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Groundwater is a crucial asset for most formative exercises. Interest for analysis on groundwater is expanding because of reduced amount of water present on the surface and repetitive disappointments of monsoons. This research paper presents quality testing of potable water of the sanganer area of Jaipur city as per WHO and Indian agencies' Standards. To calculate WQI 15 water samples were collected and analyzed for different components present in the water due to contamination from surrounding industries of printing and dyeing. The paper concluded that 40% of the water samples found excellent in the quality for drinking purpose and 20% of the water samples is good for drinking but rest 40% water samples found not suitable due to some excessive amount of pollutant present in the ground water these contents will be very harmful for drinking and agriculture.

Solar cells are promising renewable and without carbon electric energy asset to address the non-renewable energy source and fissile fuel shortage. Indium Gallium Nitride (InGaN thin films are now a day’s attracting researchers because of its possible use as an active semiconductor material and its immense application potential in short wavelength optoelectronic solar cells. InGaN also exhibits attractive photovoltaic (optical and electrical) properties. In this paper we had a Comparative Analysis between Numerical simulation of organic and inorganic solar cell. We have chosen Indium Gallium Nitride (InGaN) and PPV/PCBM-based solar cells. In our work we are going to find out optimization points for both of the solar cells. The characteristics of PV figures of merits of PPV solar cells simulated with the composition of polymer [6.6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) to demonstrate maximum efficiency. Comparative analysis of both organic and inorganic solar cells demonstrates their pros and cons as organic solar cells are coming with good economy but low efficiency. If we are looking towards Inorganic solar cells they are having good efficiency but economically Costlier.

A fundamental necessity for sustainable development is to ensure reliable and cost-effective access to modern energy services, primarily for the lower income and impoverished sectors of the population. Successful rural electrification is vital to bridging the rural-urban gap, given that the vast majority of the energy-deprived population resides in rural regions of developing countries. if the existing system of energy services intervened it can influence the development process by livelihood activities, micro or small enterprises, lifestyle energy services, value-added activities, survival irrigation, and so on. Different micro hybrid systems preferably with combination of renewable energy resources will be a good option for addressing given barriers. India has a large Availability of Higher solar radiations, a society that depends on agriculture has enough biomass resources, plentiful cattle dung, forest conifers and agriculture waste. In this paper, we examine the hybrid system’s techno economic feasibility and long-term viability. The system is made up of 60-kW solar photovoltaic panels (PV) and 40-kW biomass gasifier modules. Energy demand and resource availability are measured using data from comprehensive stakeholder discussions and field surveys, and they take into account daily and seasonal fluctuations in supply, end uses, and availability, as well as productive hours. The techno economic viability of electric renewable energy is evaluated using a hybrid optimization model (HOMER). Additionally, prospects for the growth of profitable uses and their extension into a long-term business model are investigated.

© 2018, © 2018 Australian Academy of Forensic Sciences. One of the key elements in a criminal death investigation is the estimation of time since death, as this information can assist with identifying the victim and prosecuting an offender. Estimating post-mortem interval (PMI) is a challenging task given the many variables that act on the rate and process of decomposition. This review presents current advances in estimating PMI in forensic taphonomy. The use of scoring systems based on visual observations and the development of empirical formulas have been proposed for soft tissue analysis. In the absence of soft tissue, the citrate content of bone and radiometric dating are recommended for PMI estimations of hard tissue. Recent studies have shown an increased focus on associated evidence found on or near the remains. This includes botanical and mycological evidence such as vegetation changes, the presence or absence of certain plant species, and fungal succession. Decomposition chemistry represents an emerging discipline where biomarkers can be analysed within different mediums such as tissue, soil associated with decomposing remains and decomposition fluid. Although advances are being made in these many taphonomic disciplines, the field still has a long way to go in terms of finding the elusive formula for accurately estimating PMI of decomposed remains.

Increased penetration of flexible loads and distributed resources on power distribution circuits will lead to possibility of aggregating such small distributed resources for several grid services both at the distribution and transmission levels. This will lead to increased interaction of transmission and distribution system operators, as well as the control actions at LV/MV grid in aggregation will have significant impact on the operations of bulk transmission systems. Therefore, lately, there has been some advancements to developing co-simulation platform for solving transmission and distribution (T&D) systems simultaneously for dynamic and power flow type of studies. However, the existing co-simulation platforms base mainly on decoupled approaches. Therefore, a unified approach of solving T&D (for solution benchmarking purpose) is largely missing in the literature. In this context, this paper shows initial results of a decoupled method applied for solving T&D power flow co-simulation and is benchmarked against a unified solution. The case studies based on augmented 14+33 bus T&D systems show that the decoupled approach is fairly accurate.

