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The Abu Gharadig Basin is regarded as one of the most essential in Egypt, serving as the country’s second most important reservoir for hydrocarbon production. Our present study is focused on the investigation of geothermal resources in the Abu Gharadig Basin. Using airborne magnetic and gravity surveys, as well as temperature well records, we can identify possible geothermal sources in this region. Power spectral analysis was used on the airborne magnetic measurements to compute the Curie Point Depths (CPDs) and display the temperature gradients and heat flows regime in the study area, while on the gravity data, 3-D density inversion was used to identify the basement surface. Real data from bottom-hole temperature (BHT) logs and geological data (structural and stratigraphic data from prior studies) were used to cross-validate the geophysical maps and to ascertain the stratigraphy and structural setting beneath the study location. The depth of the basement rock, according to the studies, ranges from 4.5 to 7 km, and the CPDs run from 17 to 22 km. Furthermore, the estimated temperature gradients vary from 25 to 34 degrees Celsius per kilometer, whereas the heat flows vary from 52 to 86 mW/m2. Generally, there is a correlation between shallow curie depths, uplifts on basement rocks, and sites of high heat flow, indicating that basement rocks are primarily accountable for the geothermal potential of the basin.

This work responds to what was reported in various audio-visual media channels and to queries and explanations gained from individuals and local residents on the causes of gaseous and thermal emissions from the earth near the vicinity of the village of Al-Hindaw in Dakhla city, the New Valley Governorate, Egypt. At the location of the fume exit area, magnetic, seismic, and electromagnetic geophysical investigation were carried out in attempt to ascertain the factor(s) responsible for the event in question. Rock samples are collected and studied geochemically and radiographically to assess their chemical compositions as well as the quantity of organic chemicals that may have contributed to the burning and temperature increase. In light of the results of the geochemical and geophysical research, it is believed that the self-ignitions are the result of near-surface reactions and oxidation instead of volcanic activity, such as the presence of magma or other comparable phenomena.

Newly, the Egyptian government initiated huge national projects for the reclamation and sustainable development of 1.5 million acres. Farafra Oasis is recognized as the focus of the first phase of this project where groundwater is the wellspring of the water for irrigation and drinking. Hence, exploration and assessment of groundwater aquifers are very essential in such area. A reconnaissance geophysical survey was conducted in the centre of Farafra oasis using Vertical Electric Sounding (VES), Transient electromagnetic (TEM), Audio-Magnetotelluric (AMT), Control-source Magnetotelluric (CSAMT), and Very Low Frequency (VLF) techniques for the investigation of shallow and deep groundwater reservoirs. In addition, geologic and stratigraphic information from the nearest well was utilized to confirm the geophysical outcomes. Integrated geophysical measurements succeeded to delineate the three zones A, B and C of the Nubian aquifer system in the investigated area. Also, several fault elements were delineated which control the influx and aggregating of the groundwater in both units; shallow and deeper one. Deeper aquifer (zone C) shows generally higher resistivity values, which consider the major aquifer of Nubian sandstone in the Western Desert of Egypt. Geochemical examinations of the groundwater sample show that the water is remarkable for all agriculture purposes (TDS = 95).

In the last few years, ALOS/PALSAR (L-band) (HH, HV, VH, and VV) images have been widely used due to their ability to penetrate the surface in certain conditions, such as low moisture or dry friable sandy soil. Images from the ALOS-1 sensor were used to delineate subsurface structures, and optical images such as Landsat-7 ETM + data were used to discriminate between scatterings from the Earth’s surface and subsurface materials. Thus, the Farafra Desert is an optimal geological environment for L-band microwave penetration, as its geology is characterized by friable sand sheets covering limestone (Tarawan Formation). Speckle noise is found in radar images for many reasons, such as when an object strongly reflected between itself and the spacecraft causes noise. Refined LEE filter (RLF) is applied for speckle noise reduction; moreover, full polarimetric ALOS/PALSAR images (PLR) are transformed into circular polarization by changing both angles into orientation angle ψ = 0° and elliptical angle χ = 45°. The validation of ALOS/PALSAR outputs was carried out using ground penetrating radar (GPR) measurements. Three GPR long profiles using a 200 MHz antenna were scanned along with areas that were annotated according to ALOS/PALSAR results (high backscattering coefficient). The GPR system operated by a low-frequency antenna with a frequency of 200 MHz was capable of detecting the annotated geological structures beneath the sand sheets. Furthermore, statistical comparison of L-band SAR and GPR data illustrated a correlation that can reveal identical regions to delineate subsurface structures. These results prove that the integration of synthetic aperture radar SAR (L-band) and on-site low-frequency radar systems can be vital to detect soil structures down to several meters, ultimately innovating Earth observation systems for geological and hydrogeological mapping in arid regions.

