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Background: Doxorubicin (DOX) is a potent anthracycline chemotherapy agent widely employed to treat various malignancies, such as cancers and this study sought to determine how allicin (ALC) and or L-carnitine (LC) affect DOX-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Methods: In this study, the possible alleviative role of ALC (20 mg/kg/day orally (PO)) or LC (100 mg/kg/day PO) or the combined treatment of both ALC and LC (with the previously mentioned dosages) was evaluated against the cardiotoxic effect of a widely used chemotherapeutic agent, DOX (20 mg DOX /kg intraperitoneal injection (IP) as a single dose) in rats in 30 days experiment. Results: The results revealed that ALC and LC significantly suppressed the DOX-induced increment in serum levels of cardiac damage biomarkers, such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) and creatine kinase-megabyte (CK-MB). Moreover, DOX-associated oxidative stress, including the elevation in malondialdehyde (MDA) level and reduced activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) was corrected in ALC and or LC treated groups. Furthermore, DOX-induced cardiomyopathy showed significant pathological changes, including myocyte degeneration, vacuolization, interstitial edema, and focal necrosis. Nevertheless, the histopathological lesions were corrected in the treated groups mostly in the combined treatment with ALC plus LC. Compared to ALC and LC, ALC plus LC was more effective at restoring the cardiac injury biomarkers, inhibiting cardiac oxidative damage and preserving the cardiac architecture. Conclusions: Conclusively, the study results evidenced the beneficial role of the combined treatment with ALC plus LC in mitigating DOX-induced cardiotoxicity.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Gram-negative bacterium, is recognized for its adaptability and opportunistic nature. It poses a substantial challenge in clinical settings due to its complicated antibiotic resistance mechanisms, biofilm formation, and capacity for persistent infections in both animal and human hosts. Recent studies revealed a potential zoonotic transmission of P. aeruginosa between animals, the environment, and human populations which highlights awareness of this microbe. Implementation of the One Health approach, which underscores the connection between human, animal, and environmental health, we aim to offer a comprehensive perspective on the current landscape of P. aeruginosa management. This review presents innovative strategies designed to counteract P. aeruginosa infections. Traditional antibiotics, while effective in many cases, are increasingly compromised by the development of multidrug-resistant strains. Non-antibiotic avenues, such as quorum sensing inhibition, phage therapy, and nanoparticle-based treatments, are emerging as promising alternatives. However, their clinical application encounters obstacles like cost, side effects, and safety concerns. Effectively addressing P. aeruginosa infections necessitates persistent research efforts, advancements in clinical development, and a comprehension of host-pathogen interactions to deal with this resilient pathogen.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exhibit multipotency, self-renewal, and immune-modulatory properties, making them promising in regenerative medicine, particularly in cardiovascular treatments. However, optimizing the MSC source and induction method of cardiac differentiation is challenging. This study compares the cardiomyogenic potential of bone marrow (BM)-MSCs and adipose-derived (AD)-MSCs using 5-Azacytidine (5-Aza) alone or combined with low doses of Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) and Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF). BM-MSCs and AD-MSCs were differentiated using two protocols: 10 μmol 5-Aza alone and 10 μmol 5-Aza with 1 ng/mL FGF and 10 ng/mL IGF. Morphological, transcriptional, and translational analyses, along with cell viability assessments, were performed. Both the MSC types exhibited similar morphological changes; however, AD-MSCs achieved 70–80% confluence faster than BM-MSCs. Surface marker profiling confirmed CD29 and CD90 positivity and CD45 negativity. The differentiation protocols led to cell flattening and myotube formation, with earlier differentiation in AD-MSCs. The combined protocol reduced cell mortality in BM-MSCs and enhanced the expression of cardiac markers (MEF2c, Troponin I, GSK-3β), particularly in BM-MSCs. Immunofluorescence confirmed cardiac-specific protein expression in all the treated groups. Both MSC types exhibited the expression of cardiac-specific markers indicative of cardiomyogenic differentiation, with the combined treatment showing superior efficiency for BM-MSCs.

