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Abstract CD4+ chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) represents an extremely rare example of phenotypic aberrancy within CLL. We present a case of an 86‐year‐old male veteran with a history of multiple comorbidities who was incidentally diagnosed with CD4+ CLL during a routine peripheral blood workup. This case highlights the diagnostic challenges and characteristic features of CD4+ CLL, including flow cytometric analysis, molecular, and fluorescence in situ hybridization findings. The patient was classified as asymptomatic CLL Rai stage 0, warranting regular monitoring without a need for treatment intervention.

A precise estimation of the bending and contact stresses, as well as the true friction value during the gear mesh, are critical aspects of a cost-effective and safe gear design. Previous studies have usually neglected friction by assuming a frictionless contact. Additionally, the impact of friction on the bending stress of spur gears has rarely been addressed. Moreover, to the authors' best knowledge, the impact of friction on the weakest section, stress concentration factor, and Lewis form factor remain unexplored for both symmetric and asymmetric gears. This study presents an analytical model incorporating friction at different contact locations to calculate the variables related to the tooth's weakest section. This model facilitates the evaluation of the stress concentration factor, Lewis form factor, and maximum tensile stress for symmetric and asymmetric gears. The proposed model is especially beneficial for assessing the load-carrying capacity of spur gears operating in challenging conditions. The results showed that the asymmetric spur gear is superior to its equivalent symmetric counterpart in terms of tooth form factor; however, this superiority decreases as the coefficient of friction increases. In addition, friction has been found to have a greater effect on fillet stress than contact stress. For μ = 0.2, at the HPSTC, the contact load and tooth form factor decreased by 7 % and 12 %, respectively, and the fillet stress worsened by 13 % compared to the frictionless assumption. Meanwhile, at the LPSTC, the stress concentration factor and contact stress increased by 9 % and 3 %, respectively.

Nowadays, we witness rapid technological advancements in online communication platforms, with increasing volumes of people using a vast range of communication solutions. The fast flow of information and the enormous number of users opens the door to the publication of non-truthful news, which has the potential to reach many people. Disseminating this news through low- or no-cost channels resulted in a flood of fake news that is difficult to detect by humans. Social media networks are one of these channels that are used to quickly spread this fake news by manipulating it in ways that influence readers in many aspects. That influence appears in a recent example amid the COVID-19 pandemic and various political events such as the recent US presidential elections. Given how this phenomenon impacts society, it is crucial to understand it well and study mechanisms that allow its timely detection. Deep learning (DL) has proven its potential for multiple complex tasks in the last few years with outstanding results. In particular, multiple specialized solutions have been put forward for natural language processing (NLP) tasks. In this paper, we systematically review existing fake news detection (FND) strategies that use DL techniques. We systematically surveyed the existing research articles by investigating the DL algorithms used in the detection process. Our focus then shifts to the datasets utilized in previous research and the effectiveness of the different DL solutions. Special attention was given to the application of strategies for transfer learning and dealing with the class imbalance problem. The effect of these solutions on the detection accuracy is also discussed. Finally, our survey provides an overview of key challenges that remain unsolved in the context of FND.

ABSTRACT: The global distribution of avian respiratory viruses highlights the need for effective surveillance programs and international collaboration to monitor viral circulation and implement timely control measures. In the current study, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of avian respiratory viral infections in the poultry flocks in Jordan, focusing on the major viruses involved, their epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and evolution based on viroinformatics that will be helpful to improve the diagnostic methods, and control strategies including vaccines in the region. In this research, various poultry broiler groups in Jordan experiencing respiratory symptoms were tested for respiratory viral pathogens from January 2021 to February 2022. The mortality rates observed in the examined groups varied between 6% and 40%. The identified strains were authenticated using the RT-qPCR assay. Furthermore, they underwent in-depth characterisation through the sequencing of the complete spike (S1) gene for infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and the haemagglutinin (HA) gene for avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H9N2. Co-infection of IBV and AIV H9N2 viruses was detected through molecular analysis. The IBV strains showed affiliation with the variant groups GI-16 (3 strains) and GI-23 (9 strains) and exhibited numerous mutations. Meanwhile, H9N2 avian influenza viruses displayed various changes in amino acids within the HA gene, suggesting the influence of antibody-driven selection pressure. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the H9N2 viruses identified in this investigation shared close genetic ties with EG3 (3 strains) and the Middle East group (ME1; 8 strains). These strains have been recently found in Jordan and nearby countries in the Middle East. Moreover, their HA genes exhibited similarities to viruses belonging to the G1-like lineage. In conclusion, avian respiratory viral infections remain a significant concern for the poultry industry, requiring constant vigilance and proactive measures to minimise their impact. Continued surveillance, robust diagnostic methods, effective vaccines, and international cooperation are essential components of a comprehensive approach to combat avian respiratory viral infections (AI, IBV, ND and ILT ‘viruses) and safeguard avian health and global poultry production.