Alamein City is one of the recently established cities along the Mediterranean coast in Egypt. Nineteen vertical electrical soundings (VES's) were measured in the study area with maximum current electrode separation of 600 m to examine the depth to water bearing layer, subsurface succession and structures controlling the distribution of the groundwater aquifer. The interpretation results of the VES data revealed that the subsurface section in the area is subdivided into three geoelectrical layers. The uppermost layer covers the ground surface and consists of alluvial deposits with moderately high electrical resistivity values (10.5–291 Ω.m.), with thicknesses ranging from 0.8 to 12.2 m. The second layer consists of Limestone (L. St.) intercalated with clay (water bearing layer) with low electrical resistivity values (0.2–10 Ω.m); with thicknesses ranging from 1.4 to 34 m. The third layer consists of saturated oolitic limestone with moderate electrical resistivity values (5.5–120 Ω.m). Gravity data were retrieved, corrected and analyzed. Gravity interpretation reveals that the depth of the basement rocks varies from 3600 to 6400 m with basement faults extending mainly in NW-SE direction, which is corresponding to the major trend in the Northern Western Desert.

The determination of groundwater potentiality is one of the most significant challenges in hydro-geophysical research, especially in arid areas with limited water resources. A geophysical survey wa...

Precise knowledge of the soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks under various land uses is needed to meet the Kyoto Protocol and for the sustainability of natural resources. The purpose of the present st...

Research relevance. The study area suffers from lack of surface water and located at no.rtheastern part of El-Bahariya oasis, near from El-Gedida mine, where iron ore is extracted. Therefore groundwater may be contaminated from ElGedida mine, so it’s necessary to study its quality by hydrochemical analyses. Research objectives: assessment the quality of groundwater using different of analyses of quality of groundwater and studying the feasibility of using it for different purposes like drinking, irrigation and domestic purposes. Methodology. Collected groundwater samples were analyzed for determining the concentration of various Anions and Cations, Concentration of Hydrogen Ions pH, Total Dissolved Solids T.D.S, Electrical Conductivity σ, Total Water Hardness C, Sodium Adsorption Ratio SAR, Sodium Content SC, Piper diagram, Schoeller Diagram and USSL Diagram for evaluating the quality of groundwater for drinking, domestic and irrigation purposes Results. Based on the result of the hydrochemical analyses of collected groundwater samples. 1. Water sample no. 4, which is located in the southeastern part of the study area, is classified as a good water for drinking and domestic purposes. 2. Water samples no. 4 and 5, which located at southeastern and southwestern parts of the study area, were classified as good suitability for irrigation of all types of crops, but, water samples no. 7 and 9 aren’t suitable for irrigation, Except crops capable of withstand very high salinity.

Groundwater from the Nubian Sandstone aquifer at Farafra Oasis in the Western Desert of Egypt has been investigated using chemical tracers and environmental isotopes to clarify the hydrochemical features of this aquifer. The majority of the collected samples are characterized by Ca-Cl water type, which may be attributed to dissolution of the carbonate-rich sediments. Calculated saturation indices show that the main hydrogeochemical processes were the dissolution of carbonates and evaporites and the precipitation of Fe-rich minerals. Temperatures calculated using the K-Mg geothermometer show that the reservoir temperature ranges from 58°C to 121°C. The groundwater samples have δD and δ18O values similar to the isotopic content of the Nubian aquifer palaeowater in the Western Desert. Additionally, the isotopic composition suggests that there is no active potential current recharge from the local precipitation. Gamma spectrometry of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K activities indicates that the groundwater of the Nubian aquifer is safe with respect to radioactivity. Groundwater in Farafra Oasis is the main source of irrigation and drinking water for local residents. All the samples are excellent for irrigation uses for all types of crops. It is suggested that the water samples may require some treatment regarding the high iron content before usage as drinking water. Supplementary material:https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4938252

Purpose This paper aims to apply a methodology that is capable to classify and localize mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) elements to assist facility managers. Furthermore, it assists in decreasing the technical complexity and sophistication of different systems to the facility management (FM) team. Design/methodology/approach This research exploits artificial intelligence (AI) in FM operations through proposing a new system that uses a deep learning pre-trained model for transfer learning. The model can identify new MEP elements through image classification with a deep convolutional neural network using a support vector machine (SVM) technique under supervised learning. Also, an expert system is developed and integrated with an Android application to the proposed system to identify the required maintenance for the identified elements. FM team can reach the identified assets with bluetooth tracker devices to perform the required maintenance. Findings The proposed system aids facility managers in their tasks and decreases the maintenance costs of facilities by maintaining, upgrading, operating assets cost-effectively using the proposed system. Research limitations/implications The paper considers three fire protection systems for proactive maintenance, where other structural or architectural systems can also significantly affect the level of service and cost expensive repairs and maintenance. Also, the proposed system relies on different platforms that required to be consolidated for facility technicians and managers end-users. Therefore, the authors will consider these limitations and expand the study as a case study in future work. Originality/value This paper assists in a proactive manner to decrease the lack of knowledge of the required maintenance to MEP elements that leads to a lower life cycle cost. These MEP elements have a big share in the operation and maintenance costs of building facilities.

