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We compute the gaugino condensates, $\left\langle \prod_{i=1}^k \text{tr}(\lambda\lambda)(x_i) \right\rangle $ for $1$ $\leq$ $k$ $\le$ $N-1$, in $SU(N)$ super Yang-Mills theory on a small four-dimensional torus $\mathbb{T}^4$, subject to 't Hooft twisted boundary conditions. Two recent advances are crucial to performing the calculations and interpreting the result: the understanding of generalized anomalies involving $1$-form center symmetry and the construction of multi-fractional instantons on the twisted $\mathbb T^4$. These self-dual classical configurations have topological charge $k/N$ and can be described as a sum over $k$ closely packed lumps in an instanton liquid. Using the path integral formalism, we perform the condensate calculations in the semi-classical limit and find, assuming gcd$(k,N)=1$, $\left\langle \prod_{i=1}^k \text{tr}(\lambda\lambda)(x_i) \right\rangle = {\bf n}^{-1} \; N^2\left(16\pi^2 \Lambda^3\right)^k$, where $\Lambda$ is the strong-coupling scale and ${\bf n}$ is a normalization constant. We determine the normalization constant, using path integral, as ${\bf n} = N^2$, which is $N$ times larger than the normalization used in our earlier publication arXiv:2210.13568. This finding resolves the extra-factor-of-$N$ discrepancy encountered there, aligning our results with those obtained through direct supersymmetric methods on $\mathbb R^4$. The normalization constant ${\bf n}$ can be interpreted within the Euclidean path-integral formulation as the Witten index $I_W$. It is well-established that a Hamiltonian calculation of $I_W$ yields $I_W=N$, suggesting that while ${\bf n}=N^2$ correctly reproduces the condensate result, it presents a puzzle in reconciling the Witten index computation via the path integral formalism, an issue warranting further investigation., Comment: 29 pages+appendices, 1 figure

With the rapid integration of electronically interfaced renewable energy resources and loads into smart grids, there is increasing interest in power quality disturbances (PQD) classification to enhance the security and efficiency of these grids. This paper introduces a new approach to PQD classification based on the Vision Transformer (ViT) model. When a PQD occurs, the proposed approach first converts the power quality signal into an image and then utilizes a pre-trained ViT to accurately determine the class of the PQD. Unlike most previous works, which were limited to a few disturbance classes or small datasets, the proposed method is trained and tested on a large dataset with 17 disturbance classes. Our experimental results show that the proposed ViT-based approach achieves PQD classification precision and recall of 98.28% and 97.98%, respectively, outperforming recently proposed techniques applied to the same dataset., Comment: IECON 2024-50th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Chicago, U.S.A, 2024, pp. 1-6

SuperBIT was a 0.5-meter near-ultraviolet to near-infrared wide-field telescope that launched on a NASA superpressure balloon into the stratosphere from New Zealand for a 45-night flight. SuperBIT acquired multi-band images of galaxy clusters to study the properties of dark matter using weak gravitational lensing. We provide an overview of the instrument and its various subsystems. We then present the instrument performance from the flight, including the telescope and image stabilization system, the optical system, the power system, and the thermal system. SuperBIT successfully met the instrument's technical requirements, achieving a telescope pointing stability of 0.34 +/- 0.10 arcseconds, a focal plane image stability of 0.055 +/- 0.027 arcseconds, and a PSF FWHM of ~ 0.35 arcseconds over 5-minute exposures throughout the 45-night flight. The telescope achieved a near-diffraction limited point-spread function in all three science bands (u, b, and g). SuperBIT served as a pathfinder to the GigaBIT observatory, which will be a 1.34-meter near-ultraviolet to near-infrared balloon-borne telescope., Comment: 17 pages, 25 pages, published in the Astronomical Journal