In an era where misinformation and fake news undermine social well-being, this work provides a complete approach to multi-domain fake news detection. Multi-domain news refers to handling diverse content across various subject areas such as politics, health, research, crime, and social concerns. Recognizing the lack of systematic research in multi-domain fake news detection, we present a fundamental structure by combining datasets from several news domains. Our two-tiered detection approach, BERTGuard, starts with domain classification, which uses a BERT-based model trained on a combined multi-domain dataset to determine the domain of a given news piece. Following that, domain-specific BERT models evaluate the correctness of news inside each designated domain, assuring precision and reliability tailored to each domain’s unique characteristics. Rigorous testing on previously encountered datasets from critical life areas such as politics, health, research, crime, and society proves the system’s performance and generalizability. For addressing the class imbalance challenges inherent when combining datasets, our study rigorously evaluates the impact on detection accuracy and explores handling alternatives—random oversampling, random upsampling, and class weight adjustment. These criteria provide baselines for comparison, fortifying the detection system against the complexities of imbalanced datasets.

The present work covers the Face-Hobbing method for generation and simulation of meshing of Face hobbed hypoid gear drive. In this work the generation process of hobbed hypoid gear has been achieved by determination of the generation function of blade cutter. The teeth surfaces have been drawn depending on the simulation of the cutting process and the head cutter motion. Tooth contact analysis (TCA) of such gear drive is presented to evaluate analytically the transmission error function for concave and convex tooth side due to misalignment errors. TCA results show that the gear is very sensitive to misalignment errors and the increasing of the gear teeth number decrease the transmission error for both concave and convex tooth sides and ensure smooth motion with low vibration.

The rapid expansion of green energy resources (RER) into existing electrical networks necessitates an evolved approach to voltage distribution. This study explores the challenges and solutions associated with integrating green energy into high and low voltage distribution systems (HVDS and LVDS). The research evaluates various protection schemes for dynamic fault currents, voltage control systems for mitigating power quality issues, and optimal planning strategies for distributed generation. Innovative methodologies for integrating solar and wind energy, such as centralized-decentralized control approaches and demand response mechanisms, are proposed. The study demonstrates, through MATLAB simulations, that HVDS configurations significantly improve system efficiency and reduce technical losses compared to LVDS, particularly when interfacing with green energy sources.

The construction of concrete water tanks is a crucial aspect of water distribution structures, ensuring dependable water supply at predetermined elevations for numerous purposes. Municipalities and corporations closely depend upon these tanks to store water, combustible fluids, and synthetic compounds. However, the safety of these tanks, especially during seismic events, is paramount. To address this, robust support structures inclusive of reinforced concrete (RC) propped outlines, metallic frameworks, RC shafts, and masonry platforms are employed. The RC casing approach could be the most common support system due to its effectiveness and durability. This paper gives a FEM based technique the use of Staad.pro employed inside the construction and evaluation of concrete water tanks.