Egypt gives priority to Western Desert in land reclamation and sustainable development projects. The Bahariya oasis, a northernmost oasis of Egypt, is closer to the capital compared to other remote oases and represents the most interesting potential candidates for the sustainable development. Many researches provide insight into the hydrogeology and structural geology of the Bahariya oasis; however, very few attempts have been done to investigate its geothermal potentiality. The aim of present study is to reflect the geothermal resources of the Bahariya oasis encountered with the predominant structures utilizing aeromagnetic and borehole data. The main subsurface structures and the depth-to-basement map were retrieved from the 2D modelling of the aeromagnetic data. The results of the 2D models were verified by well stratigraphic data. Spectral analysis of the aeromagnetic data was applied to estimate the Curie point depth (CPD) and to produce geothermal gradient and heat flow maps for the Bahariya oasis. The results of the study indicated that the depth to the basement rocks in the area ranges from 0.6 to 4.0 km. The CPD is 15 km in the central parts and increases to 24 km eastward. The geothermal gradient varies from 20 to 35 °C/km with an average 30 °C/km; however, the heat flow changes from 60 to 100 m W/m2 with an average of 90 m W/m2. These results, in addition to basement structures, imply a high temperature gradient and heat flow correlating with shallow Curie depths. The results are in agreement with previous work in the same region.

Background Sagittal-oblique technique clearly shows partial rupture because its’ double angulation follows the specific course of the patient’s ligament, due to approximate orientation of the external rotation of the foot. Sagittal-oblique technique provides a higher number of slices presenting the whole course of ACL Objective To value the role of sagittal- oblique technique of MRI adding to the standardized MRI technique in the diagnosis of anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Patients and Methods The study was approved by the hospital ethical committee and all patients agreed to participate in the study. We prospectively evaluated 20 patients with MRI examination of the knee. Patients presented with painful knee joint due to trauma of knee soft tissue structures. They were 9 females and 11 males, ranging in age from 26 to 67 years. Mean age is 39.80 years. Results Accuracy of standard MRI protocol of the knee comparing to additional technique is identical in detection of a complete ACL rupture. Presentations of the partial ruptures of ACL using sagittal-oblique technique were more sensitive than presentation using standard MR protocol. There was statistically significant difference between MRI detection of the ruptured ACL between additional techniques. Sagittal-oblique technique provides a higher number of MRI slices showing the whole course of the ACL and requires a shorter scan time. Conclusion The addition of oblique sagittal technique to the standard MRI imaging improved diagnostic accuracy for detecting partial tear of the ACL. However, oblique sagittal technique is just as precise as the standard MR technique for the evaluation of a complete rupture of the ACL, so it should be used in cases of suspicion of partial rupture of the ACL

In this applied research work, the risk of rock instability in the Aqabat Al-Sulbat road section located in the north-west area of Aseer Province in Saudi Arabia was evaluated, and the primary natural trigger factors of rock slope instability on further environmental components (rock slope stability, road network, and urban areas) were estimated using satellite images (Landsat8), digital terrain models, and geoprocessing in geographical information systems software (classification, overlapping algorithms and production thematic mapping in Arctoolbox). Additionally, field geotechnical investigations testing and over-coring drilling sampling allowed the characterization of the section of road in terms of geological structure and environmental components (geology, morphology, road network, lineaments, and hydrology). As a result, rock slope instability vulnerability mapping was simulated using satellite imagery and geographical information systems (GIS) and ranking natural trigger factors using the combined fuzzy Delphi analytical hierarchic process with the technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) as multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques. Additionally, many rock layer discontinuity stations were implemented to evaluate rock slope instabilities, and these were visualized using the Dips program and combined with modeling using 3DEC software to predict rock slope failure based on the distinct element method (DEM) at a small scale. Thereafter, safety factors were computed depending on these previous geospatial data. Finally, vulnerability index mapping was combined with rock instability risk mapping for the Aqabat Al-Sulbat road. Within the framework of sustainable development, these results can be used to inform the urban planning of the municipality of Aseer Province.

