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The current research aim is an ultrastructural examination of the floor of the oropharyngeal cavity of the red porgy fish. The study used gross morphology, light and scanning electron microscopy, and morphometric analysis. The teeth are arranged in anterior and posterior rows with differing heights along the entire length of the lower jaw. The labial teeth were long papilliform (canine like), medium, and short papilliform teeth. The teeth had a central pulp cavity and were surrounded by a thick dentine ridge covered in enamel. The pharyngeal teeth appeared in a V-shaped structure after the end of the interbranchial septum. There were three sizes of pharyngeal teeth: long, medium, and short. The apical pouch appeared on the lateral sides of the tongue. The tongue had a bulged mountaintop in the center and lateral sides with sea-wave-like longitudinal ridges with sloping grooves between them. The whole tongue surface had longitudinal ridges and sharp transverse ridges that appeared thorn like at the tongue root. Many sizes of pointed papillae were visible along the tongue surface. Ruffini corpuscles have been discovered in the tongue’s conical and dome-shaped papillae. The red porgy’s teeth and tongue papillae have distinct structural characteristics that are reflected in their carnivorous behavior.

The current study is the first to use gross anatomy, light, and scanning electron microscopy to describe the oropharyngeal cavity of a bogue (Boops boops Linnaeus, 1758) fish. Fourteen 17–18 cm long bogue fish were used. The lower jaw held the lower lip, labial teeth, tongue, and pharyngeal teeth, and the oral cavity floor appeared u-shaped. The lower jaw was small and narrow in the anterior and wide in the posterior as it approached the esophagus. The lower lip carried different lengths of cilia-like projections that looked like the cactus plant arranged in transverse layers, and its apex appeared as an open rose. These cilia were encircled by ridges that looked like sea waves. The labial teeth were 15 in a row, with long roots placed beneath a pocket-like structure. Long, medium, and short pharyngeal papilliform teeth emerged on the oropharyngeal cavity floor at the level of the fourth gill arch in a small V-shaped arrangement. The tongue was smooth and small, with an apex, body, root, and lateral edges that were all clearly defined. The tongue’s apex was pointed and triangular, with a thin, transparent apical pouch around it. There was a median longitudinal fold on the dorsum of the tongue body and root. On the tongue surface, taste bud types I and II emerged. The bogue fish’s oropharyngeal cavity had unique anatomical characteristics, indicating that it was omnivorous.

A total of 420 lactating Holstein cows in three dairy farms in Damietta (farm A, 120 lactating cows and farm C, 160 lactating cows) and El-Sharkia (farm B, 140 lactating cows) Governorates; were examined for the presence of clinical and subclinical mastitis among the resident cows, then were vaccinated by Staph. aureus bacterin and then were observed during the period from May 2015 to December 2017 for evaluating the efficacy of the vaccine in reducing the number of infected animals and preventing new infections. Clinical mastitis and subclinical mastitis were respectively reported in 286 (17.54%) and 726 (44.53%) out of the total examined quarters (n=1630) from 420 animals in 3 farms. Before vaccination, the overall prevalence rate of Staph. aureus was (19.5% versus 46.5%) in mastitic quarters and (32.1% versus 44.6%)in subclinical mastitis. Vaccination of cows with 5 ml of Staph. aureus bacterin 2 doses with 14-day interval decrease the severity of mastitis in the new cases of clinical mastitis and reduce the prevalence of Staph. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococcal mastitis, improved clearance rates of existing Staph. aureus mastitis, but it has little effect on reducing new mastitic cases. However, it was found to be effective in preventing new infections with Staph. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci in dairy heifers, and minimizing somatic cell count, and increasing milk yield. Also, the total bacterial count, total Staphylococcal count, and Staph. aureus count was reduced. Vaccine efficacy was stretched to fat, protein percent and milk yield were elevated.