Conventionally, voltage control in distribution grids has been achieved through load tap changers, capacitor banks, and network switches. With the advancements in on-board electric vehicle (EV) chargers, voltage control can be achieved through control of EV charging/discharging as EVs can operate in any of the four P-Q quadrants with slight modifications to the charger. In this work, we use a high-fidelity on-board EV charger model, which has been validated using actual measurements. Then, we coordinate the four quadrant operation of EVs and distribution feeder to support voltage control in the grid. The efficacy of the developed models are demonstrated by using an LV secondary feeder. Operation of EVs in all four quadrants are shown to compensate for the feeder voltage fluctuations caused by daily time varying residential loads, while satisfying operational constraints of the feeder.

Selection of load models used in the study of power systems impacts the analyses being performed. Voltage-rise given the increased deployment of photovoltaic (PV) distributed generation presents technical challenges in low voltage (LV) distribution networks. Appliance consumption is naturally affected by the local voltage, a behavior taken into account by ZIP load models. PV generation is also affected by the local voltage because the inverters will not inject power if the voltage is not within a predefined range. An evaluation framework in MATLAB/Simulink, performed in OPAL-RT, is proposed to study the month-long technical analysis of the impact of the choice of load model for overvoltage challenges of PV-rich LV networks. A common droop-based active power curtailment PV inverter controller is implemented to evaluate a month-long technical impact on a 12-house LV distribution network. Analyses include voltage profile, energy generation and consumption, transformer loading, and system losses. The overall impacts of load model in the LV distribution system are presented and it is shown that overvoltage challenges are to an extent naturally reduced given the behavior of load.

This paper details architecture, mathematical modeling, and use cases of a new distribution system power flow analysis tool (called DxFlow). The DxFlow is developed in MATLAB environment and is made completely open source. Thefirst version of DxFlow can solve single-phase and poly-phase power flow analyses using standard forward-backward sweep (FBS) method. Moreover, DxFlow allows easy integration with heuristic optimization algorithms for solving optimal settings of equipment on distribution level (such as load tap changers and capacitor banks). DxFlow also allows time-series power flow analysis. Themathematical model in DxFlow is validated using the IEEE test feeders, compared with OpenDSS and GridLAB-D models, and additional new cases are presented to demonstrate its usefulness. The DxFlow is primarily intended for educational and early-stage research purposes.

The basic destinations of setup of solar cell is touplift it`s capability. IndiumGalliumNitride is a composition that has encountered expansive research since 2002 as a potential photovoltaic material. Fluctuations in the arrangement of InN and GaN inside InGaN, the band gap of this semiconductor material can be changed. Subsequently, a high-effectiveness solar cell can be conceivably created by having a few InGaN intersections.The utilization of Silvaco Atlas as a reenactment apparatus can help in recognizing whether InGaNcan be utilized for photovoltaics. The paper examines the effect of the temperature on InGaN solar cell gadgets developed with N-polar introductions in electronic and photovoltaic properties. The self-reliable model is utilized to decide the vitality band conduction. Indium gallium nitride and other PV materials offer the open door for restricted bandgap designing to coordinate spectra. The impacts of barometrical conditions, for example, mist concentrates, overcast cover, water vapor, and air mass have been appeared to cause varieties in spectral brilliance that changes PV framework execution because of both misrepresenting and underestimating. Structuring PV gadgets streamlined for unearthly brilliance of a specific area can result in enhanced PV framework execution. The consequences of this strategy are outlined for the contextual investigation of solar ranches in the Indian areas and circle utilized.

Water of good drinking quality is of basic importance to physiology and man’s continued existence depends very much on its availability. The objective of this study is to understand the seasonal variations in the physiochemical parameters of the ground water of three sites of Sanganer Tehsil of Jaipur district, Rajasthan using statistical tools. The methodology utilized is to carry out the research ground water samples were collected for pre monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon period of a year. For this purpose five samples were collected from each location and the process of chemical analysis was conducted. With the help of one-way ANOVA test, the difference between the three locations based on the parameters were calculated. The findings of this paper was that the ground water of these three location shows seasonal variations in all eleven parameters using statistical methods like paired t-test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) tests. The groundwater of all the sites is not suitable for drinking & industrial purposes which will help the local government to take necessary action.