The study focussed on pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of ceftiofur (CFT) after receiving a single dose (2 mg/kg BW) through either intravenous (IV) or intramuscular (IM) injection. Eight broiler chickens, were used in a crossover design with a washout period of two weeks to analyze the behaviour of CFT. Ceftiofur concentrations in the plasma were determined by HPLC with UV detector. The pharmacokinetics of CFT was analyzed using non- compartmental analysis. Following IV injection, CFT elimination half-life (t1/2β) was 2.43 h, volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss) was 0.63 L/kg, and total body clearance (Cl) was 0.24 L/h/kg. Following a single intramuscular (IM) injection of CFT at the same dose, the drug was quickly absorbed into the bloodstream with an absorption half- life (t1/2ab) of 0.31 h. The maximum concentration of the drug in the plasma (Cmax) was 2.85 μg/mL and reached at a time (Tmax) of 0.57 h after injection and the bioavailability (F) of CFT was 96.25%. The results of the study revealed that CFT was absorbed rapidly and showed high bioavailability when administered by IM route. This suggests that CFT has a promising disposition in chickens, and its use could help determine the best dosage regimens for effective eradication of various infections in chickens.

Abstract Cisplatin (CP) is one of the most frequently used chemotherapy agents. The objective of this design was to determine the ameliorative effect of lycopene (LP) and/or N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in rats with hepatic and renal toxicity induced by CP. Rats were divided randomly into 7 groups (7 rats/group): control vehicle group (saline only), the LP group (10 mg/kg, orally), the NAC group (150 mg/kg, orally), the CP group (7.5 mg/kg, IP on day 27), the LP-CP group, the NAC-CP group, and the LP-NAC-CP group. The activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (APK), and levels of urea, creatinine, and lipids (cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol) increased after CP injection in the serum. Moreover, CP decreased levels of protein, albumin, and HDL cholesterol. Meanwhile, malondialdehyde significantly increased with a decrease in reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase in the liver and kidney tissues. CP also induced some pathological lesions and increased the expression of caspase-3 in the liver and kidney tissues. Administration of LP and NAC alone or in combinations ameliorated hepatorenal toxicity and apoptosis induced by CP.

The ameliorative effects of Spirulina and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) against fipronil toxicity in Nile tilapia fish were investigated. Fipronil is a kind of pesticide that is widely used in agriculture, thus this trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of fipronil on growth related parameters (final body weight, feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate, and protein efficiency ratio), hematology related parameters (RBCs, WBCs, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, and deferential leukocytic count), biochemistry related parameters (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total protein, albumin, urea, and creatinine), histopathology of liver, intestine, gills, and spleen, and gene expression of antioxidants, stress, inflammatory, apoptotic, and related to junction proteins genes as SOD and GPx, COX II, TNF-α, Casp-3, and Claudin-3, respectively, in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Four hundred and five Nile tilapia fish were distributed in a glass aquarium into nine groups according to the Spirulina and S. cerevisiae supplemented diets, with or without fipronil contaminated water. The classified groups are control, Sc: S. cerevisiae (4 g/Kg diet), Sp: Spirulina (1 g/100 g diet), Fb1: 0.0021 mg fipronil/L, ScFb1: S. cerevisiae (4 g/Kg diet) with 0.0021 mg fipronil/L, SpFb1: Spirulina (1 g/100 g diet) with 0.0021 mg fipronil/L, Fb2: 0.0042 mg fipronil/L, ScFb2: S. cerevisiae (4 g/Kg diet) with 0.0042 mg fipronil/L, and SpFb2: Spirulina (1 g/100 g diet) with 0.0042 mg fipronil/L. The results of the present investigation indicated the negative effect of fipronil on the growth performance parameters of Nile tilapia, which was confirmed by the results of hematology, biochemistry, and histopathology. In addition, the results of gene expression of antioxidants, stress, inflammatory, and apoptotic genes indicate the genotoxicity of fipronil. However, these negative effects were ameliorated by Spirulina and Saccharomyces dietary supplementation.