Fire disasters damage the economy across the globe and cause many casualties among civilians and firefighters. In this paper, a deep learning architecture based on the convolutional neural network (CNN) is proposed to detect fires efficiently. We trained the network on 9247, picked high-resolution images containing fire and other ones without any fire, and investigated the effect of CNN depth on its classification accuracy. In this proposed work, we achieved 98% accuracy on the testing set, which is so far better than the previous state-of-the-art and will eventually minimize fire disasters and reduce the damage caused by human resources.

Tectonic evolution of the Paleoproterozoic Vaasa migmatitic complex (VMC) in the central part of the Svecofennian accretionary orogen is deciphered using aeromagnetic and gravity maps, deep seismic and magnetotelluric profiles, and structural and metamorphic data. The VMC is a semicircular structure with migmatitic rim and granitic core composed of several subdomes. It evolved in three main tectonic events (D1-D3). The D1 event (ca. 1.89-1.88 Ga) corresponds to the stacking of supracrustal rocks and the formation of an inverted metamorphic gradient. Anatexis at LP-HT metamorphic conditions enabled the material to flow. The D2 event (ca. 1.88-1.87 Ga) corresponds to large-scale folding of the partially molten crust within an orocline. It is marked by folds with an E-W vertical axial planar foliation. The late D3 event resulted from mass redistribution owing to mechanical instabilities within the hinge of the orocline. It is marked by vertical shearing (ca. 1.87-1.85 Ga) in the marginal parts of the complex and along the granitoid subdomes. The seismic reflection profile (FIRE 3a) and magnetotelluric profiles (MT-PE and MT-B2) image large-scale D1 stacking structures within an accretionary prism. Near vertical breaks in crustal-scale reflectivity and conductivity models are interpreted as D3 shear zones. The VMC is an example of early mass and heat transfer within a collage of hot supracrustal rocks in an accretionary belt. Partial melting enhanced the flow of material, the production, and rise of magma as well as exhumation, marked by magmatic domes in the hinge of the orocline.

The role of the fracture system is important for enhancing the recharge or discharge of fluids in the subsurface reservoir. The Lake Nasser is consider one of the largest artificial lakes all over the world and contains huge bulk of storage water. In this study, the influence of fracture zones on subsurface fluid flow in groundwater reservoirs is investigated using geophysical techniques including seismicity, geoelectric and gravity data. These data have been utilized for exploring structural structure in south west Lake Nasser, and subsurface discontinuities (joints or faults) notwithstanding its related fracture systems. Seismicity investigation gave us the comprehension of the dynamic geological structure sets and proposing the main recharging paths for the Nubian aquifer from Lake Nasser surface water. Processing and modelling of aerogravity data show that the greater thickness of sedimentary cover (700 m) is located eastward and northward while basement outcrops occur at Umm Shaghir and Al Asr areas. Sixty-nine vertical electrical soundings (VES’s) were used to delineate the subsurface geoelectric layers along eight profiles that help to realize the subsurface geological structure behind the hydrogeological conditions of the studied area. Keywords: Fracture system, Seismicity, Groundwater reservoir, Gravity, VES

Siwa Oasis is a part of the greatest northern depression in the Egyptian Western Desert, located just 50 km east of the Libyan border. It represents one of the most interesting potential candidates for the development of the Northern Western Desert of Egypt. Temperature data from deep wells in the Western Desert of Egypt indicate low geothermal resources. Here, we present the contribution of airborne gravity and magnetic geophysical data for the preliminary exploration of geothermal potential in Siwa Oasis. To achieve this objective, a 3D inversion of aerogravity data was used to delineate the depths to basement rocks, while spectral analysis of the aeromagnetic data was used to estimate the Curie Point Depth (CPD) and provide geothermal gradient and heat flow maps for the Siwa Oasis. The depth to the Precambrian basement rock is commonly greater than 2 km, ranging from 2 km to 5 km, whereas the CPDs range from 21 km to 28 km. Our results imply an inverse relationship between these two depths, in which the deeper basement regions are associated with shallow Curie depths. The derived geothermal gradients range from 21 to 27 °C/km and the heat-flow values range from 49 to 64 mW/m2 for the study area.