Background and Aim: Camels are a unique source of milk and meat, which helps recover from several diseases that affect humans worldwide. In Egypt, one of the great obstacles for this industry is tick-borne diseases. This study aimed to characterize blood parasite infections, such as Babesia (B.) bovis and Trypanosoma (T.) spp. in one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) (n=142) breeds in Halayeb and Shalateen, Egypt, through phylogenetic analysis. Materials and Methods: The prevalence of B. bovis and Trypanosoma spp. was identified in camels using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays targeting the Rhoptry-Associated Protein-1 and internal transcribed spacer 1 genes, respectively. A nested PCR technique was conducted to detect B. bovis. At the same time, KIN multispecies PCR assay was employed to diagnose and classify trypanosome DNA in camels. Results: B. bovis was detected in 4/142 camels with an infection rate of 2.81%. Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses revealed that the strain of B. bovis isolated from this population was closely related to strains isolated from Argentine, the United States, and Brazil. Moreover, Trypanosoma evansi was detected in 8/142 camels with an infection rate of 5.63%. Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses revealed that this isolated strain T. evansi was closely related to Trypanosoma theileri detected from cattle in Brazil. Conclusion: The obtained data indicated the existence of B. bovis and T. evansi in camels from two provinces of Egypt. The obtained findings have economic significance and reflect the importance of implementing effective prevention and control methods across Egypt to reduce the incidence of B. bovis and T. evansi in camels.

Lumpy skin disease is an infectious disease affecting the bovines and caused by Lumpy skin disease virus (LSD virus; LSDV). It is considered an endemic disease in African continent and was recorded in Egypt since 1988. This study aimed to monitor the cattle health condition along the course of the disease through the estimation of biochemical parameters. Besides, investigations on the incriminated strains of LSD virus circulating during outbreak in summer 2019 were performed. One hundred and eighteen cattle of different ages and sex were examined for LSD in some villages of Menoufia Governorate, Egypt. The clinical signs were recorded, and blood chemical analyses were applied on the infected animals. Conventional PCR was used to identify the LSDV using two conservative genes, fusion and P32 coding genes. The infected animals showed typical symptoms of the LSDV infection. Morbidity rates in cattle were high in males (43%) and in 6–12 months of age (44.4%). The hemogram showed significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the count of red blood cells (RBCs) (6.13 ± 0.51× 106/µl), hemoglobin (Hb) (9.07 ± 0.15 g%), hematocrit (HCT) (17.47 ± 0.48%), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (41.77 ± 0.79fL), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) (13.53 ± 0.29Pg), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (30.43 ± 0.53g/dL) in infected animals compared with control. The leukocytes showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in the count of white blood cells (WBCs) (15.13 ± 0.03 x103/μl), lymphocyte (LYM) (7.17 ± 0.12 x103/ μl), monocytes and some eosinophil (MID) (2.93 ± 0.08 x103/ μl), and granulocytes (GRAN) (5.03 ± 0.09 x103/ μl) in infected animals. Serum biochemistry of the infected animals showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in all biochemical parameters except serum albumin (2.61 ± 0.35g/dL). Lumpy skin disease virus was detected by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for both genes and the sequences of the fusion and P32 proteins were deposited in the GenBank by the accession numbers MN699855 and MN699856, respectively. Thus, attention should be directed to the circulating LSDV strain in the field and comparing it with the previously isolated strains. Field practitioners should depend on the blood parameters of the infected animals to select the appropriate remedies.

This study was done to investigate the infection rates of leptospirosis in different Veterinary Clinics in Dakahlia Province during the period from September 2016 to December 2017, The study was applied on a total of 115 urine samples, collected from suspected cattle (97) and their in-contact dogs (18), which suffered from different clinical signs of leptospirosis. The collected samples were examined for Leptospira spp. by different methods as Dark Field Microscopy (DFM) and staining by Silver Impregnation Method “Fontana Method". The results of DFM showed that, 28 out of 97 (28.9%) cattle urine samples were positive, and eight out of 18 (44.4%) dogs' urine samples were positive. Additionally, the results of Fontana Method revealed that, 44 out of 97 (45.4%) cattle urine samples were positive, and 13 out of 18 (72.2%) dogs' urine samples were positive. To confirm these results, conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting (23S rDNA) gene of Leptospira, was done on 6 urine samples, included 3 cattle urine samples and 3 dogs' urine samples (one sample was positive, and two samples were negative in each species). PCR result confirmed the DFM and Fontana method results. In addition, a treatment trial for three groups of cattle infected with leptospirosis was performed by Dihydrostreptomycin, Oxytetracycline and Amoxicillin, respectively for 3 days. This study showed higher prevalence of leptospirosis in Dakahlia by DFM and Fontana methods. Moreover, Dihydrostreptomycin, Oxytetracycline and Amoxicillin have been successfully affecting on leptospirosis.