Abstract Malathion is considered one of the vastest pesticides use all over the world. Malathion-inhalation toxicity commonly occurred in many occupational farmers. Therefore, this study aimed to ameliorate the possible malathion-induced pulmonary toxicity through thymoquinone administration. Forty animals were used to conduct our study, divided into five groups; G1 control group, G2 thymoquinone (50 mg/kg) group, G3 malathion group (animals inhaled 100 mg/ml/m3 for 15 min for 5 days/week for three weeks), G4 and G5 were subjected to the same malathion inhalation protocol beside oral thymoquinone administration at doses of 25 and 50 (mg/kg), respectively. Malathion-inhalation induced marked systemic toxicity as hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity associated with increased serum hepatic and renal enzymes, and hypersensitivity accompanied with increased total IgE serum level. The lung showed severe interstitial pneumonia associated with severe vascular damage and marked eosinophil infiltration. Moreover, the lung showed a marked decrease in the pulmonary surfactant protein, especially SP-D gene expression. While, thymoquinone treatment to malathion-inhaled animals decremented the following; hepatic enzymes and renal function tests, total IgE as well as pneumonia and hypersensitivity pathological features, and augmented the expression of SP-D. In conclusion, thymoquinone could be potentially used in pest control workers to ameliorate the systemic and pulmonary intoxication caused by one of the most field-used pesticides.

This research was conducted to evaluate the impact of dietary or drinking water Ruminococcus sp. supplementation and/or heat stress (HS) on the growth, serum biochemistry, tissue antioxidant, phagocytic assay, histopathology, and bursa gene expression of broilers. Day-old broiler chicks were allotted into six groups according to HS and/or Ruminococcus with or without enzyme supplementation. The first group was the control one, with a formulated diet and normal environmental temperature but without any supplement. The second group fed on Ruminococcus-supplemented diet (1 kg/kg diet). The third group fed on a formulated diet without supplement, and Ruminococcus and digestive enzymes were given in drinking water (0.1 ml/L). The fourth one was the heat stress group, with a normal formulated diet. The fifth and the sixth groups served as second and third groups, respectively, but with heat stress. The results of this experiment indicated that thermal temperature negatively affected the parameters of growth performance, serum biochemical, tissue antioxidants, and phagocytic assay. Moreover, heat stress led to pathological lesions in the internal organs and affected the expression of some genes related to heat stress, including proapoptotic genes such as caspase8 and bax, inflammatory genes such as NF-κβ1, and heat shock protein such as HSP 70 in the bursal tissue. These bad effects and abnormalities were mitigated by Ruminococcus alone or with enzyme supplementation, which improved all the above-mentioned parameters.

This study aimed at investigating the potential role of β-glucan in improving the immunity, anti-inflammatory and histopathology disorders induced by chlorpyrifos in Nile tilapia. Fish were allocated in four group where the control fed the basal diet without chlorpyrifos toxicity and chlorpyrifos group fed the basal diet and subjected to chlorpyrifos (15 μg/L water). The third group fed dietary β-glucan (1 g/kg diet) without chlorpyrifos toxicity and the fourth group fed dietary β-glucan and exposed to chlorpyrifos (β-glucan/chlorpyrifos). Results revealed that the exposure to chlorpyrifos tended to decrease final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), and survival but increased the feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Administration of β-glucan tended to increase FBW, WG, SGR, survival, and FI but did not change the FCR. Exposure to chlorpyrifos did not change the blood alkaline phosphatase (ALP) but increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and cortisol levels whereas β-glucan administration markedly decreased ALP, AST, ALT, and cortisol levels and β-glucan/chlorpyrifos treatment declined the levels of these variable close to the baseline values. Compared to the control, chlorpyrifos administration tended to decrease the lysozyme and phagocytic index but no change was observed in phagocytic activity. β-Glucan administration greatly increased the levels of lysozyme, phagocytic activity and phagocytic index, and β-glucan tended to alleviate the negative effect of chlorpyrifos on the mentioned parameters. The chlorpyrifos exposure caused congestion and telangiectasia in gills, catarrhal enteritis followed by degeneration and sloughing of the apical part of the intestinal villi with diffused lymphocytic infiltration, and fatty degeneration and vacuolation of hepatocytes in addition to congestion of blood sinusoids in liver. However, the histopathological structure of these organs was normal with dietary β-glucan. In conclusion, β-glucan administration alleviated the adverse effects of chlorpyrifos on the immune and anti-inflammatory response as well as histopathology of gills, liver, and intestine of Nile tilapia.

