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Copper mobility and availability in soil environments is largely controlled by Cu sorption reactions as well as its chemical forms. In this study, equilibrium, kinetic batch experiments, and a chemical fractionation scheme were carried out to evaluate effects of drinking water treatment residual (DWTR) application on sorption and bioavailability of Cu in three arid zone soils having different properties. Distinct differences in the amounts of Cu sorbed among the different soils were observed where highest sorption was associated with clay, OM, and CEC contents. The quantity of Cu sorbed on the three studied soils drastically increased as a result of increasing rates of DWTR application from 2% to 12% (w/w). Freundlich distribution coefficient (Kf) values indicate that Cu sorption affinities for the studied soils followed the trend Typic torrifluvent (TF) > Typic calciorthids (CO) > Typic torripsamment (TP) soils. The sorption of Cu was initially fast with 95, 92, and 73% of Cu sorbed on TF and CO and TP u...

Coffee is one of the most frequently consumed beverages in Arabic area. It is can be contaminated by Ochratoxin A (OTA)besides presence carcinogenic Millard products as Acrylamide during roasting process . Therefore, the present work carried out to trace the potentiality of presence of OTA and Acrylamide in coffee cup after using different methods of Arabic area methods in Egypt and Saudi Arabi. Forty-two samples of Arabica green coffee(Coffee ArabicaLinn., Rubiaceae), were collected randomly from Saudi Arabia besides same number from Egyptian markets, involved green beans, light and dark roasted beans. All samples were tested for identification of natural contaminated fungal species besides OTA and Acrylamide content before and after coffee cup preparations . The results proved that Egyptian samples were more contaminated than Saudi Arabian samples.Four genes of fungi are present as Fusarium spp,Cladosporum spp, Peniciliium spp,Aspergillus spp. The dominated one was Aspergilus spp which has three varities as A.niger, A. flavus and A. Ochraceus. Also, two toxigenic molds, belonged to two species as Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp. which occupied high counts from all tested samples, respectively. OTA-HPLC analysis of coffee beans proved high levels ,especially in dried samples which were naturally contaminated with OTA . The highest levels were present in Egyptian samples as 12.4 ppb(light roasting), 11.9 ppb (dark roasting), then Saudi Arabia which contained 10.2,9.2,8.5 ppb for green, light and dark roasting respectively. OTA doses were present than the recommended dose ( 5.0 ppb). Turkish method (Egyptian method) , decreased OTA from 12.4 ppb (dried) to 9.1ppb(for light roasting ) while the dark roasted coffee were less (8.6ppb).Same trend was clear for Saudi Arabia samples which recorded 8.1,7.1 and 6.5 ppb for coffee cup by the Saudi Arabian methods using natural spices as cardamom ,saffron and ginger. Gulf method was the best method for reducing OTA content to 6.4,4.8 and 3.4 ppb after process to less safe recommended dose. That is due to high level of antioxidants from spices which boiled for short time not long time as Saudi Arabia methods. GC-MS analysis of Acrylamide proved natural presence in roasted coffee beans in dry samples due to high temperature during roasting. Its content raised than recommended safety levels (0.5-0.8 ppm/weight/daily ).Its were observed in dark roasted tested samples ,whereas in light roasted was less values. OTA concentrations were in Egyptian light roasted samples were contained 49.9 ppm, and dark roasted 53.4ppm respectively..Same results were obtained with Sadui Arabian dark roasted after preparing coffee cup with both of two methods a observed in dry samples (94.6ppm) but decreased little bitte to 70 ppm (Sadui methods ) and 58.6 ppm (Gulf Area methods).But ,the best results were obtained with coffee green beans and light roasted. Whereas ,the lowest and healthy coffee cup resulted from light or green beans with Gulf Arabian methods which contained the lowest acrylamide content less than 50 ppm. Besides the Turkish or Saudi Arabian methods with same light roasted samples. Finally, it could be recommended that using source of antioxidant source in preparation coffee cup decreased the natural toxicity roles as OTA and Acrylamide content.