The experiment was conducted in a small greenhouse of citrus plants to know the population dynamic and the relationship between the Eutichurid spider Cheiracanthium isiacum and the occasional pest Phyllocnistis citrella. There was a statistically significant difference within three times in dominance of P. citrella. Results show that it is possible to detect P. citrella DNA in C. isiacum by using PCR technique and confirm the greenhouse experiment that there is a specific relationship between it. Cheiracanthium isiacum may be important in suppressing this pest population below economic threshold

This work addresses the detection of aquifers and the delineation of subsurface structures predominant in the basement rocks and their relations with these aquifers at the Bahariya Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt, and the relationship between the subsurface structures and the aquifers. In this respect, land geomagnetic and geoelectric-reconnaissance surveys were carried out over the oasis. Additionally, wells and bore-hole logs were used to verify the results and to explore the distributions of the subsurface reservoirs and the geological sequences. The results illustrate that the main groundwater aquifers in the fractured limestone ranges from 40 m to 90 m in depth and in the saturated Nubian sandstone from 800 m to 1200 m in depth. The thickness of the Carbonate reservoir varies from 90 m to 160 m. The Nubian sandstone formation that unconformably overlies the basement rocks has a thickness of approximately 250 m. In general, the depth to the basement rocks ranges from 1.2 km and 2.9 km in certain local areas according to the magnetic data. The structure trend analyses show that the dominant tectonic trends are northeastward and northwestward. These structures play an important role in controlling the aquifer depths and most probably supply water from the deeper Nubian aquifer to the shallower Carbonate aquifer.

The northern part of Western Desert represents the second most important oil-producing and gas provinces in Egypt. The aim of the present study is to highlight the subsurface structures, tectonic framework, and variation of the crust and upper mantle of the northern Western Desert. Geophysical data in the form of airborne gravity and magnetic maps as well as drill-hole data were used to achieve the objectives of the study. 2D interactive sequential modeling of aerogravity and aeromagnetic data was done along some selected profiles with constraints of the existing deep drill-holes at the study area. From these models, three maps for the depths to Precambrian basement, Conrad, and Moho surfaces were constructed. The results of this study indicate that the depth to the basement surface (thickness of the sedimentary section) ranges between 900 m at the southern parts and more than 5500 m at the northern parts. Meanwhile, the depth of Conrad discontinuity which reflect thickness of the upper crust; varies approximately between 10,000 m at the central and northern parts and 17,000 m at the southern parts of the area. While the Moho depth which represents the crustal thickness ranges from 27,000 m at the northern parts to 39,000 m southward. Integrating the results shows that the main compressive stress which influenced the studied area is in N55°W direction that supposed to cause primary shear in N25°W and N85°W directions with right and left lateral movements, respectively.

The position of Sinai Peninsula as an area of transit from Africa to Asia and vice-versa, is so strongly reflected on its importance on the projects of sustainable development in Egypt. Wadi El-Arish basin, largest drainage system in Sinai Peninsula, exhibits variable morphologic features due to the impact of the local lithologic, tectonic, topographic features and arid climatic conditions with intermittent flash floods. The present work attempts to determine the flood parameters: peak discharge, runoff volume and time to peak discharge. Due to lack of runoff measurement, Soil Conservation Service (SCS) unit hydrograph method is used to compute the runoff hydrographs. Rainfall data of all effective rainfall stations for 100 years design storm is incorporated in the Hec-1 hydrologic module. Also, the land use and soil type map are used to estimate the water losses and accordingly the excess rainfall which causes runoff. For that, Wadi El-Arish has been subdivided into nine sub-basins; ranging in area from 509 to 6111 km2. Drainage network, geometry and relief aspects were determined for the different sub-basins. The runoff volume ranges from 4.19 to 59.30 million m3. Additionally, geophysical technique in the form of gravity data with geological and hydrological techniques have been employed to delineate groundwater potential zones in Wadi El-Arish catchment area using GIS-based techniques. The resulting GIS model shows that the most favorable areas for groundwater potentiality are located at the southern part of Wadi El-Arish at Wadi Abu Tareifiya sub-basin and to the south of Wadi El-Azariq sub-basin.

aim of the study : This study was designed to set up proper laser parameters including laser type, power intensity and time of application for glazing of a particular glass-ceramic. The effect of laser glazing of the glass-ceramics on structural and roughness was investigated, evaluated and compared with the recommended glazing technique. material and methods :The materials used in this study were two commercially available lithium disilicate ceramics, fabricated by two different techniques: conventional lost wax (Injectable heat – pressed) and machinable Computer Aided Design / Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAD/ CAM) techniques. A total of 50 ceramic samples in the form of discs (5mm diameter and 2 mm thickness). For CAD/ CAM samples, a total of 50 discs were done sequentiallyin the Cerec 3 CPUacquisition unit. Two glazing techniques were adopted to the studied ceramic samples namely; conventional glazing and laser glazing. For each material subjected to the different glazing protocols structural Analysis, Surface Roughness was measured before and after glazing using white light Profilometry. results: Results of surface roughness (Ra) of the two investigated materials; IPS E-max press and IPS E-max CAD using two different surface treatments; conventional glazing and laser glazing in comparison to the control group are presented. For of M1; IPS E-max press material ANOVA results showed that the control group had the significantly highest surface roughness followed by laser glazing, while the conventional glazing showed the significantly lowest mean surface roughness (p