Charcoal is widely used today for both indoor and outdoor cooking activities such as household cooking, grilling, barbecuing, and broiling. As such, its combustion has been designated as sources of a diverse range of pollutants containing particulate matter (PM) and a list of hazardous trace metals (TMs) in both indoor/outdoor ambient air. In this work, we review the current status of technical tools and approaches to measure the pollution of PM and TMs emitted due to charcoal combustion with respect to available sampling, pretreatment, and analytical techniques. The reported concentration levels of those pollutants were compared in reference to guideline values. Finally, the potential health hazards of PMs and TMs emitted from charcoal are evaluated. Based on this approach, a concise view is provided to describe the diversity, level, and health hazards of particulate and metallic pollutants emitted through the combustion of charcoal in cooking activities.

In the analysis of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) in ambient air, preparation of a sub-ppb level standard is an important factor. This task is very challenging as most BVOCs (e.g., monoterpenes) are highly volatile and reactive in nature. As a means to produce sub-ppb gaseous standards for BVOCs, we investigated the dynamic headspace (HS) extraction technique through which their vapors are generated from a liquid standard (mixture of 10 BVOCs: (1) α-pinene, (2) β-pinene, (3) 3-carene, (4) myrcene, (5) α-phellandrene, (6) α-terpinene, (7) R-limonene, (8) γ-terpinene, (9) p -cymene, and (10) Camphene) spiked into a chamber-style impinger. The quantification of BVOCs was made by collection on multiple-bed sorbent tubes (STs) and subsequent analysis by thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (TD–GC–MS). Using this approach, sub-ppb level mixtures of gaseous BVOCs were generated at different sweep cycles. The mean concentrations of 10 BVOCs generated from the most stable conditions (i.e., in the third sweep cycle) varied in the range of 0.37 ± 0.05 to 7.27 ± 0.86 ppb depending on the initial concentration of liquid standard spiked into the system. The reproducibility of the gaseous BVOCs generated as mixture standards, if expressed in terms of relative standard error using the concentration datasets acquired under stable conditions, ranged from 1.64 (α-phellandrene) to 9.67% (R-limonene).

© 2017 Elsevier B.V. The complex process of cadaveric decomposition releases diverse volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as by-products. These VOCs are significant in forensic science as the odour they comprise can be tracked by trained canines when searching for human remains in cases of missing persons, homicide, or mass disaster. Although this is an emerging area of research, numerous studies have been conducted to form a greater understanding of decomposition odour and its range of applications. While some of these studies are conducted in laboratories, most are conducted at specialised field sites (e.g., forensic, archaeological, taphonomic, search and rescue training facilities). This paper reviews these studies to provide a critical overview of the experimental approaches and analytical techniques used in decomposition odour analysis. Discussion covers the outcomes of these studies, their contribution to the field, and future directions, particularly the advances in analytical instrumentation currently being employed to provide a comprehensive decomposition odour profile.

To quantify the emission rate of monoterpenes (MTs) from diverse natural sources, the sorbent tube (ST)-thermal desorption (TD) method was employed to conduct the collection and subsequent detection of MTs by gas chromatography. The calibration of MTs, when made by both mass spectrometric (MS) and flame ionization detector (FID), consistently exhibited high coefficient of determination values (R2 &gt, 0.99). This approach was employed to measure their emission rate from different fruit/plant/vegetable (F/P/V) samples with the aid of an impinger-based dynamic headspace sampling system. The results obtained from 10 samples (consisting of carrot, pine needle (P. sylvestris), tangerine, tangerine peel, strawberry, sepals of strawberry, plum, apple, apple peel, and orange juice) marked α-pinene, β-pinene, myrcene, α-terpinene, R-limonene, γ-terpinene, and p-cymene as the most common MTs. R-limonene was the major species emitted from citrus fruits and beverages with its abundance exceeding 90%. In contrast, α-pinene was the most abundant MT (37%) for carrot, while it was myrcene (31%) for pine needle. The overall results for F/P/V samples confirmed α-pinene, β-pinene, myrcene, α-terpinene, and γ-terpinene as common MTs. Nonetheless, the types and magnitude of MTs released from fruits were distinguished from those of vegetables and plants.