In the present study, we identified the persistent infection by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in 45 clinically suspected persistent infected (PI) calves and 260 apparently healthy calves from Damietta governorate (North) in Egypt during 2016 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), serum neutralization test (SNT), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The identification of PI calves was performed after vaccination by CattleMaster® 4. The age of PI calves in the current study was ranged from 2 to 4 months (n = 7) and from 5 to 8 months (n = 38). ELISA revealed the infection in 4 clinically suspected PI calves (57.14%) aged 2 to 4 months. While the infection did not approve in any of the calves within this age using RT-PCR, for calves aged from 5 to 8 months old, ELISA showed the infection in 30 calves (78.94%), and from these calves, the infection was confirmed in 6 calves (15.79%) only using RT-PCR. For apparently clinically healthy animals, 11 transiently infected calves were identified by IHC (positive), SNT (positive), and RT-PCR (negative) at 2 months’ post-vaccination. Collectively, the persistent infection was confirmed in 9 calves (2.95%) out of 305 calves. In summary, our study detected a high prevalence of PI calves with BVDV in Damietta province in Egypt, which highlights the importance of introducing effective prevention and control strategies throughout Egypt to minimize the prevalence of BVDV.

Phylogenetic analysis of blood parasite infections including Babesia (B.) bovis, Babesia microti and Trypanosoma (T.) spp. in one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) (n= 142) breeds in Halayeb and Shalateen, in Upper Egypt were performed in the current study. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays targeting the Rhoptry Associated Protein-1 (RAP-1), Babesia microti small subunit rRNA (ss-rRNA) and internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) genes were used to detect the prevalence of B. bovis, B. microti and Trypanosoma spp. in camels, respectively. Nested PCR assays were used for the detection of Babesia spp. (B. bovis and B. microti). While, KIN-multi species PCR reaction was employed to detect and identify trypanosome DNA in camels. B. microti was detected in (17/142) with infection rate (11.97 %). Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses revealed that B. microti detected in camel was closely related to the German strain in rats and voles in France. B. bovis was also detected in (4/142) with infection rate (2.81%). The sequence and phylogenetic analyses revealed that the isolated B. bovis was closely related to strains isolated from Argentine, USA and Brazil. Moreover, T. evansi was detected in (8/142) with infection rate (5.63%). Sequence and phylogenetic analyses revealed that isolated T. evansi was closely related to T. theileri that was detected from cattle in Brazil. This study provides the first evidence of B. microti in camel in Egypt and highlights the possible role of one-humped camels in maintaining the enzootic cycle of Babesia transmission in Egypt.

In spite of annual mass vaccination programs with polyvalent inactivated vaccines, the incidence and economic impact of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Egypt is high. Viruses of the A, O and SAT 2 serotypes are endemic and repeated incursions of new lineages from other countries lead to an unstable situation that makes the selection of appropriate vaccine antigens very difficult. In this study, whole genome sequencing of a 2016 serotype A isolate from Egypt revealed a recombination event with an African serotype O virus. Based on available vaccine matching data, none of the vaccines currently used in Egypt are expected to sufficiently protect against this virus or other viruses of this lineage (A/AFRICA/G-IV) circulating there since 2012. In addition to the risk of vaccine failure caused by strain mismatch, the production of inactivated FMD vaccines is dangerous if adequate biosafety cannot be maintained. Using a high-throughput sequencing protocol optimized for short nucleic acid fragments, the composition of a local inactivated vaccine was analyzed in depth. The serotype O strain identified in the vaccine was genetically identical to viruses found in recent FMD outbreaks in Egypt.