Cisplatin (CP) is one of the most active medications in cancer treatment and has some adverse effects such as hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. The present research was planned to determine the protective effects of L-carnitine (LC) against CP-induced hepato-renal oxidative stress in rats, via investigating of some serum biochemical and tissue oxidative/antioxidant parameters, histological alterations, and immunohistochemical expressions of two different intermediate filaments (IFs) proteins; vimentin (VIM) and cytokeratin 18 (CK18). Twenty-eight rats were divided into four groups (7 rats each). Groups I and II were orally administered saline and LC (100 mg/kg body weight), respectively, once daily for 30 consecutive days. Group III received saline orally once daily and a single dose of CP on the 27th day of the experiment [7.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (IP)]. Group IV received both LC and CP. Injection of CP significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities and creatinine and urea levels, while serum total protein, albumin, and globulin concentrations significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased. In addition, CP induced a dramatic increase in the Malondialdehyde (MDA) level along with a substantial decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) in the hepato-renal tissues. Histologically, both liver and kidney of the CP treated group revealed marked degenerative changes. Moreover, overexpression of both VIM and CK18 in hepato-renal tissues were noted after CP injection. On the other hand, the administration of LC in the CP injected group (Group IV) restored the biochemical parameters, histological, and immunohistochemical pictures toward the normalcy. In conclusion, LC may be supplemented for chemotherapy with CP to ameliorate its oxidative stress and restore the normal organization of IFs, especially VIM and CK18 within the CP intoxicated hepato-renal cells.

This study investigated the influence of probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici MA 18/5 M on the metabolic enzyme activities and mRNA levels of growth, immunity, and antioxidative-related genes in zebrafish. Zebrafish fed with diets containing P. acidilactici MA 18/5 M at 0, 107, 108, and 109 CFU/g levels for eight weeks. The obtained results revealed that the creatine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase remained unchanged in all groups (P > 0.05). Dietary P. acidilactici enhanced protease activity relative to the control group (P

The efficacy of amoxicillin and/or allicinin healthy and experimentally Clostridium perfringens-infected broiler chickens was investigated. The chicks were equally divided into six groups, and all medications were orally administered via drinking water for five consecutive days: Group 1: non-infected and non-treated; Group 2: infected and non-treated; Group 3: infected and amoxicillin-treated (20 mg/kg b.wt); Group 4: infected and allicin-treated (25 mg/kg b.wt); Group 5: infected and treated with amoxicillin (20 mg/kg b.wt) and allicin (25 mg/kg b.wt); Group 6: infected and treated with amoxicillin (10 mg/kg b.wt) and allicin (25 mg/kg b.wt). Growth performance,haematological andbiochemical parameters were recorded. Significant decreases in total protein, albumin, RBCs, Hb, andPCV and a considerable increase in WBCs, AST, ALT, ALP, creatinine, anduric acid in infected chickens were observed. Administration amoxicillin and/or allicin for treatment of Clostridium perfringens infection resulted in improvement in haematological and biochemical changes following infection. A dose of amoxicillin (10 mg) and allicin (25 mg)/kg bwt for treatment of Clostridium perfringens infection in broiler chickens is recommended due to great synergistic effect, reduced mortality, greater safety, and increased economic potential. Key words: amoxicillin; allicin; efficacy; broilers; biochemical; hematological VPLIV AMOXICILINA (ATCOMOX®) IN ALICINA NA PRIRAST, HEMATOLOŠKE, BIOKEMIJSKE IN HISTOPATOLOŠKE SPREMEMBE PRI PIŠČANCIH, OKUŽENIH S Clostridium perfringens Povzetek: V študiji smo ugotavljali učinkovitost amoksicilina in/ali alicinina pri zdravih pitovnih piščancih in pitovnih piščancih poskusno okuženimih z bakterijo Clostridium perfringens. Piščanci so bili razdeljeni v šest skupin in so zdravila dobivali peroralno preko vode pet dni zapored. V prvi skupini so bili neokuženi in nezdravljeni piščanci, v drugi okuženi in nezdravljeni, v tretji okuženi in zdravljeni z amoksicilinom (20 mg/kg telesne mase), v četrti skupini okuženi in zdravljeni z alicinom (25 mg/kg telesne mase) v peti skupini okuženi in zdravljeni z amoksicilinom (20 mg/kg teže) in alicinom (25 mg/kg telesne mase) in v šesti skupini okuženi in zdravljeni z amoksicilinom (10 mg/kg teže) in alicinom (25 mg/kg telesne mase). Spremljali smo prirast piščancev ter njihove hematološke in biokemične parametre. Pri okuženih piščancih smo v krvi opazili znatno znižanje skupnih beljakovin, albuminov, RBC, Hb in PCV ter znatno povečanje WBC, AST, ALT, ALP, kreatinina in sečne kisline. Uporaba amoksicilina in/ali alicina za zdravljenje okužbe s Clostridium perfringens je povzročila izboljšanje hematoloških in biokemičnih sprememb po okužbi. Odmerek amoksicilina 10 mg/kg in alicina 25 mg/kg telesne mase za zdravljenje okužbe s Clostridium perfringens pri pitovnih piščancih brojlerjih se je izkazal kot najbolj učinkovit, verjetno zaradi sinergističnega učinka obeh zdravil, in je povzročil zmanjšanje smrtnosti pitovnih piščancev. Ključne besede: amoksicilin; alicin; učinkovitost; brojlerji; biokemjski parametri; hematološki parametri