The paper gives a comprehensive review of how human activities influence normal hydrological forms by clarifying the diverse impacts on the accessibility, quality, and conveyance of water. The paper revealed the complex exchange between data and natural morals that are reconfiguring the worldwide water scene through conflicting facts of major causes like urbanization, deforestation, industrialization, and climate change. The natural areas are all disturbed by human activities and pollution and by these changes the impact is on run-off patterns, infiltration rates, and groundwater recharge processes. In metropolitan cities, there are more impermeable spaces which leads to more runoffs. In these areas, the water filtration rate and groundwater recharge are very low. Dams and other hydropower and water system processes that disturb the natural stream of waterways in addition to their aquatic habitat division have too changed stream morphology. Urban stormwater, industrial and farming runoff, are among numerous other sources contaminate freshwater systems with pathogens heavy metals, chemicals supplements, etc hence risking both human life and natural maintainability. Changes in precipitation and temperature impact the timing of snow melt, patterns of river flow, and restoration of groundwater; changes in disaster patterns together with sea level rise worsen coastal flooding and fresh-water salinization. These adjustments to common hydrologic processes have significant suggestions for biological systems, communities, and economies consisting of water accessibility for farming, industry, and domestic purposes, energy generation, and human well being. Among procedures aimed at reacting to these challenges is the Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) which contends for comprehensive approaches that accommodate competing requests over water resources while guaranteeing their supportability as well as adaptability to hydrological unpredictability of availability. Feasible water administration requires an extend of activities such as water preservation and proficiency measures, contamination control, watershed management, and climate alteration adjustment. As it may, social orders can explore these exceedingly complicated interconnected issues on their water assets by adopting administrative systems, innovative advancements, and shifts in social conduct that will be pointed at economical water utilization for the eras to come.

This paper delves into the vital role of converters in enhancing the efficiency and reliability of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. With the escalating demand for renewable energy sources, solar PV systems emerge as a sustainable solution, necessitating advanced power electronics for optimal performance. The study highlights various DC-DC converters, such as buck, boost, and buck-boost converters, analyzing their functionalities in achieving maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and their implications on system cost, efficiency, and limitations. Further examination of gridconnected PV systems underscores the necessity for sophisticated inverter designs to ensure high efficiency, minimal harmonic distortion, and effective power management. Through MATLAB SIMULINK simulations, the paper evaluates the performance of solar PV systems equipped with different converter and inverter configurations, addressing the challenges posed by power fluctuations and the integration of solar energy into the grid. The research contributes to the ongoing discourse on renewable energy integration, presenting innovative solutions for grid synchronization, voltage regulation, and harmonic distortion reduction in solar PV systems.

This paper investigates the experimental analysis of concrete mixtures with different percentages of manufactured sand replaced for natural sand, with a focus on M25 and M30 grades. The study analyses various repairing times, with a special focus on 3, 14, and 28-day periods. The main conclusions show a clear pattern, with the maximum compressive strength for M25 and M30 grades being found at 50% and 100% replacement levels, respectively. This positive connection indicates that the amount of manufactured sand incorporation affects the compressive strength and shows its effect over different curing times. It is noteworthy that self-compacting concrete (SCC) made using crushed sand has a higher compressive strength than SCC made with natural sand. The study’s final findings, that emphasize the beneficial impacts of manufactured sand on SCC’s overall compressive strength characteristics, provide crucial data for enhancing concrete mix design. For the purpose of developing M sand, rocks are crushed to a similar size and form as natural sand or N-sand. The possible use of M-sand in SCC has been addressed in this paper. In this study, an effort has been made to analyze the potential use of M-sand in SCC. Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) is a revolutionary concrete that allows for compaction and placement without the requirement for vibration. It may flow under its own weight even in the centre of dense reinforcement, entirely covering formwork and achieving full compaction. An attempt has been made to compare the characteristics of M35 self-compacting concrete in each its fresh and hardened states, substituting manufactured sand for river sand.

Reinforced refers to a structurally sound assemblage of carefully joined slabs, beams, columns, and foundation components. Through the use of this complex network, loads are systematically transferred from slabs to beams, then to columns, converge at the foundation, and finally travel to the soil beneath. This structural analysis offers a thorough investigation of load-carrying dynamics by examining multiple scenarios for the same structure while accounting for varying wind speeds. A G+9 storey building is subjected to a comparative evaluation in three different wind zones (I, II, and III) with corresponding wind speeds of 33 m/s, 39 m/s, and 44 m/s. The structural behaviour is carefully modelled and examined under the impact of dead load, live load, and wind load using sophisticated STAAD Pro software. This thorough analysis clarifies the structure’s unique reactions to different wind speeds. In order to determine the design loads of a multistorey building, this paper gives a comparative assessment of wind load. Then, using the fundamental wind speed and other local characteristics, the wind load in that zone may also be calculated. The wind speed is time-dependent and random, though. The current study uses the IS 875 code to analyse wind loads in different zones of a multistorey building. The design wind speed of that zone, with a variance, is used to estimate the wind loads.