Brucellosis is a common zoonotic disease in Egypt. However, there are limited data available on the genetic diversity of brucellae circulating in Egypt and other Mediterranean areas. One hundred and nine Brucella (B.) strains were isolated from different animal species in thirteen Egyptian governorates. Multi-locus variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) analysis (MLVA-16) was employed to determine the geographical relatedness and the genetic diversity of a panel of selected Egyptian strains (n = 69), with strains originating from Italy (n = 49), Portugal (n = 52), Greece (n = 63), and Tunisia (n = 4). Egyptian B. melitensis strains clustered into two main clusters containing 21 genotypes. Egyptian B. abortus strains clustered into three main clusters containing nine genotypes. The genotypes were irregularly distributed over time and space in the study area. Egyptian strains of B. melitensis showed MLVA-16 patterns closer to that of Italian strains. Egyptian B. abortus strains isolated from cattle share the same genotype with strains from Portugal and similar to strains from Italy with low genetic diversity. Strains with similar MLVA patterns isolated from different governorates highlight the movement of the pathogen among governorates. Hence, it may also reflect the long endemicity of brucellosis in Egypt with earlier dispersal of types and great local genetic diversity. Open markets may contribute to cross-species transmission and dissemination of the new types nationwide. The presence of West Mediterranean lineages of B. melitensis and relatedness of B. abortus strains from the studied countries is a result of the socio-historical connections among the Mediterranean countries. Transnational eradication of brucellosis in the Mediterranean basin is highly demanded.

Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (M. ovipneumoniae) was isolated from nasal swabs obtained from sheep with respiratory manifestations in delta region, Egypt; wherein 31 sheep with different ages were suffer from nasal discharge, cough, pneumonia, keratoconjunctivitis in a flock of sheep containing 134 sheep. By mycoplasma culture, nine samples were positive from 31examined samples (29%). M.ovipneumoniae is detected in 33.33% (3 out of 9 isolates of mycoplasma) using PCR with specific primer. The high percentage of isolation found in more than one-year age group, strains were isolated from the nasal swabs and no detection from ocular swabs. Isolated M. ovipneumoni strain subjected to sequencing and was designated as NMD-EG016, which showed a 94.6% 16S-23S RNA intergenic spacer sequence identity with three USA strains (M. ovipneumoniae-2014-2278-10, Mycoplasma.sp. clone-10OR05 and M.ovipneumoniae-1992-6751-17) and >94.4with standard strain ATCC 29419.

This study was carried on 747 sheep located in Dakahlia Governorate, Delta region, Egypt, over one year (March 2014 to February 2015). Out of them 43 sheep showed different nervous signs. The diseased sheep were incised and examined for the presence of Coenurus cerebralis cysts to study the clinical, risk factors, and some epidemiological pattern of coenurosis. Brain samples from 43 diseased sheep from four localities in Dakahlia Governorate were collected. The various nervous clinical signs of coenurosis were presented in variant degrees regarding to the affected site and location of the coenurus cyst. The clinical manifestation represented by head tilting 42%, head pressing 3.48%, dropping of ears 49%, circling 70%, blindness 16%, recumbencey 30%, and posterior paralysis 11.53%. The relationship between the site of coenurus cyst and the manifested clinical signs could help in predicting the location of the cyst from the clinical signs for further interference specially in case of valuable animals. A significant correlation was detected between prevalence of coenurosis, rearing system, availability of dogs & fox and locality at P-values < (0.019, 0.019 and 0.044, respectively).The risk factors and epidemiological patterns could help in developing control measures.

The objective of this study was to estimate the sero-prevalence of brucellosis in camels in Shalateen city, Red sea Governorate. A total of 801 Sera were collected from apparently healthy dromedary camels from 2014 to 2015 spring. Sera were consequently serologically tested and confirmed using Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT), buffer acidified plate antigen test (BAPAT) and complement fixation test (CFT). 103 (12.90%), 93 (11.60%), and 92 (11.50%) were positive for RBPT, BABAT and CFT, respectively. Young camels were more sero-positive than old one (13.30 vs.10.80%). In addition, females were more sero-positive than males (19.10 vs. 7.10%). Moreover, Brucella melitensis biovar 3 was isolated from stomach content of aborted camel fetus. Statistically, the apparent prevalence (AP) was estimated to be 11.50%, while true prevalence (TP) was 13.60% (95% CI: 11.20 to 16%; P < 0.05). There was non statistical significant association between different age groups, while a highly significant difference were detected between seasons and genders. This study documented a high prevalence of camel brucellosis in the area of study and there is a need for planning and implementation of joint programs by stakeholders in prevention and control of the disease as well as raising public awareness in decreasing the distribution of the disease. Key words: Camel brucellosis, Egypt, serological tests, sero-prevalence, Shalateen.

