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Background Being the most widely used LC mode, reversed-phase (RP)-HPLC accounts for the highest percentage of HPLC separations. The main aim of the green analytical chromatographer is to enhance the efficiency of separations in short analysis times, using the ecologically safest materials and lowest energy consumption. Objective Being the heart of any chromatography where the actual separations take place, LC columns have diverse varieties which include different stationary phase geometries as well as different particles sizes. The rationale for column choice is quite complicated. Totally porous, core-shell particles, and monolithic rods are stationary phase types manufactured in RP-mode. The main objective of this research study is to aid in the selection of HPLC or ultra-high performance lquid chromatography (UHPLC) instrumentation. Methods In this research article, three different column packing phases were evaluated and compared by both HPLC and UHPLC techniques. The purpose was to explore the best rational choice of column packing as well as LC instrumentation, when using greener chromatographic conditions. Results The study showed core-shell particles were superior in both HPLC and UHPLC techniques. Conclusion Core-shell particles enabled the utilization of greener mobile phase compositions. Monolithic columns showed better tolerance of greener mobile phase flow rates, without considerable loss of performance. Highlights The use of greener organic solvents was assessed on different stationary phase geometries. The separation efficiency for five recent antiviral drugs was evaluated, in order to give better understanding of the way for column choice according to the underlying experimental conditions. UHPLC and HPLC were compared comprehensively for applicability and cost-effectiveness.

An efficient one-pot synthesis of N2-(tetrazol-5-yl)-6-aryl/heteroaryl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine derivatives was developed by reacting 5-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrazole with aromatic aldehydes and cyanamide in pyridine under controlled microwave heating with high yields. X-ray crystallography confirmed the structure of the obtained products.

Glycerol is a non-toxic, recyclable and biodegradable organic waste produced as a byproduct in the production of biodiesel fuel. Currently, glycerol is considered a green solvent and catalyst for a large variety of applications. This work discusses the significance of glycerol for heterocyclic synthesis. All the reported studies consider glycerol as an efficient and sustainable benign medium.

Both cinnolines and phthalazines are heterocyclic compounds which have a wide range of biological activities and pharmacological profiles. This work represents the recent advances in the green synthesis of cinnolines and phthalazines as 1,2 and 2,3-diazanaphalenes were cited. The docking studies and mode of action for key scaffolds were also reported.

Background Osteoporosis and osteopenia occur frequently in renal transplant recipients due to long-term use of immune-suppressants including corticosteroids. Previous treatment options like bisphosphonates had acceptable but rather unsatisfactory results after transplant. The aim of the current study is to directly compare the efficacy of denosumab and oral ibandronate in late RTR with low bone mineral density. Results The study was conducted Iin Hamed Al-Essa Kidney transplant center, Kuwait, in 2020. The data of 52 denosumab and 48 ibandronate patients were collected at the baseline and after one year of treatment. Spine and hip T-score readings, side effects, and other laboratory results were analyzed to evaluate the use of both medications. The mean number of months after transplant was 25 (± 13.9) months. After one year of treatment, denosumab alleviated both spinal osteoporosis and osteopenia T-score values from −3.13 to −2.4 (p = 0.008) and from −1.9 to −1.5 (p = 0.015), respectively. Besides, it reduced hip osteoporosis and osteopenia insignificantly from −3.45 to −3.1 and from −1.5 to −1.3, respectively (p > 0.05). Ibandronate improved spinal osteopenia from −1.6 to −1.55 (p = 0.97) and failed to show any positive impact on other sites; the spinal osteoporosis changed from −2.8 to −3 and hip osteoporosis and osteopenia changed from −3.1 to −3.12 and from −1.4 to −1.45, respectively (p > 0.05). The use of ibandronate was more associated with gastrointestinal tract (GIT) side effects, while hypocalcemia episodes were significantly higher in the denosumab group. Conclusion Denosumab improved both spinal and hip T-score values in comparison with ibandronate in RTR. Close monitoring is required for denosumab patients to prevent the associated hypocalcemia. Graphical Abstract