The process of changing a soil’s physical characteristics to provide it long-term, permanent improvements in strength is known as soil stabilisation. Increasing a soil’s overall bearing capacity and shear strength is how stabilisation is achieved. After stabilisation, a solid monolith forms, reducing permeability and hence the possibility for shrinkage and swelling as well as the damaging impacts of freeze-thaw cycles. The goal of this study is to improve the physical characteristics of soils for better building results by investigating the potential of cement and rice husk ash (RHA) as soil stabilizing materials. Using RHA, a byproduct of milling rice, this study investigates alternate, environmentally friendly stabilization techniques with respect to the limits of traditional cement-based stabilization. The study assesses the impacts of different RHA and cement mixtures on soil’s Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index using a thorough experimental approach. The factorial experiment provides important insights into changes in soil plasticity over a 3x3 matrix under nine distinct settings. The results show that while larger RHA percentages considerably lower the Plasticity Index, indicating improved soil stability, increasing cement concentration generally rises the Liquid and Plastic Limits. The satisfactory combination, determined to be 15% RHA and 8% cement, presents a possible path closer to producing soil that is less plastic and more durable. This obseravtion helps to broaden sustainable, low-cost techniques of stabilizing soil at the same time as also shedding light on the synergistic impacts of cement and RHA on soil parameters.

The importance of using recycled materials like rubber in construction materials is rising rapidly today. By incorporating used rubber into cement and mortar, we can save landfill space and reduce our dependence on natural resources. Rubber scrap can be mixed in as either fine or coarse aggregate. Add it to Portland cement for a stronger, more durable product (PC). This paper reviews the studies conducted so far on the feasibility of using waste rubber in place of conventional PC-based mortar and concrete’s natural fine aggregate. The strength and water-absorption capacity of materials made from ash from scrap rubber tyres were measured. Test results indicate that waste rubber ash was substitute with natural sand up 10% then strengths of the sample were enhanced after increasing the content of waste rubber tyre ash then strength was decreased. Water absorption capacity of samples was improved as increased the content of waste rubber tyre ash into concrete mix.

The goal is to investigate the potential for employing byproducts from various industrial processes in the creation of ground-breaking mortar and concrete. The dust produced during the marble-cutting operation is put to good use. Different percentages of this garbage were recommended to be used in conjunction with or in place of cement in the making of concrete. The research looked into the possibility of using marble dust, which is produced during the shaping of marble blocks, as a cementitious material in concrete. In areas where they are readily available and can reduce construction costs, the study found that dust from marble slabs could be employed as a cementitious material in concrete mixtures. The discarded marble dust is mixed with cement in proportions of 5, 10, 15, and 20% of the standard concrete mix. Both the fresh and hardened characteristics of the produced combinations were investigated. Compressive and tensile strengths were measured after being cured for varying periods of time, both when marble dust was used as a partial replacement and when it was not.

This study investigates the utilization of waste steel chips as reinforcement in aluminum-based composites through the stir casting technique. Steel chip particles were introduced gradually into the molten aluminum alloy while stirring at 400 rpm for 10 minutes to ensure uniform dispersion. Precise temperature control prevented premature solidification, facilitating effective incorporation of steel chips. The resulting composite exhibited a predominantly uniform distribution of reinforcement, indicating successful processing.The addition of 7.5% waste steel chips led to remarkable improvements in mechanical properties. Tensile strength increased by 15.67%, while hardness showed a substantial enhancement of 25.56% compared to the base composite. Moreover, wear resistance exhibited a notable improvement of 19.45%. These enhancements underscore the efficacy of waste steel chips as reinforcement, revolutionizing manufacturing practices in aluminum composites. The findings highlight the potential for sustainable and cost-effective approaches to enhance mechanical performance, contributing to advancements in materials engineering and promoting eco-friendly manufacturing practices.

