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Abstract Social media has emerged as a dominant platform where individuals freely share opinions and communicate globally. Its role in disseminating news worldwide is significant due to its easy accessibility. However, the increase in the use of these platforms presents severe risks for potentially misleading people. Our research aims to investigate different techniques within machine learning, deep learning, and ensemble learning frameworks in Arabic fake news detection. We integrated FastText word embeddings with various machine learning and deep learning methods. We then leveraged advanced transformer-based models, including BERT, XLNet, and RoBERTa, optimizing their performance through careful hyperparameter tuning. The research methodology involves utilizing two Arabic news article datasets, AFND and ARABICFAKETWEETS datasets, categorized into fake and real subsets and applying comprehensive preprocessing techniques to the text data. Four hybrid deep learning models are presented: CNN-LSTM, RNN-CNN, RNN-LSTM, and Bi-GRU-Bi-LSTM. The Bi-GRU-Bi-LSTM model demonstrated superior performance regarding the F1 score, accuracy, and loss metrics. The precision, recall, F1 score, and accuracy of the hybrid Bi-GRU-Bi-LSTM model on the AFND Dataset are 0.97, 0.97, 0.98, and 0.98, and on the ARABICFAKETWEETS dataset are 0.98, 0.98, 0.99, and 0.99 respectively. The study’s primary conclusion is that when spotting fake news in Arabic, the Bi-GRU-Bi-LSTM model outperforms other models by a significant margin. It significantly aids the global fight against false information by setting the stage for future research to expand fake news detection to multiple languages.

Nitrogen (N) is a critical nutrient that is essential for plant growth and sustainable population development. Since the inception of modern fertilizer technology, N has been supplied to the environment via low-stability fertilizer materials which has resulted in very large losses of reactive nitrogen to the environment. These losses have severe impacts on soil, air and surface water locally and result in changes to the ecosystem biodiversity as well as climate globally. Synthesis of nitrogen fertilizer, such as urea, consumes 1–2 % of global energy as well as significant amounts of natural gas. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the stability of fertilizer-N in the environment to decrease their losses and increase N-use efficiency.This work provides a critical evaluation of the current and emerging methods to stabilize urea fertilizers to deliver nitrogen to the environment more sustainably. The emphasis in this review is placed on material chemistry development, such as recent emergence of urea cocrystals that possess reduced solubility and enhanced environmental stability. The materials analysis suggests that future research needs to focus on urea stabilization methods that create partial bonds between the constituents beyond weak molecular interaction. This requires avoiding unsustainable feedstock, such as formaldehyde, or exogenous stabilizing molecules that affect the soil biota, such as urease inhibitors. These developmental products then need to be transformed into thriving technologies to provide high-value fertilizers by decreasing the energy footprint needed to make ammonia, a precursor of urea.

Urea cocrystal materials are a potential fertilizer source that has shown to decrease environmental nitrogen losses. Novel nitrogen (N)-containing urea cocrystal fertilizers, CaSO4·4urea (UC1) and Ca(H2PO4)2·4urea (UC2), were synthesized using the mechanochemical method to form stable urea cocrystals to be tested as a fertilizer source for turfgrass. The objectives of this study were to 1) evaluate the response of ‘Tifway’ hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon × C. traansvalensis Burt Davy) to N fertilization by urea cocrystals and traditional coated urea products (MU·PCU, methylene urea, urea, polymer-coated urea; PCU, polymer-coated urea, urea) supplied at two rates at the beginning of two, 10-week study periods conducted under a greenhouse setting and 2) investigate N release behavior of urea and two cocrystal products using a rapid water release test. In the turfgrass response study conducted in the greenhouse, improved turfgrass quality above the minimum quality threshold was observed when averaging across all products. For normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), cocrystal outperformed all other products in the summer study and both cocrystal products outperformed the traditional product (MU·PCU) in the winter study. Further, both cocrystal products showed favorable growth responses compared with the commercial products provided by positive clipping production and vertical extension rates. In the nitrogen release experiment, a rapid water release test revealed the N release peak of urea was significantly higher than both UC1 and UC2. Furthermore, significantly higher N was leached from urea (15% loss) compared with both UC1 and UC2 (≈8% loss). Results from both studies provide evidence supporting suitability of urea cocrystal application on bermudagrass and potential as a slow-release fertilizer source through sustained turfgrass vigor, growth, decreased N release peak, and decreased leaching losses.

