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The adoption of steel in the construction industry will consistently grow due to rapid urbanisation and the demand of more structures and infrastructures. The main reasons of steel adaptation in construction industry are due to steel attributes that are flexible, sustainable, cost effective and a versatile material. The significant characteristics of steel provide the suitability for the construction of structures such as tall buildings and bridges all around the world. Along with the constant development of technology, the steel industry also aims to increase the sustainability of steel structure construction through constructing low carbon neutral and energy efficient building with steels. Moreover, steels are also considered as one of the most recycled materials in the world which allows the enhancement of the overall environmental performance of a structure’s life cycle. With the increasing utilisation of steel in the design of structures, the stability consideration of the steel structures has become the most crucial concern during the structural designing phase. Stability of structures is vital for every building as the structure instability may lead to catastrophe such as structural collapse that may threatens the safety of occupants inside the building as well as the well -being of the community around the area.

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Residents commonly receive only end-of-rotation evaluations and thus are often unaware of their progress during a rotation. In 2021, our neuroradiology section instituted mid-rotation feedback in which rotating residents received formative subjective and objective feedback. The purpose of this study was to describe our feedback method and to evaluate if residents found it helpful. Radiology residents rotate 3-4 times on the neuroradiology service for 1-month blocks. At the midpoint of the rotation (2 weeks), 7-10 neuroradiology attendings discussed the rotating residents' subjective performance. One attending was tasked with facilitating this discussion and taking notes. Objective metrics were obtained from our dictation software. Compiled feedback was relayed to residents via email. A 16-question anonymous survey was sent to 39 radiology residents (R1-R4) to evaluate the perceived value of mid-rotation feedback. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were computed using logistic regression. Sixty-nine percent (27/39) of residents responded to the survey; 92.6% (25/27) of residents reported receiving mid-rotation feedback in ≥50% of neuroradiology rotations; 92.3% (24/26) of residents found the subjective feedback helpful; 88.4% (23/26) of residents reported modifying their performance as suggested (100% R1-R2 vs 70% R3-R4; OR: 15.4 CI:1.26, >30.0);59.1% (13/22) of residents found the objective metrics helpful (75% R1-R2 vs 40% R3-R4; OR: 3.92 CI:0.74, 24.39) and 68.2% (15/22) stated they modified their performance based on these metrics (83.3% R1-R2 vs 50.0% R3-R4; OR:4.2 CI:0.73, 30.55); and 84.6% (22/26) of residents stated that mid-rotation subjective feedback and 45.5% (10/22) stated that mid-rotation objective feedback should be implemented in other sections. Majority of residents found mid-rotation feedback to be helpful in informing them about their progress and areas for improvement in the neuroradiology rotation, more so for subjective feedback than objective feedback. The majority of residents stated all rotations should provide mid-rotation subjective feedback. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Phospholipase D (PLD) enzymes have been implicated in diverse cellular processes in cancer, including the Warburg effect and pro-survival pathways. However, the significance of PLD's role in tumorigenesis remains uncertain due to its genomic proximity to PI3Kinase-a, which is amplified in various cancers. Additionally, PLD signaling mechanisms are complex and context-dependent. Objective: This study aimed to assess the level of PLD1 in newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients and its potential role as a prognostic indicator. Methods: A case-control study was conducted on 30 newly diagnosed AML patients and 30 age and sex-matched healthy controls. Serum samples were collected, and PLD1 levels were detected using ELISA. Correlations between PLD1 expression and clinical parameters were analyzed. Results: A statistically significant increase in PLD1 level was observed in AML patients compared to healthy controls (p<0.0001). while there is no correlation between pld1, survival rate and other prognostic markers. Conclusion: The present study highlights the significant upregulation of PLD1 in AML patients and its association with specific FAB subtypes. While some clinical parameters showed correlations with PLD1, its direct impact on survival remains uncertain, warranting further investigation with larger sample sizes. This study contributes to the understanding of PLD1's role in cancer biology and its potential as a prognostic marker in AML. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: In T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), multi-parametric flow cytometry can serve to detect minimal residual disease (MRD) by using immature or aberrant antigens expression as well as the altered expression of T-cell antigens. The latter approach has been specifically introduced to overcome the absence of leukemia-associated antigens. However, there is no agreed-upon method for the use of T-cell antigens in T-ALL MRD testing. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To compare the expression of classic T-cell antigens on T-lymphoblasts and T-lymphocytes to establish a protocol for their use in MRD analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Flow cytometric data of PB or BM samples from 63 adults with T-ALL were collected. We assessed the frequency and degree of brightness or dimness of each T-cell marker, in addition to studying the uniformity of the events scatter of a total of 287 follow-up BM samples from 50 patients. RESULTS: Significant differences in expression intensity of T-cell markers were found between T-lymphoblasts and T-lymphocytes; they were reasonably stable on blasts in follow up samples. This detailed study has nominated the conjoint use sCD3neg/dim and CD5dim/neg in the identification of residual cells, to be supported by other T-cell markers. CONCLUSION: The suggested gating sequence showed an acceptable level of accuracy in detecting residual leukemia, supporting their use in T-ALL MRD especially when other distinguishing markers might be absent in the diagnosis sample, or susceptible to be lost with induction therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Beta-thalassemia syndromes are a group of hereditary blood disorders characterized by reduced or absent beta globin chain synthesis, resulting in reduced Hb in red blood cells (RBC), decreased RBC production and anemia. Cardiovascular complications in patients with beta thalassemia such as cardiomyopathy and arrhythmia are considered the most common cause of death in those patients. Cystatin C is a popular marker of nephropathy in sickle cell disease and beta thalassemia that has been recently used for prediction of subclinical cardiovascular dysfunction in patients with or without renal affection. Aim of the Work: This study aimed to assess the role of serum cystatin C in adult patients with beta thalassemia as a predictor of subclinical cardiovascular dysfunction. Patients and Methods: The study was a case control study including 50 beta thalassemia patients and 50 age and sex matched healthy controls. Serum cystatin c was assessed by ELISA in both patients and controls. Results: our study found highly significant serum cystatin c level in beta thalassemia patients in comparison with the control group with p value < 0.001. there was statistically significant correlation between the level of serum cystatin c and cardiovascular dysfunction in thalassemic patients with p value = 0.038. Conclusion: There was statistically significant correlation between the level of serum cystatin C and cardiovascular dysfunction in thalassemic patients making serum cystatin C an encouraging factor for the prediction of subclinical cardiovascular dysfunction in beta thalassemia patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Progranulin (PGRN) is a highly conserved secreted protein that is expressed in multiple cell types, both in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and in peripheral tissues. Both directly and through its conversion to granulins, PGRN regulates cell growth, survival, repair, and inflammation. PGRN has a major role in the regulation of lysosomal function and microglial responses in the CNS. Also, PGRN has significant biological effects on different types of cancer. This protein is a regulator of tumorigenesis because it stimulates cell proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and malignant transformation. Its role has been studied in different types of cancer, for example, bladder cancer, ovarian, and breast cancer, and a few studies are done in hematological malignancies. Aim and objectives To measure the levels of PGRN in the serum of adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) before and after treatment and correlate that with prognosis. Patients and methods Sixty participants included 20 healthy controls and 40 patients diagnosed as de novo AML with measurement of serum PGRN twice (at the time of diagnosis before treatment and after treatment at day 28). Results PGRN levels in healthy participants were in the range from 80 to 370 pg/ml with the mean value of 155 pg/ml, whereas in the patients, the range was from 215 to 545 with the mean value of 346 pg/ml, indicating a highly significant difference between the control (healthy persons) group and patients' group. The authors have also decreased in serum PGRN in responders with an average level that was 300 pg/ml, which was statistically significant. Conclusion The PGRN level is high in AML and has high sensitivity and specificity as a diagnostic marker for AML and might need targeted therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite the Indolent lymphoma is a slowly growing tumor that has many therapeutic options and good initial response, it is usually incurable. Relapses and HT to aggressive form may occur and some patients die from their disease. For the RR iNHL Several novel targeted therapies may be recommended such as antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) and bispecific T cell engagers (BiTE). B cell