Background Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) caused several outbreaks throughout the African continent and the Arabian Peninsula posing significant threat to human and animal health. In Egypt the first and most important Rift Valley fever epidemic occurred during 1977/78 with a multitude of infected humans and huge economic losses in livestock. After this major outbreak, RVF epidemics re-occurred in irregular intervals between 1993 and 2003. Seroprevalence of anti-RVFV antibodies in livestock during inter-epidemic periods can be used for supporting the evaluation of the present risk exposure for animal and public health. A serosurvey was conducted during 2014/2015 in non-vaccinated livestock including camels, sheep, goats and buffalos in different areas of the Nile River Delta as well as the furthermost southeast of Egypt to investigate the presence of anti-RVFV antibodies for further evaluating of the risk exposure for animal and human health. All animals integrated in this study were born after the last Egyptian RVF epidemic in 2003 and sampled buffalos and small ruminants were not imported from other endemic countries. Results A total of 873 serum samples from apparently healthy animals from different host species (camels: n = 221; sheep: n = 438; goats: n = 26; buffalo: n = 188) were tested serologically using RVFV competition ELISA, virus neutralization test and/or an indirect immunofluorescence assay, depending on available serum volume. Sera were assessed positive when virus neutralization test alone or least two assays produced consistent positive results. The overall seroprevalence was 2.29% (95%CI: 1.51–3.07) ranging from 0% in goats, 0.46% in sheep (95%CI: 0.41–0.5), and 3.17% in camels (95%CI: 0.86–5.48) up to 5.85% in buffalos (95%CI: 2.75–8.95). Conclusion Our findings assume currently low level of circulating virus in the investigated areas and suggest minor indication for a new RVF epidemic. Further the results may indicate that during long inter-epidemic periods, maintenance of the virus occur in vectors and also most probably in buffaloes within cryptic cycle where sporadic, small and local epidemics may occur. Therefore, comprehensive and well-designed surveillance activities are urgently needed to detect first evidence for transition from endemic to epidemic cycle. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-017-0993-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Sheeppox virus (SPPV) together with goatpox virus and lumpy skin disease virus form the genus Capripoxvirus of the Poxviridae family. Due to their great economic importance and major impact on livelihood of small-scale farmers, OIE guidelines classify capripox viruses as notifiable diseases. In the present study, we examined pathogenesis of an Indian SPPV isolate and an Egyptian SPPV isolate in sheep. Three different infection routes were tested: (i) intravenous infection, (ii) intranasal infection and (iii) contact transmission between infected and na&iuml, ve sheep. Clinical course, viremia and viral shedding as well as seroconversion were analyzed in order to establish a challenge model for SPPV infections that can be used in future vaccine studies. Next to in vivo characterization, both SPPV strains underwent next- and third-generation sequencing to obtain high quality full-length genomes for genetic characterization and comparison to already published SPPV sequences.

Ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2) causes a lethal disease in cattle and some wild ruminants called malignant catarrhal fever (MCF), which affects the epithelial and lymphoid tissues of the respiratory and digestive tracts and has an important impact on the livestock industry. In this study, MCF was diagnosed in 18 of 427 cattle from different sites in Egypt by its typical clinical signs, found in all 18 animals: corneal opacity, fever, erosions in the buccal cavity, lymphadenitis, and purulent nasal discharge. All affected cattle had been reared in contact with clinically inconspicuous sheep. Of the 18 clinically ill cattle, 13 succumbed to the disease, resulting in estimated morbidity and case fatality rates of 4.2% and 72.2%, respectively. Five samples collected from the affected cattle were positive for OvHV-2 by real-time PCR and were used for sequencing of an 832-bp fragment of the ORF27/gp48 gene. The ORF27 nucleotide sequence of all Egyptian samples was identical, but distinct from viruses found in other parts of Africa and the Mediterranean.