Lithium-rich antiperovskite promise to be a compelling high-capacity cathode material due to existence of both cationic and anionic redox activity. Little is however known about the effect of separating the electrochemical cationic from the anionic process and the associated implications on the electrochemical performance. In this context, we report the electrochemical properties of the illustrative example of three different Li$_2$Fe)SO materials with a focus on separating cationic from anionic effects. With the high voltage anionic process, an astonishing electrochemical capacity of around 400~mAh/g can initially be reached. Our results however identify the anionic process as the cause of poor cycling stability and demonstrate that fading reported in previous literature is avoided by restricting to only the cationic processes. Following this path, our Li$_2$Fe)SO-BM500 shows strongly improved performance indicated by constant electrochemical cycling over 100 cycles at a capacity of around 175~mAh/g at 1~C. Our approach also allows us to investigate the electrochemical performance of the bare antiperovskite phase excluding extrinsic activity from initial or cycling-induced impurity phases. Our results underscore that synthesis conditions are a critical determinant of electrochemical performance in lithium-rich antiperovskites, especially with regard to the amount of electrochemical secondary phases, while the particle size has not been found a crucial parameter. Overall, separating and understanding the effects of cationic from anionic redox activity in lithium-rich antiperovskites provides the route to further improve their performance in electrochemical energy storage.

The Super-pressure Balloon-borne Imaging Telescope (SuperBIT) is a near-diffraction-limited 0.5m telescope that launched via NASA's super-pressure balloon technology on April 16, 2023. SuperBIT achieved precise pointing control through the use of three nested frames in conjunction with an optical Fine Guidance System (FGS), resulting in an average image stability of 0.055" over 300-second exposures. The SuperBIT FGS includes a tip-tilt fast-steering mirror that corrects for jitter on a pair of focal plane star cameras. In this paper, we leverage the empirical data from SuperBIT's successful 45-night stratospheric mission to inform the FGS design for the next-generation balloon-borne telescope. The Gigapixel Balloon-borne Imaging Telescope (GigaBIT) is designed to be a 1.35m wide-field, high resolution imaging telescope, with specifications to extend the scale and capabilities beyond those of its predecessor SuperBIT. A description and analysis of the SuperBIT FGS will be presented along with methodologies for extrapolating this data to enhance GigaBIT's FGS design and fine pointing control algorithm. We employ a systems engineering approach to outline and formalize the design constraints and specifications for GigaBIT's FGS. GigaBIT, building on the SuperBIT legacy, is set to enhance high-resolution astronomical imaging, marking a significant advancement in the field of balloon-borne telescopes., Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures, SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation 2024

We investigate the proposition that axion-Yang-Mills systems are characterized by a $3$-form gauge theory in the deep infrared regime. This hypothesis is rigorously examined by initially developing a systematic framework for analyzing $3$-form gauge theory coupled to an axion, specifically focusing on its global properties. The theory consists of a BF term deformed by marginal and irrelevant operators and describes a network of vacua separated by domain walls converging at the junction of an axion string. It encompasses $(-1)$-, $0$-, and $3$-form spontaneously broken global symmetries. Utilizing this framework, in conjunction with effective field theory techniques and 't Hooft anomaly-matching conditions, we argue that the $3$-form gauge theory faithfully captures the infrared physics of the axion-Yang-Mills system. The ultraviolet theory is an $SU(N)$ Yang-Mills theory endowed with a massless Dirac fermion coupled to a complex scalar and is characterized by chiral and genuine $\mathbb{Z}_m^{(1)}$ 1-form center symmetries, with a mixed anomaly between them. It features two scales: the vev of the complex scalar, $v$, and the strong-coupling scale, $\Lambda$, with $\Lambda \ll v$. Below $v$, the fermion decouples and two symmetries emerge: $U(1)^{(2)}$ $2$-form winding and $\mathbb Z_N^{(1)}$ $1$-form center symmetries. As we flow below $\Lambda$, matching the mixed anomaly necessitates introducing a dynamical $3$-form gauge field of $U(1)^{(2)}$, which appears as the incarnation of a long-range tail of the color field. The infrared theory possesses spontaneously broken chiral, emergent $3$-form, and emergent $(-1)$-form global symmetries. It passes several checks, among which: it displays the expected restructuring in the hadronic sector upon transition between the vacua, and it is consistent under the gauging of the genuine $\mathbb Z_m^{(1)}\subset \mathbb Z_N^{(1)}$ symmetry., Comment: 42 pages, 1 figure