maturation antigen is a transmembrane glycoprotein that regulate B cell proliferation, survival, maturation and differentiation into PCs. IT is expressed in multiple myeloma and B cell neoplasms. The effects of BCMA have been studied in multiple myeloma and a new BCMA-targeted immunotherapy has been approved for the treatment RRMM patients. Few studies done to detect BCMA in other Hematologic malignancies as a diagnostic or prognostic tool and a therapeutic potential of antiBCMa targeted therapy in these malignancies. In this study we detect sBCMA in the serum of iNHL patients. Aim of the Work: To measure the levels soluble BCMA (sBCMA) in the serum of adult patients with indolent non Hodgkin lymphoma (iNHL). Patients and Methods: A case control study conducted on adult patients of iNHL attending hematology department of Ain Shams university with a participant of 40 cases of newly diagnosed and RR iNHL plus 40 control. Results: In the present study we found that there was no statistically significant difference between the studied groups as regard sex, TLC, Hb, platelet counts and tumor subtypes in relation to BCMA level. While there is a statistically significant correlation between Age, stage and LDH to the BCMA level. The results suggest that the BCMA level is significantly higher in patients with iNHL than the healthy controls. Conclusion: This study suggest that the BCMA level is significantly higher in patients with iNHL than the healthy controls. By increasing the Age > 40 years the risk of iNHL is increased by 1.71 folds than otherwise healthy controls. The BCMA level was positively correlated to LDH implying that BCMA could be related to iNHL proliferation rate and possibly lymphoma aggressiveness. The level of BCMA more than 430ng/dL correlated with a more than a 4.5-fold rise in the risk of higher disease stage with borderline significance. Further studies are needed to detect the relation between The BCMA level and the disease prognosis that may be useful for a promising AntiBCMA targeted therapy for RR patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) is a new inflammatory marker and its level increases in many inflammatory diseases, diabetes and malignancy. In ITP patients thereis decrease in platelet count beside inflammation, so PLR is a good prognostic factor in ITP. Objective: The aim of the study is to know the relation between platelet /lymphocytes ratio and the prognosis of immune thrombocytopenia Patients and Methods: This was prospective study conducted on 96 patients diagnosed as immune thrombocytopenic purpura attending hematology unit of Ain Shams University divided into to3 groups (newly diagnosied, Resistant and splenectomized) and followed them after 3 months. Results: Comparison between ITP sub-groups regarding CBC results at baseline revealed that Newly diagnosed ITP patients had significantly higher PLR compared to other groups while resistant/relapsed ITP patients had significantly lower PLR compared to other two groups. (table 2). Comparison between ITP sub-groups regarding CBC results after 3 months revealed that resistant/relapsed ITP patients had significantly lower PLR compared to other two groups, (table 3). on comparison PLR in newly-diagnosed ITP before and after 3 months of treatment PLR was higher Highly significant (P < 0.001) On comparison PLR in Resistant group pre and after 3 months of treatment it was lower highly significant (p < 0.001) On comparison PLR in splenectomy group pre and after 3 months of treatment PLR was higher Highly significant (p < 0.001) Conclusion: PLR is a good indicator for ITP patient of different categories (newly diagnosied, Resistant and splenectomized). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Many clinical studies suggest a direct association between hepatic fat content and visceral adiposity and the progression of fibrosis. Aim: This work aims to clarify the relation between the Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI) and severity of necroinflammatory activity and liver fibrosis in Egyptian patients with chronic Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study, over a period of six months, was performed on 50 chronic HCV patients subjected to routine laboratory investigations, abdominal ultrasonography, measurement of Waist Circumference (WC), calculation of Body Mass Index (BMI) and VAI, ultrasound guided liver biopsy and assessment of hepatic fibrosis by METAVIR staging. Results: A total of 50 HCV positive patients, 29 (58%) males and 21 (42%) females were included in the study. Age ranged from 29-60 years (44.4±8.4). BMI was ranged from 20.3 to 41.4 kg/m2 (31.7±5.5). VAI for males was 0.4±0.2 and for females was 0.5±0.3. There were significant positive correlations between VAI and BMI, Triglycerides (TG), fibrosis stages, grades of liver inflammation and FIB-4 Fibrosis-4 score. There were significant negative correlations between VAI and high density lipoprotein, platelets and haemoglobin. Conclusion: There is an association between visceral obesity represented by VAI and the severity of hepatic inflammatory response in chronic hepatitis C patients. Other studies are recommended to measure the clinical implication of visceral obesity on the response to the novel directly acting antivirals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]