Although the combination of antibiotics is generally well-tolerated, they may have nephrotoxic effects. This study investigated whether tigecycline (TG) and gentamicin (GM) co-administration could accelerate renal damage. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six experimental groups: the control, TG7 (tigecycline, 7 mg/kg), TG14 (tigecycline, 14 mg/kg), GM (gentamicin, 80 mg/kg), TG7+GM, and TG14+GM groups. The combination of TG and GM evoked renal damage seen by the disruption of kidney function tests. The perturbation of renal tissue was mainly confounded to the TG and GM-induced oxidative damage, which was exhibited by marked increases in renal MDA (malondialdehyde) along with a drastic reduction in GSH (reduced-glutathione) content and CAT (catalase) activity compared to their individual treatments. More obvious apoptotic events and inflammation were also revealed by elevating the annexin-V and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, aside from the upregulation of renal PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) expression in the TG and GM concurrent treatment. The principal component analysis indicated that creatinine, urea, annexin-V, IL-6, and MDA all played a role in discriminating the TG and GM combined toxicity. Oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and apoptosis were the key mechanisms involved in this potentiated toxicity.

The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics in turkeys of cefquinome (CFQ), a broad-spectrum 4th-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, were explored after a single injection of 2 mg/kg body weight by intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) routes. In a crossover design and 3-weeks washout interval, seven turkeys were assigned for this objective. Blood samples were collected prior to and at various time intervals following each administration. The concentration of CFQ in plasma was measured using HPLC with a UV detector set at 266 nm. For pharmacokinetic analysis, non-compartmental methods have been applied. Following IV administration, the elimination half-life (t1/2ʎz), distribution volume at steady state (Vdss), and total body clearance (Cltot) of CFQ were 1.55 h, 0.54 L/kg, and 0.32 L/h/kg, respectively. Following the IM administration, CFQ was speedily absorbed with an absorption half-life (t1/2ab) of 0.25 h, a maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of 2.71 μg/mL, attained (Tmax) at 0.56 h. The bioavailability (F) and in vitro plasma protein binding of CFQ were 95.56% and 11.5%, respectively. Results indicated that CFQ was speedily absorbed with a considerable bioavailability after IM administration. In conclusion, CFQ has a favorable disposition in turkeys that can guide to estimate optimum dosage regimes and eventually lead to its usage to eradicate turkey’s susceptible bacterial infections.

Pharmacokinetics of tylvalosin (TVN) were determined in eight broiler turkeys following a single intravenous (IV) and peroral (PO) administration of 25 mg/kg b.w using a crossover design with a 3 weeks washout period. Blood samples were taken between 0.083 and 24 h following TVN administration, plasma was separated and assayed for TVN concentrations by HPLC. The non-compartmental analysis was used to analyze plasma concentration-time curves. After IV administration, the pharmacokinetic profile was best described by a two-compartment model. The mean distribution and elimination half-lives were 0.382 and 5.71 h, respectively. The distribution volume at steady state, total body clearance and mean residence time were 8.30 L/kg, 1.17 L/h, and 7.16 h, respectively. After administering orally, the mean absorption half-life and absorption time of TVN was 0.955 and 2.31 h, respectively. The peak plasma concentration was 1.08 μg/mL and achieved at 2.0 h post-administration and the bioavailability was 53.3%. The plasma protein binding percent was 13%. For a successful clinical efficacy of TVN in broiler turkeys, a dosage regimen of 25 mg/kg b.w, given orally each day is recommended to keep efficient plasma levels above the MIC for most susceptible microorganisms.

