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This article is devoted to the design, analysis and fabrication of conventional and metamaterial leaky wave antennas. The effects of utilizing composite right/left handed structure on bandwidth, gain and beam steering are reflected. The structures with metamaterial cells conduct wider bandwidth of operation. Three different configurations of metamaterial unit cell structures are used. The mushroom ground structure is addressed as a cell which provides MTM features on Rogers 5880, traditional square patches and two reconfigurable rows sandwiched between the ground and the radiated arrays. The conventional antenna’s dimensions are 50 mm *70 mm *6.36 mm and it is implemented using Rogers RT 5880 substrate, with a relative dielectric constant of (2.2), a thickness of (3.18) mm and a loss tangent of (0.002). The overall dimensions of the MTM antenna outline the same dimensions of the conventional antenna, but its thickness is varying. The antennas are simulated by the CST microwave studio, fabricated on Roger 5880 and measured using the network analyzer. The antenna conducts a gain of (9.8 dB) and a bandwidth between 7.2 GHz and 18.4 GHz. The structure adopted in this paper achieves a novelty of applying different reconfigurable structures of metamaterial unit cells. This type of antenna can be used as a radar sensor control in industrial production lines, while those with high gain could be used for target detection. There is a good agreement between the measured and simulated results.

Since the start of the industrial era till now, the soil has been severely polluted with huge amount of pollutants especially heavy metals. Heavy metal pollution is a major threat to human life and the environment, because of their toxicity, non-biodegradability, and accumulation in soil, food webs, and other parts of the ecosystem. Remediation of the soil contaminated by heavy metals is a serious environmental and technological issue. Due to several disadvantages of the conventional heavy metal removal technologies, bioremediation technologies are competitive, highly efficient, effective, and cheap; preserve the soil structure; and are environmental friendly. Fungi are the most potential and ideal organisms for removing heavy metals and degrading various pollutants, as they are recognized as heavy metal hyper-accumulators by numerous studies. They use biosorption, bioaccumulation, biotransformation, and biovolatilization as the main mechanisms to remediate the heavy metals and metalloids. Employing the integrated processes for heavy metal removal from the contaminated environment overcomes the obstacles that single techniques (physical, chemical, or biological) face. Integrated processes have several advantages such as efficiency, cost-effectiveness, short duration, versatility, environment friendliness, on-site adaptability, and large-scale implementation options. Fungal phytoremediation is a promising and effective technology. In this chapter the problem of heavy metal pollution, the importance of fungi as a metal potential biosorbent, interactions with metals, the potential of various fungi in the biosorption, their tolerance and detoxifying mechanisms, and the future prospects of soil mycoremediation are discussed.

Fungi are a valuable group of organisms and they are understudied industrially and biotechnologically. Due to their wide distribution in different ecological habitats that they inhabit, and the consequent need to compete against a diverse array of other living organisms, e.g., bacteria, fungi, and animals, fungi have developed numerous survival defense mechanisms. The unique attributes of fungi thus herald great promise for their application in biotechnology and industry. Further, fungi are also becoming a center of focus for the industrial sector as fungal enzymes are considered the main core in different industries and their requirement is at the top position and in fact their influence will be felt more in coming years and decades. Thus, keeping in view the importance of fungi especially for the industrial sector, this chapter highlights the recent progress that has been made in screening fungi for the production and commercialization of certain biologically active compounds for the industrial sector with special reference to endophytic fungi.

IoT adds more flexibility in many areas of applications to makes it easy to monitor and manage data instantaneously. However, IoT has many challenges regarding its security and storage issues. Moreover, the third-party trusting agents of IoT devices do not support sufficient security level between the network peers. This paper proposes improving the trust, processing power, and storage capability of IoT in distributed system topology by adopting the blockchain approach. An application, IoT Trust Management (ITM), is proposed to manage the trust of the shared content through the blockchain network, e.g., supply chain. The essential key in ITM is the trust management of IoT devices data are done using peer to peer (P2P), i.e., no third-party. ITM is running on individual python nodes and interact with frontend applications creating decentralized applications (DApps). The IoT data shared and stored in a ledger, which has the IoT device published details and data. ITM provides a higher security level to the IoT data shared on the network, such as unparalleled security, speed, transparency, cost reduction, check data, and Adaptability.