In this study A total of 1531 lactating cows, 135 buffaloes and 323 ewes from Dakahlia Governorate as well as 3296 lactating cows, 180 buffaloes and 150 ewes from Damietta Governorate were employed in this study to determine the prevalence of brucellosis, 110 (7.18%) positive reactors from cattle, 15(11.11%) positive reactors from buffaloes and 14 (4.33%) positive reactors from sheep in Dakahlia Governorate , while positive reactors were 346 (10.49%), 10(5.55%) and 10 (6.66%), for cattle, buffaloes and sheep respectively in Damietta Governorate .The overall Prevalence of brucellosis among cattle, buffaloes and sheep in both Governorates were 456(9.44%), 25 (7.93%) and 24 (5.07%) respectively. Which in turn confirm that brucellosis is one of the important persistent and endemic diseases that has been reported at variable prevalence in Egypt. In this study some of the serologically positive animal cases from cattle, buffaloes and sheep were observed to detect the different symptoms of brucellosis infection in different animal species. Which ranged from abortion, retention of placenta, endometritis and infertility troubles. Clarifying the endemic situation of brucellosis in area of study.

Rabies is caused by negative strand RNA-virus classified in the genus Lyssavirus, family Rhabdoviridae of the order Mononegavirales. The aim of the present study was to identify and analyze nucleotides sequence of nucleoprotein (N) gene of rabies virus (RABV) from two cases of water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) bitten by a fox in Egypt, 2013. The diseased buffaloes showed nervous manifestations with fever. Specimens from brains of the buffaloes with suspected rabies were collected. RABV in collected samples was identified using direct fluorescent antibody (dFA) technique, histopathological examination and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Also, nucleotides sequence of partially amplified nucleoprotein (N) gene was compared with the other street strains of RABV available on GenBank. The results revealed that RABV antigen was identified in the brains of diseased buffaloes by dFA technique and the characteristic intracytoplasmic inclusions (Negri bodies) and RABV nucleic acid were detected by histopathology and RT-PCR, respectively. The identified virus showed close genetic relationship with street strains identified previously from dogs in different Governorates in Egypt and with strains identified in Israel and Jordan indicating transmission of the virus between Egyptian Governorates with a potential transmission from and/or to our neighboring countries.

This study investigated the prevalence of an important Gram-negative and a Gram-positive bacterial strain, as well as the test on a few antibiotic resistant genes and sensitivity on the two bacteria. Moreover, the relations of the two microorganisms with some Acute Phase Proteins (APPs) inflammatory marker such as Serum Amyloid A (SAA) and Ceruloplasmin (Cp) in serum and milk were inspected. Out of 120 samples of Mastitic cow’s milk were identified 19.2% Escherichia coli (E. coli) and 14.2% Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) single isolates. Isolates of E. coli were completely sensitive to imipenem followed by meropenem then amikacin, enrofloxacin, gentamicin and cefoprazone. Two out of four isolates of multidrug resistance (against cefotaxime, penicillin, cefoprazone and gentamicin) showed positive amplification for beta lactam encoded gene blaTEM. Furthermore two isolates (out of four) resisted tetracycline were positive for TetA (A) gene. In S. aureus isolates, resistance was gradually increased from amikacin, tetracycline, and cefotaxime to oxacillin till reached 100% against penicillin. All analyzed eight isolates of penicillin resistance carried blaZ gene. Likewise, Methicillin A (mecA) gene was positive in six out of eight isolates of oxacillin resistance group. Results of SAA4 and Cp levels were differed in both pathogen groups. For E. coli group, the two levels were significantly increased in serum and only Cp elevated in milk comparing with control group. Conversely, in case of S. aureus, both parameters elevated significantly in milk and only SAA4 level was significant elevated in serum. In conclusion, resistance to β-Lactam group, methicillin resistant group and tetracycline has reached a critical level in mastitic cattle with E. coli and S. aureus. But still the most effective and available antibiotics were enrofloxacin, amikacin and gentamicin. For diagnosis, SAA4 and Cp level has helped as a rapid tool in differentiation between both organisms.