In this study, the matrix effect on the quantitation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at sub–ppm levels has been investigated in relation to the selected standard phase by direct injection gas chromatographic (GC) analysis. To this end, a series of calibration experiments were conducted using both liquid and gas phase standards containing identically a total of 13 target VOCs. Calibration datasets between liquid and gas standards were obtained at the four selected injection volumes, i.e., covering a 1 to 5 and 50 to 500 μL range, respectively. The results indicate that injection volume is a sensitive parameter, as sensitivity tends to decrease with increasing injection volume, especially with liquid standards. Loss of analytes in liquid standard occurred noticeably from ones eluting earlier than solvent used for standard (i.e., methanol). If the extent of such loss is expressed by the percent differences in the response factor (RF) values between two standard types, the results were low or insignificant for valeraldehyde (0.48%), benzene (7.6%), toluene (3.3%), and styrene (4.8%) but generally high for the others (i.e., between 10–80%). The relative sensitivities of VOCs in gaseous standards, if computed by normalization against benzene, generally complied well with those derivable from the literature on flame ionization detectors. In contrast, in case of liquid standards, the use of a small injection volume (≤1 μL) is recommended to maintain the optimal GC performance in light of the matrix effect.

Concentrations of ozone were continuously measured at four urban monitoring sites (Gu Ro (G); No Won (N); Song Pa (S); and Yong San (Y)) in Seoul, Korea from 2009 to 2011. The annual mean concentrations of ozone (in ppb) at these sites were found on the order of N (21.8 ± 19.3) > S (21.4 ± 20.14) > G (20.9 ± 18.0) > Y (18.8 ± 17.4). During peak hours (12–6 pm), the ozone concentrations were significantly higher (75, 69, 67, and 64% at site S, Y, N, and G, respectively) than overall 24 hour mean values. Seasonal variations of ozone have quite similar patterns at every site with systematic increases during spring (March–May) and summer (June–August) with the summer daytime mean (12–6 pm) values of 40.7 (site Y)–49.3 ppb (site S). The concentrations of ozone exhibited strong inverse correlations with other criteria pollutants (e.g., oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide), while a significant positive correlation was observed with some meteorological parameters (e.g., ultraviolet ray and solar radiation). Evidence collected in this study confirm that the spatio-temporal distribution of ozone in the study areas should be affected by the anthropogenic sources (e.g., vehicles, residential, and industrial sources) in concert with such well-known variables as the NO x –VOC chemistry and a number of natural parameters (e.g., wind speed, geographic position, and solar radiation).

An HPLC-UV method coupled with 9-fluorenylmethylchloroformate (FMOC) derivatization was developed for the determination of short chained amines in an environmental matrix. The basic reaction conditions among different target compounds (three methylated amines: mono- (MA), di- (DMA), and tri-methylamine (TMA)) with the reagent (FMOC) have been investigated. Comparative calibration of TMA as an individual target and in a mixture (i.e., with MA and DMA) indicated enhanced sensitivity of the former (response factor (RF) of 7593) and a suppressed pattern for the latter (RF = 3732). According to the kinetics studies, a minimum of 40 min was required for their derivatization. The detection limits of MA, DMA, and TMA derived using liquid standards were 0.12, 0.08, and 0.05 ng, respectively. To validate the applicability of this method, an environmental sample was analyzed by derivatizing amines released from rotten fish. For this purpose, a simple impinger method based on dynamic headspace sampling was developed to collect the amine gas. For derivatization, the gas sample was passed through a train of three impingers (with FMOC in acetonitrile solution). The analysis of the real sample made using a rotten fish (thornback ray: Raja clavata) yielded significantly high concentrations of MA (61 ppm) and TMA (190 ppm) with their overall capture and derivatization efficiencies of 93 and 98%, respectively. Its spoilage level, evaluated in terms of the total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN), corresponded to 38.2 mg N per 100 g of fish, confirming biodegradation of fish as the potent source of amine.

The concept of energy sustainability has been recently introduced in complex cyber-physical systems innovation studies. Previous empirical studies have only focused on the coordination of systems in a large system, but less research has been done on energy efficiency and management towards sustainability. We argue that in terms of energy consumption, a system comprising variety of technologies and applications should be energy sustainable. Hence, we focus on a framework of energy demand in a complex-robotic environment. As a preliminary study, we propose a system dynamics modeling of the energy sustainable complex-structure. As the work is ongoing, some initial simulation results are shown here. Based on our initial studies, we evaluate a number of implications of the management of energy in large-scale cyber-physical systems.