IntroductionFollicular helper T cells are essential for helping in the maturation of B cells and the production of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) during primary viral infections. However, their role during recall responses is unclear. Here, we used hepatitis C virus (HCV) reinfection in humans as a model to study the recall collaborative interaction between circulating CD4 T follicular helper cells (cTfh) and memory B cells (MBCs) leading to the generation of NAbs.MethodsWe evaluated this interaction longitudinally in subjects who have spontaneously resolved primary HCV infection during a subsequent reinfection episode that resulted in either another spontaneous resolution (SR/SR, n = 14) or chronic infection (SR/CI, n = 8).ResultsBoth groups exhibited virus-specific memory T cells that expanded upon reinfection. However, early expansion of activated cTfh (CD4+CXCR5+PD-1+ICOS+FoxP3−) occurred in SR/SR only. The frequency of activated cTfh negatively correlated with time post-infection. Concomitantly, NAbs and HCV-specific MBCs (CD19+CD27+IgM−E2-Tet+) peaked during the early acute phase in SR/SR but not in SR/CI. Finally, the frequency of the activated cTfh1 (CXCR3+CCR6−) subset correlated with the neutralization breadth and potency of NAbs.ConclusionThese results underscore a key role for early activation of cTfh1 cells in helping antigen-specific B cells to produce NAbs that mediate the clearance of HCV reinfection.

Identification and isolation of antigen-specific T cells for downstream transcriptomic analysis is key for various immunological studies. Traditional methods using major histocompatibility complex (MHC) multimers are limited by the number of predefined immunodominant epitopes and MHC matching of the study subjects. Activation-induced markers (AIM) enable highly sensitive detection of rare antigen-specific T cells irrespective of the availability of MHC multimers. Herein, we have developed an AIM assay for the detection, sorting and subsequent single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific T cells. We examined different combinations of the activation markers CD69, CD40L, OX40, and 4-1BB at 6, 9, 18 and 24 h post stimulation with HCV peptide pools. AIM+ CD4 T cells exhibited upregulation of CD69 and CD40L as early as 6 h post-stimulation, while OX40 and 4-1BB expression was delayed until 18 h. AIM+ CD8 T cells were characterized by the coexpression of CD69 and 4-1BB at 18 h, while the expression of CD40L and OX40 remained low throughout the stimulation period. AIM+ CD4 and CD8 T cells were successfully sorted and processed for scRNA-seq analysis examining gene expression and T cell receptor (TCR) usage. scRNA-seq analysis from this one subject revealed that AIM+ CD4 T (CD69+ CD40L+) cells predominantly represented Tfh, Th1, and Th17 profiles, whereas AIM+ CD8 T (CD69+ 4-1BB+) cells primarily exhibited effector and effector memory profiles. TCR analysis identified 1023 and 160 unique clonotypes within AIM+ CD4 and CD8 T cells, respectively. In conclusion, this approach offers highly sensitive detection of HCV-specific T cells that can be applied for cohort studies, thus facilitating the identification of specific gene signatures associated with infection outcome and vaccination.