CPF (chlorpyrifos) is an organophosphate pesticide used in agricultural and veterinary applications. Our experiment aimed to explore the effects of thymoquinone (TQ) and/or lycopene (LP) against CPF-induced neurotoxicity. Wistar rats were categorized into seven groups: first group served as a control (corn oil only); second group, TQ (10 mg/kg); third group, LP (10 mg/kg); fourth group, CPF (10 mg/kg) and deemed as CPF toxic control; fifth group, TQ + CPF; sixth group, (LP + CPF); and seventh group, (TQ + LP + CPF). CPF intoxication inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AchE), decreased glutathione (GSH) content, and increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), an oxidative stress biomarker. Furthermore, CPF impaired the activity of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) along with enhancement of the level of inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β. CPF evoked apoptosis in brain tissue. TQ or LP treatment of CPF-intoxicated rats greatly improved AchE activity, oxidative state, inflammatory responses, and cell death. Co-administration of TQ and LP showed better restoration than their sole treatment. In conclusion, TQ or LP supplementation may alleviate CPF-induced neuronal injury, most likely due to TQ or LPs’ antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects.

Marine-derived substances are known for their beneficial influences on aquatic animals’ performances and are recommended to improve intestinal health, immunity, and anti-oxidative status. The present study investigates the role of chitosan nanoparticles on the intestinal histo-morphometrical features in association with the health and immune response of Grey Mullet (Liza ramada). Chitosan nanoparticles are included in the diets at 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 g/kg and introduced to fish in a successive feeding trial for eight weeks. The final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG), and specific growth rate (SGR) parameters are significantly increased while feed conversion ratio (FCR) decreases by chitosan nanoparticles compared to the control (p < 0.05). The morphometric analysis of the intestines reveals a significant improvement in villus height, villus width, and the number of goblet cells in chitosan-treated groups in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, there is a positive correlation between the thickness of the enterocyte brush border and the chitosan dose, referring to an increasing absorptive activity. Histologically, the intestinal wall of Grey Mullet consists of four layers; mucosa, sub-mucosa, tunica muscularis (muscular layers), and serosa. The histological examination of the L. ramada intestine shows a normal histo-morphology. The epithelial layer of intestinal mucosa is thrown into elongated finger-like projections, the intestinal villi. The values of hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cells (RBCs), total protein (TP), albumin, and globulin are significantly increased in fish fed 1, and 2 g/kg of chitosan nanoparticles compared to fish fed 0 and 0.5 g/kg (p < 0.05). The highest levels of TP and albumin are observed in fish fed 1 g/kg diet (p < 0.05). The lysozyme activity and phagocytic index are significantly enhanced by feeding chitosan nanoparticles at 0.5, 1, and 2 g/kg, whereas the phagocytic activity is improved in fish fed 1 and 2 g/kg (p < 0.05). The highest lysozyme activity and phagocytic index are observed in fish fed 1 g/kg. SOD is significantly activated by feeding chitosan nanoparticles at 1 g/kg. Simultaneously, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) activities also are enhanced by feeding chitosan at 1 and 2 g/kg, compared to fish fed 0 and 0.5 g/kg (p < 0.05). The highest GPx and CAT activities are observed in fish fed 1 g/kg (p < 0.05). Conversely, the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels are decreased by feeding chitosan at 1 and 2 g/kg, with the lowest being in fish fed 1 g/kg (p < 0.05). To summarize, the results elucidate that L. ramada fed dietary chitosan nanoparticles have a marked growth rate, immune response, and anti-oxidative response. These improvements are attributed to the potential role of chitosan nanoparticles in enhancing intestinal histo-morphometry and intestinal health. These results soundly support the possibility of using chitosan nanoparticles at 1–2 g/kg as a feasible functional supplement for aquatic animals.