Background: Numerous therapeutic modalities have been used either singly or in combination to treat recalcitrant warts. However, a single treatment that is entirely effective in all patients is not yet explored. This might be attributed to the absence of specific antiviral medications against human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. Objective: The aim of this work was to compare efficacy of intralesional vitamin D3 in treatment of plantar warts in comparison to candida albicans antigen. Patients and methods: This study included a total of 40 patients suffering from plantar warts, attending at Dermatology and Andrology Outpatient Clinic, Dermatology Department, Al-Azhar University Hospitals. The included subjects were randomly divided into two groups; Group A (Candida antigen group) consisted of 20 patients, subjected to intralesional injection of candida albicans antigen and Group B: (Vitamin D3 group) consisted of 20 patients, subjected to intralesional injection of Vitamin D3. Results: Results revealed that there were no statistically significant correlations between age, sex of patients, duration of treated warts and clinical response in both treatment groups. However, a statistically significant correlation existed between the number of treated warts and response in Vitamin D group. Complete response occurred in patients with low number of warts. At the end, our results showed that there was no statistically significant correlation in complete response between candida antigen and vitaminD3. Both treatments show comparable efficacy and safety in treatment of plantar warts. Conclusion: Treatment of multiple warts by intralesional injection of candida antigen or vitamin D3 is safe and effective, with good cure rates, excellent safety profile and minimal recurrences.

Crinnolines can serve as unique and versatile class of heterocycles especially in fields related to synthetic and pharmaceutical chemistry owing to their potent biological activities. They possess diversity of pharmaceutical activities as anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic as well as anti-hypertensive activities. Since the first synthesis of cinnoline by Richter (1883) numerous protocols for their synthesis have been developed utilizing arenediazonium salts, aryl hydrazines and arylhydhydrazones precursors. Recently metal catalyzed C-C and C-N bond formation reactions have emerged as efficient tools for synthesis of cinnoline derivatives. This review aims to focus on the recent synthetic routes used for the synthesis of cinnoline derivatives. An effort has been carried out to provide an overview of practical methods for preparing cinnolines. Furthermore the reaction mechanisms have been described in brief.

Efficient synthesis of non-annulated 2-amino-4H-pyrans and 2-amino-8-oxo-4,8-dihydropyrano[3,2-b]pyran derivatives, which are biologically relevant heterocycles is achieved, utilizing a domino three-component reaction of ethyl acetoacetate or kojic acid with aromatic aldehydes and malononitrile catalyzed by Zn(L-proline)2 as reusable organometallic catalyst. The process exhibits high atom economy, short reaction time, simple work up, high yields and environmentally friendly nature. Excellent yields of the targeted molecules have been obtained.

Background: The term kernicterus refers to the clinical features of bilirubin encephalopathy. Its risk is increased in term babies with very high bilirubin levels. Kernicterus is also known to occur at lower levels of bilirubin in term babies who have risk factors and in preterm babies. Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate whether serum alkaline phosphatse & haptoglobin (Hp) level could be used for the early diagnosis and prediction of hyperbilirubinemia in newborns. Methodology: The study is a prospective clinical study design, which was carried out in Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Aswan University Hospital. The study included 100 newborns with gestational age more than 35wk delivered in obstetric department. Results: Our study showed no statistically significant difference between jaundiced and non- jaundiced cases regarding the mode of delivery, maternal gravidity and parity. As regards previous sibiling affected, we found a significant relation between clinically appearing jaundice and previous sibling affected with neonatal hyperbillirubinemia, which may reflect genetic susceptibility for hyperbillirubinemia. No significant relationship between gestational age and clinically appearing jaundice. When assessing the relationship between clinically appearing jaundice and birth weight, our results revealed no significant relationship. Conclusion: The cord blood alkaline phosphatase level is not only a useful predictor for severe neonatal jaundice but also can predict the early onset of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and expected methods of treatment in healthy newborns more than 35 weeks gestational age.

Brain tumors are stubborn cancers with poor prognosis and disappointing survival rates. Targeted cancer therapeutics with higher efficacy and lower resistance are highly demanded. An efficient one-pot synthesis of polyfunctionalized phthalazines derivatives was developed by reacting ethyl 1-aryl-5-cyano-1,6-dihydro-4-methyl-6-oxo-3-pyridazine-carboxylates with cinnamonitrile derivatives and the cycloaddition reaction of thieno[3,4-d]pyridazines with activated double or triple bond systems under controlled microwave heating with high yields. The resultant synthesized phthalazines (5a-e, 9 and 13) were tested for their in vitro anti-cancer activities by using in vitro one dose assay at National Cancer institute, USA. Only phthalazine (5b) showed broad spectrum anti-tumor activity against most tested cancer cell lines from all subpanels with mean % GI = 22.61. Interestingly, all tested compounds showed varying growth inhibitory activity against a particular cell line, CNS SNB-75 cell line, but (5b) exhibited the highest growth inhibitory activity against CNS-SNB-75 cell line with (GI% = 108.81) and (IC

