A sample of 335 women who were selected by proportionate stratified sampling has been estimated through Cochran formula. The collected data were analyzed by frequency tables, x2 test, Cramer V, and contingency tables. Discussion of Results & Conclusions The research finding shows there is a covering range of Hamadani women including four covering types: comfort-intensive type, modesty-intensive type, exhibition-intensive type, and husband-intensive type. Hypotheses findings show that there are meaningful relationships between every four covering types such as influence from peer group, influence from expectations of significant others, financial reputation and prestige, amount of leisure time, following husband believes, attracting opposite sex for marriage, and marital status. Based on the above-mentioned relationships between the four covering types and their related social factors, findings suggest that husband-intensive type takes the most influence from peer groups. Peer groups and their social actions influence attitudes towards women type of covering. Peer groups act as a looking glass that women look themselves into it. Women covering types of husband-intensive and exhibition-intensive are influenced respectively by expectations of significant others. Significant others and some expectations created by them cause behavioral norms and patterns for women clothing. Findings also show that both covering types of husband-intensive and exhibition-intensive have the most relationship with financial reputation and prestige. Having high social status is a sign of wealth and reputation. It seems that some happened social changes during the last decades in Iran have created a kind of exhibitive society in which women use clothing as a symbol for showing their social statuses. Covering types of husband-intensive and exhibition-intensive have the most relationship with leisure time, too. It follows that in an exhibitive society, having more leisure time is related to some types of coverings. Another finding indicates that a majority of unmarried women have a husband-intensive type of covering for attracting husband. These women try to increase their erotic capital through their covering. It also follows that for these women clothing means the more erotic capital, the more chance of finding a husband. Finally, the research finding suggest that women with covering type of exhibitive-intensive and modesty-intensive have the most relationship with their husband believes. Covering types of these women, then, are influenced by their husband believes, whether secular beliefs or religious ones. Findings of this research on women typology of clothing and its related social factors indicate that, as a whole, there are different types of covering in a society that form a range of covering types for it, and these covering types are influenced by some social factors.