The issue of Arab identity is a very important issue that always needs study and continuous research in light of the current and future development in various fields of science, arts and literature, which makes us always shed light on it to preserve historical legacies and preserve the Arabic language with its arts and literature, and then preserve the path of the Arab artist and calligrapher and complete the journey of creativity, The field of metalworking is one of the important fields in which the Islamic artist excelled throughout the Islamic ages, integrating in his works writings with decorations. This experiment aimed to identify an aspect of the Islamic and Arab heritage represented in the letters of the thuluth calligraphy, along with some Islamic floral decorations, and the combination of the letters of the thuluth calligraphy and plant decorations to achieve a new vision of metalwork and develop the design ability of students of the College of Art Education to achieve compatibility between special manual plastic methods metal works, And between an important part of the national heritage represented in the Arabic calligraphy and Islamic decorations, and after the theoretical study, the researcher prepared a teaching program cons-isting of 6 interviews to apply it to the students of the fifth year of the College of Art Education to arrive at the creation of a metal hanging based on the letters of the Thu-luth calligraphy, and the Islamic floral decorations, The researcher has reached many results, the most important of which is that the Thuluth calligraphy, is a rich and fertile source through the diversity of design methods between overlay, condensation, redu-ction, enlargement and merging, which gives diversity and contrast in artwork in gen-eral and in metalwork in particular, writings and letters are compatible with many formation methods. Metal craftsmanship, which makes it a fertile source for metal-working specialization and easy to teach, This is what was shown by the results of the experiment. The aim of the search is to Combining calligraphy and plant motifs as a springboard to achieve the vision of the plastic surfaces of metal busy with the students of the Faculty of Art Education.

Efficient treatment of nutrient-rich wastewater is of paramount importance for protecting the ecosystem. In this work, an efficient, abundant, and eco-friendly adsorbent was derived from biochar and employed for phosphorus (P) adsorption. The key factors influencing the P removal efficiency of the activated biochar, including P concentration, pH, dosage, temperature, adsorption time, and influence of co-existing ion type, were investigated. Maximum P adsorption percentage (100%) was obtained with 10 mg/L and zinc chloride activated biochar (BC–Zn) compared to the other activated biochars. Results show that by increasing the P concentration from 5 to 200 mg/L, the phosphorus adsorption capacity increases from 0.13 to 10.4 mg/g biochar. Isotherms and kinetic studies further show that the P adsorption follows the Langmuir and quasi-second-order kinetic models. The mechanistic investigation demonstrated that P adsorption occurred by precipitation reaction. Furthermore, P desorption has been studied at different time intervals to understand the P release rate after adsorption.

The production of rubber tires is about tens of millions annually due to the increase in the production and development of cars every year. Rubber tires need hundreds of years to decompose because one of their components is sulfur. This indicates that there is a clear environmental and economic catastrophe. The best solution is recycling rubber in different fields. The most important of which is concrete as the main backbone in the field of engineering and construction. In this study, the effect of rubber is discussed as coarse aggregate in the form of shredded rubber and as fine aggregate in the form of grinded rubber in concrete used for rigid pavement. Samples were prepared to conduct the necessary tests to study the behavior of rubberized concrete in terms of compressive, tensile strength, impact energy absorption and loading. The results showed that using ten percentage of grinded rubber was the optimal amount as the mixture had properties that were very similar to the properties of ordinary concrete regarding compressive strength, indirect tensile strength, and density. five percentage of shredded rubber caused a decrease in compressive strength, indirect tensile strength and density of sample C by about 85%, 96.5% and 97%, respectively. five percentage of grinded rubber caused a decrease in compressive strength, indirect tensile strength, and density of sample C by 69.57%, 59.6% and 93%, respectively.

Ammonium carbonates are a group of fertilizer materials that include ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate hydrate, and ammonium carbamate. They can be synthesized from diverse nutrient-bearing liquid waste streams but are unstable in a moist environment. While extensively utilized several decades ago, their use gradually decreased in favor of large-scale, facility-synthesized urea fertilizers. The emergence of sustainable agriculture, however, necessitates the recovery and reuse of nutrients using conventional feedstocks, such as natural gas and air-derived nitrogen, and nutrient-containing biogenic waste streams. To this extent, anaerobic digestion liquid presents a convenient source of solid nitrogen and carbon to produce solid fertilizers, since no significant chemical transformations are needed as nitrogen is already present as an ammonium ion. This review describes detailed examples of such feedstocks and the methods required to concentrate and crystallize solid ammonium carbonates. The technologies currently proposed or utilized to stabilize ammonium carbonate materials in the environment are described in detail. Finally, the agricultural efficiency of these materials as nitrogen and carbon source is also described.