Background : The absorption rates of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS) may be influenced by the concomitant use of omeprazole. Methods : One hundred kidney transplant patients were recruited during their outpatient visits, including 50 on MMF and 50 on EC-MPS. At the clinic, a predose mycophenolic acid (MPA) sample (C0) was collected; subsequently, the participants received the proton-pump inhibitor omeprazole along with either MMF or EC-MPS. Two more blood samples were collected at 1.5 and 3.5 hours and used to estimate an area under the curve (AUC) from zero to 12 hours [AUC (0-12)]. Results : The mean number of months after transplant was 92 months. The median AUC (0-12) and C0 results were 62.2 mg·h/L and 2.0 mg/L for the MMF group and 71.9 mg·h/L and 1.8 mg/L for the EC-MPS group (P = 0.160 and 0.225, respectively). Interestingly, 54% of the MMF group and 62% of the EC-MPS group showed AUCs above the target values. The correlation between MPA C0 and the predicted AUC was poor in both groups. Conclusion : Omeprazole can be safely co-administered with either MMF or EC-MPS, as it did not compromise the MPA exposure. Unexpectedly, however, a high percentage of patients presented MPA AUCs exceeding the target value, highlighting the importance of periodically assessing MPA level.

An efficient one-pot synthesis of N 2-(tetrazol-5-yl)-6-aryl/heteroaryl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine derivatives was developed by reacting 5-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrazole with aromatic aldehydes and cyanamide in pyridine under controlled microwave heating with high yields. X-ray crystallography confirmed the structure of obtained products.

Recent developments in the synthesis of 4H- and 2H-pyrans as well as structurally related chromene derivatives that have enabled the enantioselective synthesis of these scaffolds have been surveyed. The role of chiral catalysts in orienting initial reactions of active methylenes, methines and methyl ketones, to unsaturated ketones and nitriles in multi-component reactions or Friedel–Craft alkylations of phenols is discussed to show their involvement in transition states leading to end products. Chromene synthesis via [4+2] cycloadditions, [3+3] and [4+2] annulations as well as ring opening and recyclization leading to high enantio- and diasteroselectivity is also demonstrated. The enantioselectivity in such catalytic asymmetric reactions despite starting with non-chiral starting materials is discussed. On the other hand, in surveying ring opening and recyclization, the starting materials are chiral and the chiral center was not part of the reaction leading to the final product.

This research was conducted to give an overall assessment of the effectiveness of using electronic recruitment in travel agents and hotels in Egypt. The success of the tourism and hospitality industry depends on the quality of its employees and their effective management. E-recruitment is becoming a significant part of the recruitment strategy of all companies world-wide, in addition to becoming an increasingly popular method for job seekers in searching and applying for jobs. This research was applied on a sample of travel agents - category "A" and hotels in Egypt. A survey questionnaire was distributed from June to August 2017. About 300 forms were distributed, and the number of valid forms was 271 (133 from travel agents and 138 from hotels). The findings indicated that using e-recruitment in travel agents and hotels was more effectively than traditional methods in hiring. The results showed that there was a statistically significance correlation between all dimensions of e-recruitment process in travel agents and hotels. Moreover there was a significant difference between travel agencies and hotels and this difference was in favor of travel agencies in the dimensions of methods of recruitment and benefits of e-recruitment. On the other hand there is no significant difference between travel agents and hotels in the dimensions of disadvantage of e-recruitment process for hotels. This study presented few recommendations for hotels and travel agents such as: developing policies and procedures that will promote e-recruitment because of its contribution to reduce the cost of e-recruitment in the company; using variety of more methods of e-recruitment to attract new employee, and developing special software that will facilitate the search for the most efficient candidates who submitted their applications through the company's website.

Mohamed H. ElnagdiDr. Elnagdi was born on September 1, 1941 to his Egyptian father and mother in Mansoura City, Egypt. From 1958 to 1962, he studied chemistry at Faculty of Science, Cairo Universit...