In the evolving landscape of satellite communications, the deployment of Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations promises to revolutionize global Internet access by providing low-latency, high-bandwidth connectivity to underserved regions. However, the dynamic nature of LEO satellite networks, characterized by rapid orbital movement and frequent changes in Inter-Satellite Links (ISLs), challenges the suitability of existing Internet protocols designed for static terrestrial infrastructures. Testing and developing new solutions and protocols on actual satellite mega-constellations are either too expensive or impractical because some of these constellations are not fully deployed yet. This creates the need for a realistic simulation platform that can accurately simulate this large scale of satellites, and allow end-to-end control over all aspects of LEO constellations. This paper introduces xeoverse, a scalable and realistic network simulator designed to support comprehensive LEO satellite network research and experimentation. By modeling user terminals, satellites, and ground stations as lightweight Linux virtual machines within Mininet and implementing three key strategies -- pre-computing topology and routing changes, updating only changing ISL links, and focusing on ISL links relevant to the simulation scenario -- xeoverse achieves real-time simulation, where 1 simulated second equals 1 wall-clock second. Our evaluations show that xeoverse outperforms state-of-the-art simulators Hypatia and StarryNet in terms of total simulation time by being 2.9 and 40 times faster, respectively., Comment: Accepted in IFIP/IEEE Networking 2024

Many stellar configurations, including white dwarfs, neutron stars, black holes, supermassive stars, and star clusters, rely on relativistic effects. The Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff (TOV) equation of the polytropic gas sphere is ultimately a hydrostatic equilibrium equation developed from the general relativity framework. In the modified Rieman Liouville (mRL) frame, we formulate the fractional TOV (FTOV) equations and introduce an analytical solution. Using power series expansions to solve the fractional TOV equations yields a limited physical range to the convergent power series solution. Therefore, the two techniques of Euler-Abel transformation and Pade approximation have been combined to improve the convergence of the obtained series solutions. For all possible values of the relativistic parameters (\sigma), we calculated twenty fractional gas models for the polytropic indexes n=0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2. Investigating the impacts of fractional and relativistic parameters on the models revealed fascinating phenomena; the two effects for n=0.5 are that the sphere's volume and mass decrease with increasing \sigma and the fractional parameter (\alpha). For n=1, the volume decreases when \sigma=0.1 and then increases when \sigma=0.2 and 0.3. The volume of the sphere reduces as both \sigma and \alpha increase for n=1.5 and n=2. We calculated the maximum mass and the corresponding minimum radius of the white dwarfs modeled with polytropic index n=3 and several fractional and relativistic parameter values. We obtained a mass limit for the white dwarfs somewhat near the Chandrasekhar limit for the integer models with small relativistic parameters (\alpha=1, \sigma=0.001). The situation is altered by lowering the fractional parameter; the mass limit increases to Mlimit=1.63348 M at \alpha=0.95 and \sigma=0.001.

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have been widely used in many artificial intelligence (AI) tasks. However, deploying them brings significant challenges due to the huge cost of memory, energy, and computation. To address these challenges, researchers have developed various model compression techniques such as model quantization and model pruning. Recently, there has been a surge in research of compression methods to achieve model efficiency while retaining the performance. Furthermore, more and more works focus on customizing the DNN hardware accelerators to better leverage the model compression techniques. In addition to efficiency, preserving security and privacy is critical for deploying DNNs. However, the vast and diverse body of related works can be overwhelming. This inspires us to conduct a comprehensive survey on recent research toward the goal of high-performance, cost-efficient, and safe deployment of DNNs. Our survey first covers the mainstream model compression techniques such as model quantization, model pruning, knowledge distillation, and optimizations of non-linear operations. We then introduce recent advances in designing hardware accelerators that can adapt to efficient model compression approaches. Additionally, we discuss how homomorphic encryption can be integrated to secure DNN deployment. Finally, we discuss several issues, such as hardware evaluation, generalization, and integration of various compression approaches. Overall, we aim to provide a big picture of efficient DNNs, from algorithm to hardware accelerators and security perspectives., Comment: This manuscript is the accepted version for TNNLS(IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems)

We consider constellations of disks which are unions of disjoint hyperbolic disks in the unit disk with fixed radii and unfixed centers. We study the problem of maximizing the conformal capacity of a constellation under constraints on the centers in two cases. In the first case the constraint is that the centers are at most at distance $R \in(0,1)$ from the origin and in the second case it is required that the centers are on the subsegment $[-R,R]$ of a diameter of the unit disk. We study also similar types of constellations with hyperbolic segments instead of the hyperbolic disks. Our computational experiments suggest that a dispersion phenomenon occurs: the disks/segments go as close to the unit circle as possible under these constraints and stay as far as possible from each other. The computation of capacity reduces to the Dirichlet problem for the Laplace equation which we solve with a fast boundary integral equation method. The results are double-checked with the $hp$-FEM method.