The northern part of the Western Desert of Egypt represents the second most promising area of hydrocarbon potential after the Gulf of Suez province. An artificial neural network (ANN) approach was used to develop a new predictive model for calculation of the geothermal gradients in this region based on gravity and corrected bottom-hole temperature (BHT) data. The best training data set was obtained with an ANN architecture composed of seven neurons in the hidden layer, which made it possible to predict the geothermal gradient with satisfactory efficiency. The BHT records of 116 deep oil wells (2,000–4,500 m) were used to evaluate the geothermal resources in the northern Western Desert. Corrections were applied to the BHT data to obtain the true formation equilibrium temperatures, which can provide useful constraints on the subsurface thermal regime. On the basis of these corrected data, the thermal gradient was computed for the linear sections of the temperature-versus-depth data at each well. The calculated geothermal gradient using temperature log data was generally 30 °C/km, with a few local high geothermal gradients in the northwestern parts of the study area explained by potential local geothermal fields. The Bouguer gravity values from the study area ranged from −60 mGal in the southern parts to 120 mGal in the northern areas, and exhibited NE–SW and E–W trends associated with geological structures. Although the northern Western Desert of Egypt has low regional temperature gradients (30 °C/km), several potential local geothermal fields were found (>40 °C/km). The heat flow at each well was also computed by combining sets of temperature gradients and thermal conductivity data. Aerogravity data were used to delineate the subsurface structures and tectonic framework of the region. The result of this study is a new geothermal gradient map of the northern Western Desert developed from gravity and BHT log data.

We have studied geophysical properties of the Raahe-Ladoga Shear Complex, a major NW-SE trending strike-slip shear zone in Central Finland. Aeromagnetic and airborne electromagnetic data from the Raahe-Ladoga Shear Complex, provided by the Geological Survey of Finland, were processed and interpreted in combination with the regional gravity data of the Finnish Geodetic Institute and the Geological Survey of Finland. Filtering techniques such as the first vertical derivative, horizontal and tilt gradients, and pseudo-gravity were applied for the visual interpretation and analyses of the shear complex in the Iisalmi area. The gravity data emphasized a NW-SE trend along a transition zone between the Archaean Karelian Province and the Palaeoproterozoic Svecofennian Province. This is consistent with the anomalies in the magnetic field intensity. Geophysical properties were also studied with gravity, magnetic and magnetotelluric ground surveys that were conducted across a narrow dominant segment of the entire shear complex near Iisalmi. The data indicated that weak negative gravity anomalies and strong magnetic anomalies are associated with the shear zone. Gravity modelling suggests that anomalies of small wavelength are related to shear zones and fractures, but the depth extent and dip cannot be resolved. Magnetic interpretation revealed that the shear zone can be modelled with near-vertical (82º eastward dip) sheet-like bodies with a depth extent over 2 km. The 2-D inversion of magnetotelluric data shows that the upper crust in the Iisalmi area is very resistive. High resistivity of the strongly sheared crust suggests the old shear complexes are not necessarily conductive opposite to many active shear complexes worldwide.

Results of geothermal studies carried out at 149 onshore oil wells have been used in evaluation of temperature gradient and heat flow values of the eastern shore of the Gulf of Suez. The investigations included temperature logs in boreholes, calculation of amplitude temperature, geothermal gradients and heat flow. The results obtained indicate that geothermal gradient values are in the ranges of 0.02–0.044°C/m and regionally averaged mean heat flow values are found to fall in the interval of 45–120mW/m2. Temperature gradients and heat flow values change from low values eastward to high values toward the axial of Gulf of Suez rift. The result of this research work has been highly successful in identifying new geothermal resources eastward of the Gulf of Suez. Additionally, this study shows that the areas with relatively higher temperature gradients have lower oil window, mature earlier, than those with low gradient values. Thus, high temperature gradients cause to expedite the formation of oil at relatively shallow depths and narrow oil windows. On the other hand, low temperature gradient makes the oil window to be quite broad when locate at high depths.