There is an urging continuous need for novel anti-cancer agents due to persistent chemoresistance. Herein, newly synthesized cinnolines are evaluated for their possible anticancer activities and suggested mechanisms. In the current study, a simple and efficient synthesis of densely functionalized cinnolines has been developed that relied on multi-component reaction of ethyl 5-cyano-4-methyl-1-aryl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridazine-3-carboxylates with aromatic aldehydes and nitromethane in dioxane/pipridine under controlled microwave heating. Selected cinnolines (4a-c, e, h, j-n, q-v) were tested for possible anticancer activity using in vitro one dose assay at National Cancer institute, USA. Only cinnoline 4b stood out as the most potent cinnoline derivative (mean GI%=26.33) with broad-spectrum antitumor activity against the most tested cancer cell lines from all subpanels. The target cinnoline 4b emerged as the most active derivative against both leukemia RPMI-8226 and melanoma LOX IMVI cell lines (GI% = 106.06 and 82.1) respectively, with IC50 values equal to 17.12 ± 1.31 and 12.32 ± 0.75 μg/mL, which are comparable to those of staurosporin; 24.97 ± 1.47 and 8.45 ± 0.42 μg/mL, respectively. Cinnoline 4b influenced cell cycle distribution causing pre-G1 apoptosis and cell growth arrest at G2/M phase. It also induced apoptosis in both cell lines as manifested by significant increase in the percent of annexin V-FITC positive apoptotic cells in leukemia RPMI-8226 cells (from 1.09% to 12.47%) and melanoma LOX IMVI (from 1.32% to 19.05%). In addition, it showed lower expression levels of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein, and higher expression levels of pro-apoptotic proteins; Bax, p53, cytochrome c, caspases 3 and 9. Conclusion Induction of mitochondrial intrinsic pathway of apoptosis is a possible mechanism by which cinnoline 4b may confer its anticancer activity.

α-Cyanoketones represent a synthetically attractive scaffold possessing bifunctional reactivity which enabled synthesis of a diversity of products. This involves reaction of nucleophiles with electrophilic carbonyl carbon performing an efficient and regioselective way to acylation reaction, cycloaddition of activated cyano function with dipolarophiles, metal-catalyzed cross-dehydrogenative coupling carbocyanation across C-C multiple bonds as well as hydrocyanation. This review provides the recent developments in the chemistry of α-cyanoketones which will be beneficial for researchers and scientists in such field.

Background: Social media social media are caused a revolution in the last century. Almost everyone has access to social media with different ways. Many students use Social media for contact with each other, following updating news, and help them in their study. The study aimed to estimate the prevalence, pattern of Social media and its effects on social health of Fayoum university students.Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study involving 633 students at Fayoum university.Results: As regards social media use, the majority of the student (94.2%) was using at least one type of SM. More than half of them (55.5%) visit (3-5) SM sites. About one third of the students (30.9%) stated that they spend (3-4) hours daily. Regarding effect of social media, one third of the students (30.2%) thought that SM sites decrease friendship level, (73.0%) limit sport time, and has a negative effect on the learning process (62.4%). The motivations for using social media were the search for news (38.1%) and making friendship (31.2%). Multiple logistic regression for factors associated with using social media revealed that age more than 20 years and male gender were significantly associated with using social media (p=0.003 and 0.016, respectively).Conclusions: The majority of students use Social media for different reasons. Social media reduced social interrelations of the students may set down their study. So, increase awareness about the hazards of social media among students including their physical and psychosocial health. Highlighted the balanced use of social media for proper improving the learning process through prompt uses of information and communication.

Malaria is a life-threatening parasitic disease transmitted by mosquitoes and causing multiple alterations in the infected host. The objective of this study was to investigate the apoptotic changes in murine splenic tissue due to infection with Plasmodium chabaudi.Flow cytometric analysis was used to quantify normal and apoptotic spleen cells in P. chabaudi-infected female C57BL/6 mice. Splenic tissue was also examined for histological study.Challenge of mice with parasitized erythrocytes induced damage to splenic tissue. Splenomegaly and changes in splenic cell numbers were the most common changes linked to P. chabaudi. Also noteworthy was that apoptotic splenic cell numbers correlated with changes in parasitemia.This study suggested that reversible splenic lesions might develop after persistent low-grade parasitemia. Rapid changes in cellular splenic populations are influenced by apoptotic events, proving the role of the spleen in protective immunity against blood-borne infections due to P. chabaudi malaria.