Canid herpesvirus 1 (CHV-1) infects polarized canine epithelia. Herein, we present our initial work characterizing CHV-1 infection of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells that were polarized on trans-wells. We previously showed that infection of these cells in non-polarized cultures stimulated the formation of extensive lamellipodial membrane protrusions. Uninfected polarized MDCK cells already form extensive lamellipodial membrane protrusions on the apical surface in the absence of virus. Using scanning electron microscopy, we found that CHV-1 infection does not lead to a change in the form of the lamellipodial membrane protrusions on the apical surface of polarized MDCK cells. We found that CHV-1 was able to infect polarized cultures from either the apical or basolateral side; however, higher viral titers were produced upon infection of the basolateral side. Regardless of the side infected, titers of virus were higher in the apical compartment compared to the basal compartment; however, these differences were not statistically significant. In addition to cell-free virus that was recovered in the media, the highest amount of virus produced remained cell-associated over the course of the experiment. The efficiency of CHV-1 infection of the basolateral side of polarized epithelial cells is consistent with the pathobiology of this varicellovirus.

The goal of an Image Retrieval System is to retrieve images that are relevant to the user's request from a large image collection. In this paper, we present texture features for images embedded in the neutrosophic domain. The aim is to extract a set of features to represent the content of each image in the training database to be used for the purpose of retrieving images from the database similar to the image under consideration.

A new potent Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate capable for biotransformation of corn oil phytosterol (PS) to 4-androstene-3, 17-dione (AD), testosterone (T) and boldenone (BOL) was identified by phenotypic analysis and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Sequential statistical strategy was used to optimize the biotransformation process mainly concerning BOL using Factorial design and response surface methodology (RSM). The production of BOL in single step microbial biotransformation from corn oil phytosterols by P. aeruginosa was not previously reported. Results showed that the pH concentration of the medium, (NH4)2SO4 and KH2PO4 were the most significant factors affecting BOL production. By analyzing the statistical model of three-dimensional surface plot, BOL production increased from 36.8% to 42.4% after the first step of optimization, and the overall biotransformation increased to 51.9%. After applying the second step of the sequential statistical strategy BOL production increased to 53.6%, and the overall biotransformation increased to 91.9% using the following optimized medium composition (g/l distilled water) (NH4)2SO4, 2; KH2PO4, 4; Na2HPO4. 1; MgSO4·7H2O, 0.3; NaCl, 0.1; CaCl2·2H2O, 0.1; FeSO4·7H2O, 0.001; ammonium acetate 0.001; Tween 80, 0.05%; corn oil 0.5%; 8-hydroxyquinoline 0.016; pH 8; 200 rpm agitation speed and incubation time 36 h at 30 °C. Validation experiments proved the adequacy and accuracy of model, and the results showed the predicted value agreed well with the experimental values.

In this paper, we present a review of different recommender system algorithms that are utilized in social networks based e-Learning systems. Future research will include our proposed our e-Learning system that utilizes Recommender System and Social Network. Since the world is full of indeterminacy, the neutrosophics found their place into contemporary research. The fundamental concepts of neutrosophic set, introduced by Smarandache in [21, 22, 23] and Salama et al. in [24-66].The purpose of this paper is to utilize a neutrosophic set to analyze social networks data conducted through learning activities.

We are presenting a case of Listeria monocytogenes spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) monomicrobial non-neutrocytic bacterascites (MNS) in a patient with malignant ascites secondary to cholangiocarcinoma who underwent peritoneal catheter placement. Listeria peritonitis is uncommon, with cancer patients at a higher risk. Listeria infection should be suspected in susceptible patients once there is no response to empiric antibacterial or if the initial culture report shows gram positive bacilli, the antibacterial of choice is ampicillin.

This paper is an attempt of proposing the processing approach of neutrosophic technique in image processing. As neutrosophic sets is a suitable tool to cope with imperfectly defined images, the properties, basic operations distance measure, entropy measures, of the neutrosophic sets method are presented here. İn this paper we, introduce the distances between neutrosophic sets: the Hamming distance, the normalized Hamming distance, the Euclidean distance and normalized Euclidean distance. We will extend the concepts of distances to the case of neutrosophic hesitancy degree. Entropy plays an important role in image processing. In our further considertions on entropy for neutrosophic sets the concept of cardinality of a neutrosophic set will also be useful. Possible applications to image processing are touched upon.