The aim of this study was to determine the blood and tissue concentrations profile and effect of tilmicosin on some hematological and biochemical parameters in broiler chicken. Fifty clinically healthy Hubbard chickens were orally administered 25 mg/kg BW of tilmicosin once daily for 5 consecutive days. Tissue residues of tilmicosin in slaughtered healthy chicken could not be detected by microbiological assay in all tested tissues except in lung (at 96 hours) and liver and kidneys (at 72 hours) after last administration. Tilmicosin caused temporary decrease in the RBCs and WBCs counts and has no effect on hemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume concentration (PCV). Also, the effect of tilmicosin on some biochemical parameters was as follows: the concentrations of creatinine, uric acid, electrolytes (sodium, potassium, and calcium), glucose, AST, ALT, ALP, and HDL-cholesterol in the serum of treated chicken did not change in response to the repeated oral administration of tilmicosin. There were only a temporary significant decrease in total protein and albumin concentrations and a significant increase in cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations. Chicken must not be slaughtered before 4 days from the stopping of tilmicosin administration. Tilmicosin makes temporary changes on hematological and biochemical parameters in broiler chicken.

This study was designed to investigate the possible developmental teratogenicity of norfloxacin in rats. Forty pregnant female rats were divided into four equal groups. Group A received norfloxacin in a dose of 500 mg/kg·b·wt/day orally from 6th to 15th day of gestation. Groups B and C received 1000 and 2000 mg/kg·b·wt/day orally for the same period, respectively; Group D behaved as control and received 0.5 mL distilled water orally for the same period. The dams were killed on 20th day of gestation and their fetuses were subjected to morphological, visceral, and skeletal examinations. Norfloxacin significantly decreased the number of viable fetuses, increased the number of resorbed fetuses, and induced retardation in growth of viable fetuses; some visceral and skeletal defects in these fetuses were seen and these effects were dose dependant. Conclusively, norfloxacin caused some fetal defects and abnormalities, so it is advisable to avoid using this drug during pregnancy.

The pharmacokinetics aspects of levofloxacin were studied in healthy and experimentally renal damaged Muscovy ducks after single intravenous (IV) and oral (PO) dose of 10 mg kg−1 bwt. Following IV administration, elimination half-life (t1/2(β)) and mean residence time (MRT) were longer in renal damaged ducks than in healthy ones. Total clearance (Cltot) in renal damaged ducks (0.20 L kg−1 h−1) was significantly lower as compared to that in healthy ones (0.41 L kg−1 h−1). Following PO administration, the peak serum concentration (Cmax) was higher in renal damaged than in healthy ducks and was achieved at maximum time (tmax) of 2.47 and 2.05 h, respectively. The drug was eliminated (t1/2(el)) at a significant slower rate (3.94 h) in renal damaged than in healthy ducks (2.89 h). The pharmacokinetic profile of levofloxacin is altered in renal damaged ducks due to the increased serum levofloxacin concentrations compared with that in clinically healthy ducks. Oral administration of levofloxacin at 10 mg kg−1 bwt may be highly efficacious against susceptible bacteria in ducks. Also, the dose of levofloxacin should be reduced in renal damaged ducks. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic integration revealed significantly higher values for Cmax/MIC and AUC/MIC ratios in renal damaged ducks than in healthy ones, indicating the excellent pharmacokinetic characteristics of levofloxacin in renal damaged ducks.

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of ceftriaxone on blood pressure and respiration in dog. In addition, analgesic and antipyretic activities of ceftriaxone were investigated in mice and rats. Materials and Methods: Effect of different doses of ceftriaxone (26.66, 53.33, 106.66 mg/kg, IV) on blood pressure and respiration rate were determined in anesthetized dogs. Analgesic and antipyretic activities of two different doses of ceftriaxone were investigated in mice and rats, respectively. Results: Ceftriaxone had no effect on blood pressure and rate of respiration in anesthetized dogs. However, ceftriaxone (260 and 520 mg/kg) had a significant analgesic effect for four hours and had a significant antipyretic effect at 2.5 and 1.5 hours at doses of 180 and 360 mg/kg, respectively. Conclusion: Ceftriaxone is preferable in bacterial infections or feverish conditions owing to its antibacterial, antipyretic and analgesic activities.