The offshore Nile Delta Basin, Egypt, has been known for a long time as a significant source of gas and oil. The study area is located on the Middle Eastern part of the Nile Delta near Mansoura City. The magnetotelluric method (MT) has emerged as a promising tool for oil exploration than any other geophysical technique. Hydrocarbon reservoirs typically exhibit higher electromagnetic resistivity than their surroundings. In this paper, the MT method was used to investigate the resistivity subsurface structure that related to hydrocarbon exploration, and the results were integrated with seismic data collected in the same area. The MT survey was performed using two frequency ranges: high (10 Hz to 100 kHz) and low (0.1 Hz to 1 kHz). Low-frequency natural MT waves were recorded using AMT only, and the measurement was then repeated using an artificial signal source for CSAMT. These surveys were carried out along three profiles having 22 sites. The recorded time-series data were transformed to the frequency domain and processed to determine apparent resistivities and phases at each site in which the determinant average of the impedance tensor was then used for 1D and 2D inversion. A good coherence was found between the electromagnetic and seismic profiles and shows that the hydrocarbon is exiting in the Abu Madi and Qawasim channel which represent the main gas-containing layers in the Nile Delta. The depth and extension of these layers were estimated and imaged with a maximum thickness of 4,000 m at profile 1 in the northwestern part of the study area.

With ever increasing demands on water resources, Egypt is facing increasing water needs, demanded by a rapidly growing population, by higher standards of living and by an agricultural policys. West Nile Delta represents a new agricultural area where the reclaimed lands are irrigated with groundwater in addition to surface water. The evaluation of groundwater aquifers in West Nile Delta area requires information about the extension, depth and distribution and source of recharging these aquifers. In this work, an integrated study using geoelectric, geomagnetic, hydrogeologic and hydrochemistry investigations has been applied to evaluate groundwater aquifers and to delineate subsurface structures predominant in the basement rocks at El-Nubariya area, West Nile Delta, Egypt. Thirty-five Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) have been applied to identify the subsurface geoelctric layers predominant in the study area. As well as a detailed land magnetic survey has been carried out along the study area using two automatic proton precession magnetometers with an accuracy of 1 nT. These surveys allowed us to establish the subsurface structures and their relation with the detected aquifers. The geoelectric results are illustrated along seven geoelectric profiles and correlated with the lithologic and hydrogeologic data of drilled wells. The third geoelectric layer represents the water saturated zone (aquifer) with thickness varies from 14 m to 58 m, increasing to east and southeast directions. The hydrchemisty anlysis shows that the salinity of the water aquifer ranges from 600 ppm in the southeast to 3900 ppm in the south. The major dominant dissolved salt is Nacl. In the east and southeast, the water type becomes more NaSO4 which refers to dissolution of gypsum in addition to fertilizers. The magnetic data have been analyzed using horizontal gradient and 3D magnetic modeling along the locations of geolectric profiles. The results indicate that the fault structures are trending in E-W, NW-SE and NE-SW directions. These faults confirm the results obtained from the well geolectric interpretation. These fault structures act as recharging paths from lower brackish to upper fresh water aquifers.

Cil: Prognosticka hodnota kalcifikace prstence mitralni chlopně (mitral annular calcification - MAC) je významna nejen proto, že sdili stejně rizikove faktory s dalsimi cevnimi aterosklerotickými změnami, ale i proto, že zvysuje morbiditu a mortalitu z kardiovaskularnich přicin. Cilem teto studie bylo posoudit spojeni zavažnosti MAC s echokardiograficky zjistěnými abnormalitami leveho srdce, hlavně abnormalni funkci chlopni i abnormalni systolickou a diastolickou funkci leve sině (LS).Metody: Prospektivně jsme ziskavali 12svodove elektrokardiogramy a transthorakalni echokardiogramy (TTE) pacientů indikovaných k "non-emergentnimu" echokardiografickemu vysetřeni v nemocnici terciarni pece. Kalcifikace prstence mitralni chlopně byla klasifikovana jako mirna, středně těžka a těžka. K parametrům běžně měřeným při TTE se navic specificky zaznamenavaly linearni rozměry LS, jeji objem v plnici a vypuzovaci fazi i ejekcni frakce LS.Výsledky: Z 80 pacientů vhodných k zařazeni do studie jich 47 mělo mirnou MAC, 29 středně těžkou, a 4 pacienti měli těžkou MAC. Mezi postiženi chlopni, zjisťovana hlavně dopplerovskou echokardiografii, patřily stenozy mitralni chlopně, mitralni nedostatecnost, aortalni skleroza a nedostatecnost aortalni chlopně s vysokou statistickou významnosti (hodnoty p 0,00, resp. 0,00, 0,00 a 0,00). Mezi pacienty s různým stupněm zavažnosti MAC a linearnim rozměrem LS byl zjistěn vysoce významný statistický rozdil (p < 0,00), přicemž objem LS v plnici i vypuzovaci fazi i ejekcni frakce LS - s výjimkou objemu v pasivni vypuzovaci fazi a pasivni ejekcni frakce LS - nebyly statisticky významne.Zavěry: Existuje přimý uměrný vztah mezi zavažnosti MAC a přidruženým postiženim levostranných chlopni, zvětsenim linearniho rozměru LS i nižsi celkovou funkci LS.