The study explores a novel approach to enhance the strength of aluminum-based composites by incorporating eggshell and bagasse ash reinforcement through stir casting. The alloy melting process occurred within a muffle furnace, reaching a temperature of 690°C to ensure complete liquefaction. Eggshell and bagasse ash particles were gradually introduced into the molten alloy, while stirring at 480 rpm, ensuring uniform dispersion over 14 minutes. The addition of 4% eggshell and 2.5% bagasse ash led to significant improvements across various mechanical properties. Tensile strength experienced a notable enhancement of approximately 17.89%, while hardness showcased a remarkable increase of approximately 24.66%. Furthermore, fatigue strength demonstrated a significant improvement of approximately 19.56%, and wear resistance exhibited a significant enhancement of approximately 23.8%.These findings underscore the efficacy of eggshell and bagasse ash reinforcement in bolstering the mechanical performance of aluminum-based composites. Such advancements hold promise for diverse applications, from structural components to wear-resistant coatings, offering sustainable and cost-effective solutions in materials engineering.

The research article explores the increasing need for readily available potable water in geographically remote and deprived areas. The main objective of this research is to design and perform a cost-efficient water purification system which utilizes solar power. This system is specially designed to function in locations where electricity and standard water treatment infrastructures are rare. It focuses on the research, development, and execution of cuttingedge technologies that employ solar energy for powering filtration and purification systems, which improves the accessibility of clean water in remote and under-served areas. The study involves a choice of materials based on their value for money and long-lasting properties, the addition of solar panels together with filtering systems, and assessing the capacity of the system to function well in different environmental situations. The system design is improved through the application of field tests and the integration of community feedback. The main purpose of this study is to propose a sustainable solution to the issue of water shortage in remote regions. While doing so, it will contribute to worldwide initiatives dedicated to enhancing the availability of water and advancing the health of the public.

The expanding population in the past decade has put an enormous strain on building materials sector, prompting civil engineers to find creative strategies for turning waste into viable assets. Employing such waste as an invaluable asset may contribute to financial savings on the disposal of waste, enhance safety and security for the public, encourage environmental awareness, and save restricted natural resources. The present paper is part of a larger analysis on the applications of bricks. The particular focus is on the use of different waste materials in the process of producing them. The mechanical and physical attributes of bricks provide recommendations for further study in this field. Further research is required for finding a cost-effective brick production method that utilizes less energy and generates a lesser number environmental pollutants. Brick kilns are asked to shift towards utilizing alternate fuels like methane gas or petroleum oil. Furthermore, research is required to determine how to fulfill the material criteria of the standard while safeguarding the environment, in particular view of a growing movement in the construction sector toward the use of low-cost, lightweight, and green construction supplies. Recycled waste materials from farms and factories can reduce environmental harm and fulfill the need for more economically efficient ways of building.

The industrial manufacturing sector is the biggest final usage sector when speaking of both final energy consumption and emission of greenhouse gases (accounting for over 30% of the total); the industry's expansion is fast modifying the climate of the whole globe. Energy conservation is one of the key components of success for sustainable production because of the pressing need to reduce the negative effects that industrial operations have on the surrounding environment. As a direct consequence of this, the scientific community's involvement in energy management has significantly increased, which has resulted in a number of literature evaluations being conducted on methodologies. However, there is a dearth of both a detailed study of the techniques and tools that attempt to improve energy awareness as well as an assessment of the impact that these methods and tools have on energy efficiency. To try to fill this void, the author of this work conducts an extensive literature study on the various energy assessment methodologies and tools with their microstructures. After examining the databases of scientific literature, a total of 1366 publications were retrieved; however, it might be of use to industry practitioners in the field of energy management. In accordance with the guidelines provided by ISO 50001, the procedures and instruments were categorized into three primary areas (namely, AAM which means analysis, assessment, and saving measures), and the particular results important to each category were then synthesized as the outcome of study. In its concluding section, the article discusses problems and topics that still need to be addressed and offers proposals for new lines of inquiry.