The gas-liquid partitioning behavior of major odorants (acetic acid, propionic acid, isobutyric acid, n-butyric acid, i-valeric acid, n-valeric acid, hexanoic acid, phenol, p-cresol, indole, skatole, and toluene (as a reference)) commonly found in microbially digested wastewaters was investigated by two experimental approaches. Firstly, a simple vaporization method was applied to measure the target odorants dissolved in liquid samples with the aid of sorbent tube/thermal desorption/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. As an alternative method, an impinger-based dynamic headspace sampling method was also explored to measure the partitioning of target odorants between the gas and liquid phases with the same detection system. The relative extraction efficiency (in percent) of the odorants by dynamic headspace sampling was estimated against the calibration results derived by the vaporization method. Finally, the concentrations of the major odorants in real digested wastewater samples were also analyzed using both analytical approaches. Through a parallel application of the two experimental methods, we intended to develop an experimental approach to be able to assess the liquid-to-gas phase partitioning behavior of major odorants in a complex wastewater system. The relative sensitivity of the two methods expressed in terms of response factor ratios (RFvap/RFimp) of liquid standard calibration between vaporization and impinger-based calibrations varied widely from 981 (skatole) to 6,022 (acetic acid). Comparison of this relative sensitivity thus highlights the rather low extraction efficiency of the highly soluble and more acidic odorants from wastewater samples in dynamic headspace sampling.

Six new transition metal complexes derived from the reaction of 4(4-(dimethylamino) benzylideneamino) benzoic acid and Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) cations, were prepared, isolated and characterized by a range of spectral and analytical methods including UV/Vis, FT IR, NMR, MS, powder XRD, TGA and SEM. The complexes were formed with the deprotonation of the ligand and presented typical six-coordinated octahedral geometry. In addition, the biological activity was evaluated by conducting in vitro anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-leishmanial screenings. All the complexes were found more active than the ligand, while complex 7 revealed biological significance.

Hybrid power supply system (HPSS) consists of Wind and Solar sources of electrical power with various operating times during various seasons and with Power storage system. Hybrid power system deployment is expected in places outside the normal distribution network. For the future research and improvement it is necessary to know in detail the power flow from various sources to the load or to storage batteries depending on various seasons. We are concern with reliability and optimization problem associated with HPSS. And several models of various techniques have been used to solve these problems. Several approaches, like multi-agent system, Supervisory model predictive control method, Unit sizing optimization; Maximum Power Point Tracking techniques and Dynamic modeling method are utilized to find out the optimal solution of non-linear problem. More recently, the computing techniques have received more attention and were used in a number of successful and practical applications. The aim of this work is to find out the advantages of application of the evolutionary computing techniques in particular to the reliability and optimization problem by analysis and comparison of various control strategy.

Most teleconferencing conversations are conducted in the presence of Acoustic echoes. Typically an adaptive filter is used to cancel the echo, with a control device called the doubletalk detector which controls the adaptation. We derive a novel test statistic for the doubletalk detection based on the cross-correlation between the microphone signal and the cancellation error for the frequency domain adaptive algorithm. The main advantage of the proposed algorithm is its simplicity and computational efficiency. We compare our results with the normalized cross-correlation based doubletalk detector proposed in [2]. We also generalize the idea of the proposed doubletalk detector (single-channel) to the matrix case (multi-channel).

The two-path echo cancellation technique is a popular method for handling the double-talk problem in acoustic and line echo cancellation applications. The method uses two filters. A so-called background adaptive filter adapts its coefficients to predict echo all or most of the time regardless of signal activity on the near-end. A second foreground filter, that also predicts the echo, receives it coefficients from the background filter, but only when the background is performing better than the foreground. Only the foreground residual echo is sent to the far-end, so any background divergence due to double-talk is not observed by the user. The key to good two-path performance is in the definition of the background-to-foreground coefficient download tests. These typically contain a suite of various measures that attempt to ascertain the convergence state of the two filters. In this paper we present a novel, simple statistic that directly and accurately estimates a filter's convergence state. With the aid of this new statistic we show significant improvement in the overall performance of the two path echo canceller.

A double-talk detector is used to freeze acoustic echo canceller's (AEC) filter adaptation during periods of near-end speech. Increased sensitivity towards double-talk results in declaring echo-path changes as double-talk which adversely effects the performance of an AEC as we freeze adaptation when we really need to adapt. Thus, we need an efficient and simple echo-path change detector so as to differentiate any echo-path variations from double-talk condition. In this paper, we derive a novel test statistic for echo-path change detection. The proposed decision statistic detects any echo-path variations, is normalized properly and is computationally very efficient as compared to existing techniques. Simulations demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.