The study area comprises the southeastern part of the Western Desert of Egypt. The aims of the present study are to delineate the major surface and subsurface structures and to evaluate tectonic framework of the study area. Surface studies of the present work are based mainly on data from two different types of remote sensing systems: 15 cloud-free Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) images and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) DEM data. The remote sensing data were used to recognize and extract geological lineaments by calculating and interpreting DEM derivatives, including shaded relief maps, slope maps, and traverse profiles. A Bouguer anomaly map (scale 1:500,000) was used to delineate a detailed picture of the subsurface structure in the study area. The analysis of surface data, including SRTM DEM and ETM+, was combined with subsurface data, including Bouguer anomaly map, and gave new insight into the tectonic and structure patterns of the study area.

The Gulf of Suez region is one of the most interesting geothermal areas in Egypt because of the high temperatures of its springs. The eastern and western shores of the Gulf of Suez are characterized by superficial thermal manifestations including a cluster of hot springs with varied temperatures. Variations of deuterium and oxygen-18 concentrations in thermal waters have been used to aid in describing the source of recharge in the Gulf of Suez hot springs. Isotope and geochemical data for the Gulf of Suez thermal waters suggest that recharge to the hot springs may not be entirely from the Gulf of Suez water, but possibly from the meteoric water that comes from areas of higher altitude surrounding the hot springs.

The tectonic position of Egypt in the northeastern corner of the African continent suggests that it may possess significant geothermal resources, especially along its eastern margin. The most promising areas for geothermal development in the northwest Red Sea-Gulf of Suez rift system are located where the eastern shore of the Gulf of Suez is characterized by superficial thermal manifestations, including a cluster of hot springs with varied temperatures. Magnetotelluric and gravity-reconnaissance surveys were carried out over the geothermal region of Hammam Faraun to determine the subsurface electric resistivity and the densities that are related to rock units. These surveys were conducted along profiles. One-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) inversion model techniques were applied on the MT data, integrating the 2D inversion of gravity data. The objectives of these surveys were to determine and parameterize the subsurface source of the Hammam Faraun hot spring and to determine the origin of this spring. Based on this data, a conceptual model and numerical simulation were made of the geothermal area of Hammam Faraun. The numerical simulation succeeded in determining the characteristics of the heat sources beneath the Hammam Faraun hot spring and showed that the hot spring originates from a high heat flow and deep ground water circulation in the subsurface reservoir that are controlled by faults. These studies were followed by an assessment of the geothermal potential for electric generation from the Hammam Faraun hot spring. The value of the estimated potential is 28.34 MW, as the reservoir is assumed to be only 500 m thick. This value would be enough for the desalination of water for both human and agricultural consumption.

Being a growing problem, plagiarism is generally defined as "literary theft" and "academic dishonesty" in the literature, and it is really has to be well-informed on this topic to prevent the problem and stick to the ethical principles. This paper presents a survey on plagiarism detection systems, a summary of several plagiarism types, techniques, and algorithms is provided. Common feature of deferent detection systems are described. At the end of this paper authors propose a web enabled system to detect plagiarism in documents , code and images, also this system could be used in E-Learning, E-Journal, and E-Business.

The tectonic setting of Egypt, in the northeastern corner of the African continent, suggests that it may possess significant geothermal resources, especially along its eastern margin. The most promising areas for geothermal development in the NW Red Sea-Gulf of Suez rift system are locations along the eastern shore of the Gulf of Suez that are characterized by surface thermal manifestations, including a cluster of hot springs with varied temperatures. The Gulf of Suez region is one of the most interesting geothermal areas in Egypt because of the high temperatures of its springs. Geothermal studies were performed based on bottom-hole temperature logs of 103 offshore oil wells in the Gulf of Suez. The eastern margin of the Gulf of Suez, especially in the vicinity of hot springs, is characterized by high temperature gradients and heat flow values of more than 100 mW/m 2 . Geophysical studies, which characterized the gravity and aeromagnetic signatures of the Gulf of Suez, were used to investigate the origin of the high heat flow and to constrain the depths of the heat sources in the hottest areas. Based on these data, conceptual and numerical models of hydrothermal systems were developed of the Hammam Faraun and Hammam Musa hot springs, which are the hottest springs in Egypt. The modeling results show that the origin of the high heat flow is the uplifted basement rocks.