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Background: Radiotherapy, a highly effective method of radiation-based treating cancers, can reduce the size of tumors and affect healthy tissues. Radiation-induced lymphopenia as a side effect of radiation therapy can reduce the effectiveness of the treatment. Objective: This study aimed to examine how taurine can protect peripheral blood lymphocytes from radiation-based apoptosis. Material and Methods: In this experimental study, the effects of the taurine on lymphocytes were studied, and blood samples were divided into three groups: a negative control group that was not treated, a positive control group that was treated with cysteine (100 μg/ml), and a group that was treated with taurine (100 µg. mL-1) in three different doses (4, 8 & 12 Gy) before irradiation. The percentage of apoptotic and necrotic lymphocytes was measured using flow cytometry 48 and 72 hours after the irradiation, respectively. Results: According to the groups treated with taurine, the number of lymphocytes undergoing apoptosis was lower and higher compared to the negative and positive control groups, respectively. The decrease in this value was more pronounced 48 hours after radiation compared to 72 hours. Furthermore, there was a slight increase in the number of apoptotic lymphocytes with increasing radiation dose. Conclusion: Taurine effectively protects human peripheral blood lymphocytes from radiation-based apoptosis.

Introduction: Infectious diarrhea, a significant global health challenge, is exacerbated by flooding, a consequence of climate change and environmental disruption. This comprehensive study aims to quantify the association between flooding events and the incidence of infectious diarrhea, considering diverse demographic, environmental, and pathogen-specific factors. Methods: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, adhering to PROSPERO protocol (CRD42024498899), we evaluated observational studies from January 2000 to December 2023. The analysis incorporated global data from PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and ProQuest, focusing on the relative risk (RR) of diarrhea post-flooding. The study encompassed diverse variables like age, sex, pathogen type, environmental context, and statistical modeling approaches. Results: The meta-analysis, involving 42 high-quality studies, revealed a substantial increase (RR = 1.40, 95% CI [1.29–1.52]) in the incidence of diarrhea following floods. Notably, bacterial and parasitic diarrheas demonstrated higher RRs (1.82 and 1.35, respectively) compared to viral etiologies (RR = 1.15). A significant sex disparity was observed, with women exhibiting a higher susceptibility (RR = 1.55) than men (RR = 1.35). Adults (over 15 years) faced a greater risk than younger individuals, highlighting age-dependent vulnerability. Conclusion: This extensive analysis confirms a significant correlation between flood events and increased infectious diarrhea risk, varying across pathogens and demographic groups. The findings highlight an urgent need for tailored public health interventions in flood-prone areas, focusing on enhanced sanitation, disease surveillance, and targeted education to mitigate this elevated risk. Our study underscores the critical importance of integrating flood-related health risks into global public health planning and climate change adaptation strategies.

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) remains the cornerstone of advanced prostate cancer treatment. However, the progression towards castration-resistant prostate cancer is inevitable, as the cancer cells reactivate androgen receptor signaling and adapt to the castrate state through autoregulation of the androgen receptor. Additionally, the upfront use of novel hormonal agents such as enzalutamide and abiraterone acetate may result in long-term toxicities and may trigger the selection of AR-independent cells through “Darwinian” treatment-induced pressure. Therefore, it is crucial to develop new strategies to overcome these challenges. Bipolar androgen therapy (BAT) is one such approach that has been devised based on studies demonstrating the paradoxical inhibitory effects of supraphysiologic testosterone on prostate cancer growth, achieved through a variety of mechanisms acting in concert. BAT involves rapidly alternating testosterone levels between supraphysiological and near-castrate levels over a period of a month, achieved through monthly intramuscular injections of testosterone plus concurrent ADT. BAT is effective and well-tolerated, improving quality of life and potentially re-sensitizing patients to previous hormonal therapies after progression. By exploring the mechanisms and clinical evidence for BAT, this review seeks to shed light on its potential as a promising new approach to prostate cancer treatment.

Introduction: Tramadol is a synthetic opiate analgesic which is weaker than morphine and stronger than brofen and acetaminophen. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of tramadol on testicular tissue in normal and streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Methods: This experimental study was conducted in Islamic Azad University, Damghan Branch in 2018. In this study, 60 male Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups (case, control, experimental 1 and 2 and 3 and 4). Simultaneous with other groups becoming diabetic, the control group received intraperitoneal citrate buffer by body weight in order to maintain stability of the body. The diabetic (case) group received intraperitoneal streptozotocin at a dose of 55 mg/kg, experimental group 1 (normal rats + 50 mg/kg tramadol), experimental group 2 (normal rats + 100 mg/kg tramadol), experimental group 3 (diabetic + 50 mg/kg tramadol) and experimental group 4 (diabetic + 100 mg / kg tramadol), received tramadol via gavage for five weeks after being diabetic for two months. At the end of week 5, blood samples were drawn from samples, and biochemical and hormonal factors as well as macroscopic and histological testicular sections were evaluated. Data were analyzed in SPSS 21 using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-test. P Results: In the case (diabetic) group, a significant decrease was observed in spermatogonia (p=0.03), Sertoli (p=0.032) and spermatid cells (p=0.022) compared to the control and experimental groups 1 and 2. In experimental groups 1 and 2, a significant decrease was observed in spermatid cells (p=0.051) compared to the control group. In experimental groups 3 and 4, a significant decrease was observed in Sertoli cells compared to other groups (p=0.02). In the case group, there was a significant decrease in insulin (p=0.001) and testosterone levels (p=0.001) compared to other groups. In experimental groups 1 and 2, due to tramadol administration, testosterone levels showed a significant decrease compared to the control group (p=0.041). In experimental groups 3 and 4, a significant decrease was observed in testosterone levels (p=0.01) compared to the case group, and no significant change was observed in insulin levels in the experimental groups. Conclusion: Oral administration of tramadol daily for 35 days with specified doses in normal and diabetic rats disrupted blood testosterone balance and reduced spermatogenesis process, such that the more the dose of the drug was, the higher the tissue and hormonal damage was.