Brain samples were collected from 33 animals of different species, including buffalo, cattle, dog, donkey, fox and wolf, that had been suspected to be infected by rabies virus (RABV) in different geographical regions of Aswan and Luxor governorates in Egypt. The samples were submitted for histopathological examination and the presence of the nucleic acid and antigens of RABV was tested by RT-PCR and indirect fluorescent antibody technique (IFAT), respectively. Sixteen samples were found positive by all the three examinations. Three samples were selected for further study from animals in which the highest virus loads were detected. The partial sequence of the RABV N gene was determined and analysed from the samples of a buffalo, a cow and a donkey. The viruses in the samples were found to share 95–98% and 95–97% nucleotide and amino acid sequence identities, respectively. In comparison to reference sequences, a few amino acid substitutions occurred in the N protein antigenic sites I and IV in the immunodominant epitopes of the viruses detected in the cow and the donkey but not in the one from the buffalo. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the RABVs sequenced from the samples belonged to genotype 1, Africa-4 clade, and formed two distinct sub-clades within the Egyptian clade. These findings indicate the circulation of RABV among livestock animals in the southern part of Egypt and raise public health concerns. The amino acid changes detected in this work may contribute to the antigenic diversification of RABVs.

According to Medical Statistics conducted in the USA, the number of patients who die every year from Medical errors are estimated to be around 200 to 400 thousand. The most common types of medical mistakes are (Billing errors, incorrect medication/incorrect dosage). Moving towards Electronic Health Records (EHR) instead of the paper-based system can prevent Medical errors. The (EHR) faces challenges regarding the issues of security and privacy. Utilizing blockchain can provide the proper solution to the above-stated challenges. This paper aims to introduce a new supervising strategy regarding accessing, sharing, and storing the (EHR). The proposed strategy enhances the security in a distributed network environment, through applying blockchain technology and hash table. Furthermore, it is applying a newly developed collision-resistant hash function in generating a unique ID for each patient in the EHR System. The Proposed scenario will improve the overall performance of the EHR system making it more efficient and reliable than the traditional system.

By 2020, 250 million cars will be using vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communications around the world. Most of the vehicles today possess hundreds of sensors. In Autonomous vehicles (AVs) exchanging a large amount of data (messages) will take place concurrently. In the USA, AVs communicate by means of The Dedicated Short-Range Communications protocol (DSRC). The (DSRC) establish V2V communication by utilizing four 6 Mbps communications channels. The problem occurs when the four channels operate simultaneously. The problem is that Blockchain is required in order to achieve secured V2V communication. The Blockchain is based on the standard hash function SHA-256. The SHA-256 which represent one of the SHA-2 family digests shares its mathematical model with SHA-1. However SHA-1 was vulnerable to collision attacks, therefore, SHA-256 will suffer from the same problem. Executing a simulation of SHA-3 (256) revealed an average speed of 3 Mbps, which is not sufficient to operate the Blockchain on V2V communication using DSRC. Generally, The Blockchain is software implemented for secure V2V communication. The hash function of Blockchain is compulsory to verify data integrity during V2V and vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) communication. In this paper, a new family of hash functions is proposed based on the Unpredictability principle. The objective is to realize collision resistant and high speed with low computational overhead using one round of (AES-256). The suggested hash functions with the following output values (256, 384, and 512) and with speed (80, 160, and 240) Mbps respectively ensures the secure operation of the DSRC.

LTE has become the dominant mobile communication network as it provides higher data rate, higher level of security and more applicable services. The handover is a critical process as it needs to be rapid and accurate process. In the handover over the Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard security protocol, the key management takes place between the source eNodeB and target eNodeB under the Mobility Management Entity (MME) via X2 interface. 3GPP has specified some security mechanisms to ensure the safety of handover key management, but still there exist some vulnerabilities compromising the security of the handover process, such as desynchronization attack. This paper proposed a new Lightweight Intelligent authentication protocol, which solves the desynchronization attack, solves Man in The Middle Attack, and achieves shorter setup time. This protocol solves the desynchronization attack and Man in The MiddleAttack by adding a Certificate Authority (CA), which generates a certificate for each eNB of the LTE network. In addition, the proposed protocol achieves shorter setup time by applying a parallel key management and handover instead of sequential key management and handover with each eNB. The proposed protocol assumes a new method of authentication of the User Equipment (UE) by using a Key Management Unit (KMU).The proposed protocol is securely analyzed. In addition, measuring the performance analysis in terms of the communication overhead, computations overhead and setup time by using Eclipse Real Time Operating System program. Finally, the proposed protocol is compared with the Standard protocol and MRN related work.