The development of machine learning (ML) methods in the field of material science has provided new possibilities for predictive modeling, especially in the field of mechanical material evaluation. The study provides an in-depth investigation of the utilization of various machine learning methods in predicting of mechanical characteristics throughout a range of different materials. A range of supervised learning models, such as regression tree models, support vector machine models, and neural networks, have been used to examine and forecast significant mechanical properties, including strength, ductility, and toughness. The models completed training as well as validation processes employing broad datasets obtained from experimental mechanical tests, covering tensile, compression, and fatigue examinations. Major focus was given to the process of choosing features and optimization in order to boost the accuracy and dependability of the predictions. This approach not only simplifies the method of material development but also improves understanding of the complex links among material composition, methods of processing, and mechanical properties. The research further examines the barriers and potential outcomes of applying machine learning (ML) in material characterization. It stresses the possibility for further improvements in predicted precision and efficiency of computing. Support vector machines, supervised artificial neural network, regression trees are most popular ML technique used in conducting predictive modelling.

The explores into the significant impact of augmented reality (AR) within the domain of architectural. The research being conducted examines the transformative effect of augmented reality (AR) on the practice of architectural design, including the entire process from basic conceptualization through ultimate execution. The present investigation analyzes the utilization of augmented reality (AR) as an approach to enhance visualization, increase design accuracy, and ease client communication. This study discusses the advantages of augmented reality (AR) in facilitating the production of realistic and engaging design experiences. By using AR technology, designers are able to go past the restrictions presented by standard two-dimensional drawings and realistic models. The work addresses the challenges and obstacles linked to augmented reality (AR) technology, such equipment standards and technical knowledge. This article provides a comprehensive examination of current uses of augmented reality (AR) in architecture, utilizing a combination of mathematical modeling and practical case studies. Also, it analyzes the potential of AR to reshape the next phase of architectural design.

The incorporation of blockchain technology into smart grids is seen as a revolutionary method to bolster security and sustainability in energy distribution. This study offers a thorough examination of how blockchain, acting as a decentralized ledger, can be used within smart grids to facilitate secure energy transactions, manage distributed energy resources, and support peer-to-peer energy trading. The research investigates how blockchain's architectural deployment can mitigate cyber security risks, lower operational costs, and enhance transparency in energy transactions. It also explores how blockchain's ability to maintain immutable records aligns with smart grid technologies, suggesting a new framework that utilizes smart contracts to automate energy distribution protocols. Simulation findings indicate that integrating blockchain significantly boosts energy distribution efficiency while safeguarding data privacy and integrity. Additionally, the paper discusses the environmental benefits, illustrating how blockchain can optimize renewable energy sources within smart grids, ultimately reducing carbon emissions. The proposed model addresses the scalability challenge in blockchain networks, ensuring that the advantages of this integration are achieved without sacrificing smart grid operations' performance. This research sets the stage for future investigations into the resilience and adaptability of blockchain-enabled smart grids in meeting evolving energy needs.

Green machining is an emerging field that focuses on reducing the environmental impact of machining processes while maintaining or improving their economic efficiency. Cutting fluids are commonly used in machining operations to reduce friction and heat generated during cutting, but they can also cause negative environmental and health impacts. This paper reviews the environmental and economic impacts of cutting fluids in machining processes and presents various green machining techniques that can be used as alternatives to traditional cutting fluids. The paper also discusses the challenges associated with implementing green machining techniques and the main outcome is the potential benefits for both the environment and the economy.

The field of implants is being redefined by bioactive coatings, which have become a pioneering area in medical implants. These unique coatings, packed with bioactive molecules, have an exceptional ability to interact with the adjacent biological surroundings, facilitating osseointegration, providing antimicrobial qualities, and contributing to overall implant function. The present abstract explores the latest improvements and designs in bioactive coatings, focusing on their essential role in enhancing the functionality and durability of medical implants. One of the main goals is integrating cutting-edge materials, like hydroxyapatite and bioactive glasses, that encourage implant integration and produce bioactive ions for therapeutic effects. Cell adhesion and regeneration of tissues can be accurately controlled by modifying the surface roughness and porosity of these coatings.Also, the risk of infections—a common concern in implantation surgery—is minimized through antimicrobial agents such as antibiotics and silver nanoparticles. To achieve consistency and longevity in coating deposition, this research also examines the most recent techniques, including plasma spraying and electrospinning.