Bovine brucellosis is endemic in Egypt in spite of application of surveillance and control measures. An increase of abortions was reported in a Holstein dairy cattle herd with 600 animals in Damietta governorate in Egypt after immunisation with Brucella (B.) abortus RB51 vaccine. Twenty one (10.6%) of 197 vaccinated cows aborted after 3 months. All aborted cows had been tested seronegative for brucellosis in the past 3 years. B. abortus was isolated from four foetuses. Conventional biochemical and bacteriological identification and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmed two B. abortus biovar (bv.) 1 smooth and two B. abortus rough strains. None of the B. abortus isolates were identified as RB51. Genotyping analysis by multiple locus of variable number tandem repeats analysis based on 16 markers (MLVA-16) revealed two different profiles with low genetic diversity. B. abortus bv1 was introduced in the herd and caused abortions.

This study carried out at El-Dakahilia governorate on 2448 sheep located in six flocks, varied ages and with history of nervous manifestation. The Prevalence of nervous manifestations was 4.9% (105 /2448). The case fatality rate and mortality rate were 77.14 % and 3.3 % respectively. The percent of Listeria monocytogenes was 26.66% (8/30). Examination of CSF of diseased and control healthy sheep revealed significance elevation of total cell count, total protein and Creatinine cytokinase of diseased than control sheep. Key words: Listeriosis clinical signs, Sheep, Listeria monocytogenes, CSF examination Cette etude a ete realisee dans le gouvernorat d’El-Dakahilia sur 2448 moutons appartenant a six troupeaux, d’âges varies et avec un historique de manifestation nerveuse. La prevalence des manifestations nerveuses a ete de 4,9% (105/2448). Les taux de cas d’issue fatale et de mortalite ont ete 77,14% et 3,3% respectivement. Le pourcentage de Listeria monocytogene etait de 26,66% (30/08). L’examen du Liquide Cerebro-spinale (LCR) chez les malades et chez les moutons temoins sains a revele une elevation importante du nombre total de cellules, des proteines totales et de la Creatinine cytokinase chez les malades par rapport aux moutons temoins. Mots cles: signes cliniques de la listeriose, moutons, Listeria monocytogenes, Examen du LCR

Background Bovine brucellosis remains one of the most prevalent zoonotic infections affecting dairy cattle in developing countries where the applied control programs often fail. We analyzed the epidemiologic pattern of bovine brucellosis in a dairy cattle herd that showed several cases of abortions after regular vaccination with RB51 (B. abortus vaccine). In 2013 thirty dairy cows, from a Holstein-Friesian dairy herd with a population of 600 cattle, aborted five months post vaccination by a regular RB51 vaccine. Blood samples were drawn from milking cows and growing heifers, as well as heifers and cows pregnant up to 6 months. These samples were collected in June 2013 (n = 257) and May 2014 (n = 263) and were tested by real time (rt)-PCR as well as serological tests, in particular Rose Bengal Test (RBT), Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA) and Fluorescence Polarization Assay. Tissue specimens were also collected from an aborted fetus and cultured. Isolates were subjected to bacteriological typing tests at the genus and species levels. Results Five months post vaccination with RB51 vaccine, Brucella (B.) DNA was detected in blood samples of cows by rt-PCR. The serological tests also revealed the spread of Brucella field strains within the herd in 2013. Four Brucella isolates were recovered from specimens collected from the aborted fetus. These isolates were typed as follows: one B. abortus RB51 vaccine strain and three isolates of B. abortus field strain. The seropositive cows with positive rt-PCR might indicate an infection by the Brucella field strain; while the positive rt-PCR results from seronegative animals may either be due to circulating RB51 vaccine DNA in vaccinated animals or to circulating field strain in infected animals before seroconversion. Conclusion The results herein suggest that PCR can be a good supplementary tool in an outbreak situation, if an assay is available that can differentiate vaccine and field strains with a high analytical sensitivity. We recommend using RBT and ELISA in parallel in outbreak situations, to identify as many infected animals as possible during the initial screenings. This test procedure should be repeated for at least three successive negative tests, with one month interval.