Since Link introduced genus Fusarium in 1809, the genus encompasses a diverse array of species of significance for being devastating plant pathogens that often produce a wide range of secondary metabolites and attracted an immense interest. The association of some of these metabolites with cellular toxicity, effects on growth and development of animals, and cancer in humans and domesticated animals is of particular interest to agriculture and food safety. The taxonomic history of Fusarium species has been reviewed in great detail elsewhere. The genus currently contains nearly less than 200 accepted species, and its economic and historical importance makes it remain at center stage in future discussions about nomenclature and mycological diversity. Therefore, together with its ubiquitous nature, these species are of great significant impacts on ecosystems, agriculture, food production, biotechnology, and human and animal health. The aim of this chapter is to give an overview of the studies aimed at the investigation of Fusarium biodiversity in a wide variety of different ecological habitats, ecological significances, and industrial applications.

Since Pier Antonio Micheli described and published genus Aspergillus in Nova Plantarum Genera in 1729, the genus attracted an immense interest. Aspergillus, a diverse genus occurring worldwide, species from this genus are considered to primarily be terricolous with important roles as decomposers of organic materials and cause destructive rots in the agricultural products and food industry where they produce a wide range of mycotoxins. The genus currently contains more than 340 accepted species, and its economic and historical importance makes it remain at center stage in future discussions about nomenclature and mycological diversity. Therefore, together with its ubiquitous nature, these species (anamorphic and teleomorphic) are of great significant impacts on ecosystems, agriculture, food production, biotechnology, and human and animal health. This chapter aims to give an overview on the studies and investigation of Aspergillus biodiversity in a wide variety of different ecological habitats, ecological significances, and industrial applications.

Natural products (NP) are produced by living organisms and are usually secondary metabolites that are produced as a defense mechanism against predators or to aid the organism adapting to its environment. Natural products have been evolving for a very long time through natural selection. Therefore, they possess optimized biologically active metabolites that have delivered a great variety of structures for drug discovery. The first records of traditional medicine systems are from Egypt (2900 BCE), where about 1000 plant-derived medicines are described. Egyptian pharmaceutical records that date from 1500 BCE document more than 700 drugs in various formulas such as pills, snuffs, poultices, and infusions. Endophytic fungi are microfungi that internally infect living plant tissues without causing any visible manifestation of disease and live in mutualistic association with plants for at least a part of their life cycle. However, the discovery of fungal endophytes inside these plants with a capacity to produce the same compounds shifted the focus of new drug sources from plants to fungi. Bioactive natural products from these fungi are attracting considerable attention from natural product chemists and biologists alike, which is clearly depicted by the steady increase of publications devoted to this topic during recent years. Plant endophytic fungi are an important and novel resource of natural bioactive compounds with their potential applications in agriculture, medicine, and food. This chapter will highlight the antiinflammatory metabolites produced by some taxa of endophytic mycobiota isolated from some medicinal plants and their probable inhibitory effects against an adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rat model and compared with the effects of methotrexate (MTX) as a standard disease-modifying antirheumatoid drug.

We explore the use of an improved particle filter to detect and track stealth targets (STs) in noisy imagery with unknown detection profile. Recently, a cardinality-balanced multitarget multi-Bernoulli (CBMeMBer) of variational Bayesian (VB) approximation has been proposed for tracking multitargets with unknown measurement variances. However, VB-CBMeMBer filter has been implemented with a known detection profile, which is unsuitable for ST tracking. The Bayesian track-before-detect (TBD) is an efficient way to detect low observable targets. A new VB-CBMeMBer-TBD filter is proposed to cope with jointly unknown detection profile and measurement variances for ST tracking. Furthermore, a sequential Monte Carlo implementation is applied to estimate augmented kinematic ST state. The results show that the proposed filter is more accurate than other filters in cardinality estimation and less optimal subpattern assignment errors.