Autophagy plays a critical role in nutrient recycling/re-utilizing under nutrient deprivation conditions. However, the role of autophagy in soybeans has not been intensively investigated. In this study, the Autophay-related gene 7 (ATG7) gene in soybeans (referred to as GmATG7) was silenced using a virus-induced gene silencing approach mediated by Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV). Our results showed that ATG8 proteins were highly accumulated in the dark-treated leaves of the GmATG7-silenced plants relative to the vector control leaves (BPMV-0), which is indicative of an impaired autophagy pathway. Consistent with the impaired autophagy, the dark-treated GmATG7-silenced leaves displayed an accelerated senescence phenotype, which was not seen on the dark-treated BPMV-0 leaves. In addition, the accumulation levels of both H2O2 and salicylic acid (SA) were significantly induced in the GmATG7-silenced plants compared with the BPMV-0 plants, indicating an activated immunity. Consistently, the GmATG7-silenced plants were more resistant against both Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea (Psg) and Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) compared with the BPMV-0 plants. However, the activated immunity in the GmATG7-silenced plant was not dependent upon the activation of MPK3/MPK6. Collectively, our results demonstrated that the function of GmATG7 is indispensable for autophagy in soybeans, and the activated immunity in the GmATG7-silenced plant is a result of impaired autophagy.

Tooth fillets are commonly made of circular profiles because they are easy to define analytically and have been shown to be superior from a bending perspective to the trochoid fillet. For gears that are cast, forged, or 3D printed, the tooth fillet can be any curve as long as it is capable of providing a smooth mesh without interference. For such design flexibility, the circular fillet may not necessarily be the best fillet profile from a bending stress point of view. Therefore, the first aim of this study is to develop a general mathematical model for defining the tooth fillet profile analytically for gears manufactured by non-generation cutting processes. The mathematical model employed a general fillet transition curve (GFTC) to ensure smooth transition surfaces in the fillet zone and an improved radius of curvature as well as tooth form factor compared to the circular fillet profile. The second aim of this work is to examine if increasing the order of the proposed GFTC can enhance the fillet strength of the gear tooth further. The design method is conducted for involute gear and, for the first time, non-involute gears. Various fillet design parameters and tooth numbers are examined. The results showed that by using the proposed fillet shape, the tooth fillet strength can be enhanced by 18–23% for involute gears and by 30–32% for non-involute gears. Also, the results showed that increasing the order of the fillet curves might not always improve the fillet strength of the gear teeth.

Internal (firm-specific) and external (macroeconomic) determinants of stock price fluctuations are vital for investors seeking to invest their money in a firm’s stocks. Thus, the main aim of this study is to explore macroeconomic and firm-specific factors that influence stock price fluctuations for all conventional banks in Jordan in 2010–2019. Ordinary least squares multiple regression (panel data) is applied for data analysis. The results report that trading volume (TV), dividend yield (DY), and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) have a positive effect on stock price volatility, while stock price volatility is statistically negatively affected by return on assets (ROA), dividend payout ratio (DPR), and price-earnings ratio (PE). On the other hand, money supply (MS) does not affect stock price volatility. Paying more dividends can reduce stock risk and, in turn, reduce stock price volatility. The findings can benefit current and potential investors, firm managers, brokers, dealers, portfolio managers, regulatory bodies, policy makers, and researchers.

The high-contact ratio (HCR) spur gear is a possible choice for a quiet and smooth gearing system. However, HCR spur gear of the involute type has several constraints, such as high sliding contact under large loads and interference problems in high speed reduction systems, so its benefits may not be fully offered. As a result, the primary goal of this research is to design a non-involute HCR spur gear with reduced sliding contact, enhanced fillet strength, better lubrication conditions, and no interference issues compared to the traditional HCR involute pair. A generalized mathematical model for defining the gear tooth profile and its geometrical aspects is built based on the path of contact shape. The involute curve length parameter and maximum pressure angle during the meshing cycle are only introduced to characterize this model. This model is utilized to create a new non-involute HCR gear pair that provides a free-form tooth profile to meet the design requirements. To demonstrate this method, certain case studies are provided, and the analytical results are validated using the finite element method. The new gear's performance is compared to the traditional involute gear that is currently in use. The results showed that by employing the proposed method, the HCR spur gear can achieve better surface durability and fillet strength.