The heart is one of the most vital organs in the human body therefore; its wellbeing and health are monitored continuously to determine the medical conditions of patients. The current paper presents a heart rate measuring device, which can also be used to measure oxygen saturation levels, and body temperature. All measured results have been analyzed by an Arduino platform to decide the patient’s health status. The obtained measurements were also monitored using an in-house mobile application with an integrated alarm system acquainted by both the therapist and patient. The design of this device is dependent on many types of platforms such as Arduino, Android and cloud server. This device can help the patients to check their health status and provide suggested course of action.

In this paper, design and simulation of Broadband MIMO Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Planar Array Antenna covering E-band frequency from 69.5 GHz up to 90.97 GHz with 21.4 GHz bandwidth has been investigated achieving more than 5 dBi peak gain. The array is designed using two different dielectric substrates with multi feeding inputs and different heights enhancing its use in Millimeter-Wave, E-band and 5G applications.

Securing transmitted data from UAV to Base Station in high bit rate with maximum security needs Authenticated Encryption. New One Time Pad (OTP) algorithm was designed for high bit rate and high security level applications such as UAV Data Link. In this paper, the designed OTP algorithm is combined with Authenticated Encryption to ensure encryption and authentication along with data integrity. Authenticated Encryption (AE) is a very important technique that ensures complete security procedures of transported data. This technique combines encryption, authentication and data integrity to provide both privacy and authenticity of the data. In this paper, the design, analysis and simulation of a fast and enhanced stream cipher Authenticated Encryption architecture which is called Authenticated Encryption New OTP (AENOTP) is introduced on the basis of unpredictability concept. Unpredictability concept is a concept based on dynamic use of encryption algorithms, where instead of using single encryption algorithm for producing the ciphertext, multiple encryption algorithms are used in the same structure. The proposed algorithm is faster than ASC-1 authenticated encryption stream cipher with 60%. The proposed algorithm can resist different types of cryptanalysis attacks such as linear, differential, algebraic attacks and other types of attacks.

In this paper the design, and simulation of a 16×8 wideband microstrip planar array antenna which covers E- band frequency from 81 GHz up to 86 GHz with 5GHz bandwidth has been investigated and more than 14 dBi gain has been achieved. The designed array etched on Rogers RO-3003 substrate which enables it to be used in high speed point to point wireless local area networks and broadband internet access applications.

In this paper, an efficient highly isolated triplexer antenna to enable multiband operating frequencies is approached with neither adding filtering components nor terminating any of the three ports. The proposed approach is a highly isolated triplexer single antenna implemented on a single substrate two-layer printed circuit board. The triplexer antenna is designed, manufactured and measured with a three different resonance frequencies separated to cover multiple separated satellite communication applications. The propounded design comprises of a rectangular three-port antenna mounted on Rogers RO4350B two-layer single substrate fed by microstrip transmission line and coplanar wave-guide (CPW). The overall antenna's dimensions are 80.5 × 77 mm2. The presented antenna design has been simulated and optimized using finite integration technique (FIT) with the commercial CST studio. The obtained results are showing port isolation better than −20dB in average with good impedance matching between − 18 and −36dB at each port of the operating frequencies. The achieved directivity is 3.3, 4.5 and 6.2 dBi at 1.5, 3.6, and 2.5 GHz with 97%, 66% and 90% high efficiency respectively.

This paper present 32 Element microstrip rectangular patch array antenna for KU-Band. The aim of the design is to achieve low cost, low weight and high gain antenna for the transmissions frequency range of KU – Band satellite system. The paper also present 5 designs for array antenna 2, 4,8,16 and 32 elements and the results comparison between them. The substrate material is FR-4 with 1.58 mm thickens. The simulation made by CST Microwave studio 2017. The size of final design is 85×98.81 mm and the bandwidth is 1.489 GHz. The frequency range of design starting from 13.318 GHz to 14.842 GHz with maximum Gain 13.7 dB. The final design of 32 elements array antenna has been fabricated and compared with the simulation results, a good agreements were obtained and the difference between fabrication and measurements results was due to fabrication and measurements tools tolerance. The fabricated design has been measured using Vector network analyzer ROHDE & SCHWARZ ZVB20.

Strong mutual coupling between closely spaced ports in compact antenna has been caused significant system performance degradation, such as reduction in gain and signal-to-noise ratio. In this paper, an efficient technique utilizing the Defected Ground Structure (DGS) has been employed to propose two-port Elliptical patch structure. The proposed DGS has been used to control and separate the resonant frequency of each port and reduce the coupling effect. The presented two-port antenna structure has been analyzed, investigated and optimized using Finite Integral Technique (FIT) numerical method. The designed antenna has a small overall size of 30 × 30mm2, and operates over the frequency ranges, 5.7–5.97 GHz, and 5.35–5.6 GHz suitable for WLAN and WiMAX applications. The first port operates at 5.8 GHz with efficiency 62% while second port operates at 5.43 GHz with efficiency 66%. Thus, the proposed DGS is simply representing built-in resonance and decoupling circuits with no additional cost. In addition, maximum VSWR value < 1.5 have been achieved through the operating frequency range. The presented DGS pattern has been proved to be an excellent feature for designing and optimizing any two-port antenna configuration. Moreover, the proposed two-port microstrip antenna with separated resonance frequencies can be used as multifunction antenna in several communication applications. Good agreement has been obtained between simulated and measured parameters.

In this paper, a novel triplexer antenna is employed to realize frequency diversity for highly isolated three-port. The proposed triplexer is designed with separated resonance frequencies to be used as multifunction antenna in several communication applications. The presented three-port antenna structure is analyzed using Finite Integration Technique (FIT) numerical method. The ports isolation is better than −20 dB. In addition, the triplexer antenna is achieved good impedance matching at each port through the operating frequency range without the need to extra matching circuits and thereby economizes the circuit size. The obtained gain at 3.58, 1.63, and 2.5 GHz is 5, 3.8 and 4 dB with high efficiency of 96%, 94% and 97% respectively. Furthermore, the proposed antenna has the advantages of simple design, reasonable compact size, wide bandwidth, good ports isolation and high efficiency.

Since Pier Antonio Micheli described and published on the genus Aspergillus in Nova Plantarum Genera in 1729 the genus has attracted an immense interest. Aspergillus is a diverse genus occurring worldwide, species from this genus are considered to primarily be terricolous with important roles as decomposers of organic materials and cause destructive rots in agricultural products and the food industry, where they produce a wide range of mycotoxins. The genus currently contains 339 accepted species and its economic and historical importance makes it remain at center stage in future discussions about nomenclature and mycological diversity. The International Commission of Penicillium and Aspergillus voted to maintain a broad generic concept for Aspergillus . Eleven teleomorphs associated with Aspergillus anamorphs in which seven genera ( Eurotium, Neosartorya, Emericella, Chaetosartorya, Hemicarpenteles, Sclerocleista , and Warcupiella ) are maintained and four genera ( Fennellia, Petromyces, Neocarpenteles , and Neopetromyces ) are synonymized. Therefore, together with its ubiquitous nature, these species have greatly significant impacts on ecosystems, agriculture, food production, biotechnology, and human and animal health. The goal of this chapter is to represent the biodiversity of genus Aspergillus in a wide range of environmental habitats including deserts, salterns, agricultural, polar, aquatic, mangrove, living plants and animals, air, decayed wood, stones, and human.

Assessment Study of Using Online (CSRS) GPS-PPP Service for Mapping Applications in EgyptMany applications in navigation, land surveying, land title definitions and mapping have been made simpler and more precise due to accessibility of Global Positioning System (GPS) data, and thus the demand for using advanced GPS techniques in surveying applications has become essential. The differential technique was the only source of accurate positioning for many years, and remained in use despite of its cost. The precise point positioning (PPP) technique is a viable alternative to the differential positioning method in which a user with a single receiver can attain positioning accuracy at the centimeter or decimeter scale. In recent years, many organizations introduced online (GPS-PPP) processing services capable of determining accurate geocentric positions using GPS observations. These services provide the user with receiver coordinates in free and unlimited access formats via the internet. This paper investigates the accuracy of the Canadian Spatial Reference System (CSRS) Precise Point Positioning (PPP) (CSRS-PPP) service supervised by the Geodetic Survey Division (GSD), Canada. Single frequency static GPS observations have been collected at three points covering time spans of 60, 90 and 120 minutes. These three observed sites form baselines of 1.6, 7, and 10 km, respectively. In order to assess the CSRS-PPP accuracy, the discrepancies between the CSRS-PPP estimates and the regular differential GPS solutions were computed. The obtained results illustrate that the PPP produces a horizontal error at the scale of a few decimeters; this is accurate enough to serve many mapping applications in developing countries with a savings in both cost and experienced labor.