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Syarifah Faiza Syed Mohd Dardin,1,2 Bariah Mohd-Ali,1 Mizhanim Mohamad Shahimin,1 Mohd Norhafizun Mohd Saman,1 Norhani Mohidin1 1Optometry & Vision Science Program and Research Centre for Community Health (ReaCH), Faculty of Health Science, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 2Optometry Service, Allied Health Science Division, Medical Programme, Ministry of Health, Putrajaya, MalaysiaCorrespondence: Bariah Mohd-Ali, Optometry & Vision Science Programme, Research Centre for Community Health (ReaCH), Faculty of Health Science, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur Campus, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, 50300, Malaysia, Tel +60392897602, Fax +60392897604, Email bariah@ukm.edu.myIntroduction: Corneal characteristics are unique to each eye and can vary among different levels of refractive errors. However, minimal data are available in the literature on corneal characteristics in myopic Malay school children including the difference between the low myopic group and the moderate myopic group. Therefore, this study aims to determine the corneal characteristics of myopic Malay school children and their associations with axial length.Methods: A total of eighty-four data samples were extracted from forty-two myopic Malay school children. Measurements of the central corneal thickness (CCT), corneal curvature, corneal diameter, and axial length were measured using Lenstar LS900, a non-contact optical biometer. Data were later stratified by the spherical equivalent refraction (SER) into a low myopic group and a moderate myopic group, and paired t-test were employed to determine the differences in the corneal characteristics between these two groups. Univariate and multivariate linear regressions were performed to identify factors that are significantly associated with axial length.Results: There was no significant difference in the CCT, corneal curvature and corneal diameter between the low myopic group and the moderate myopic group (t82=0.015, P=0.99), (t82=− 0.802, P=0.43) and (t82=− 0.575, P=0.57), respectively. Pearson univariate correlation analysis found that axial length significantly correlated with corneal curvature (r=− 0.765, P< 0.001) and corneal diameter (r=0.614, P< 0.001) but no significant correlation found with CCT (r=0.046, P=0.68). Multiple regression analysis showed that axial length was significantly associated with a flatter corneal curvature (P< 0.001), older age (P< 0.001) and larger corneal diameter (P=0.02).Conclusion: This study reported the corneal characteristics in myopic Malay school children and its associations with axial length. Results of this study can serve as a reference value for the myopic Malay schoolchild population.Keywords: Lenstar LS900, corneal characteristics, Malay, myopic school children

Fatin Nur Najwa Norazman,1,2,&ast; Bariah Mohd-Ali,1,&ast; Syarifah Faiza Syed Mohd Dardin,1,&ast; Mizhanim Mohamad Shahimin,1,&ast; Norliza Mohamad Fadzil,1,&ast; Mohd Norhafizun Mohd Saman,1,&ast; Norhani Mohidin1,&ast; 1Optometry and Vision Science Program and Research Centre for Community Health (Reach), Faculty of Health Science, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 2Centre for Optometry Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Puncak Alam, Selangor, 42300, Malaysia&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Bariah Mohd-Ali, Optometry and Vision Science Program and Centre for Community Health, Faculty of Health Science, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, 50300, Malaysia, Tel +60 39 289 7602, Email bariah@ukm.edu.myAbstract: Myopia control lenses have been shown to modify visual function; however, it is arguable if these changes are short-term or long-term. We investigated the changes in accommodative behaviour and binocular vision functions of Malay myopic children who participated in a myopia control trial utilising spectacle lenses (n = 40). This article presents baseline accommodation and binocular vision measurements. The mean (± SD) age, spherical equivalent measured by cycloplegic autorefraction, and axial length (AL) for the right eyes were 10.00 ± 1.47 years, − 3.02 ± 1.20 D, and 24.42 ± 0.93 mm, respectively. All participants had good distance and near visual acuities with high-contrast charts (100%), which were significantly better than low-contrast charts (10%) (p < 0.001). The mean (± SD) accommodative lag at baseline was 1.14 ± 0.35 D, while monocular and binocular accommodative amplitudes were 15.35 ± 2.07 D and 16.82 ± 2.27 D, respectively. Malay schoolchildren in this study were more esophoric at near compared to distance, with an accommodative-convergence over accommodation (AC/A) ratio of 5.64 ± 0.66 ∆/D. A higher degree of myopia was found to be associated with a longer AL (r = − 0.49, p < 0.05) and higher esophoria at near (r = − 0.46, p < 0.05). These baseline measures are consistent with data from other studies showing that myopic children have a high accommodative lag, an elevated AC/A ratio, a longer AL, and are more esophoric at near. The measures reported herein will serve as a basis for examining changes that occur within 12 months of wearing myopia control spectacle lenses.Keywords: myopic schoolchildren, myopia control spectacle, accommodation, binocular vision

Background: This is a cross-sectional study to further understand the effects of axial length elongation on the corneal endothelial cell’s morphology in myopic children. Abnormal changes in the morphology of corneal endothelium are indicators of corneal stress or instability which could be linked to myopia. Methods: 111 school children comprising of 37 emmetropes, 37 mild myopes and 37 moderate myopes aged 8-9 years old were recruited. Visual acuity was measured using the LogMar chart, cycloplegic refraction was determined using an open-field autorefractor (Grand Seiko WAM-5100, Hiroshima, Japan) and refined using subjective refraction. Morphology of corneal endothelial cells [endothelial cell density, coefficient of variation, hexagonality and central corneal thickness] was evaluated using a non-contact specular microscope (Topcon SP-2000P). Axial length was measured with A-scan ultrasound biometry (PacScan Plus, Sonomed Escalon, NY). The correlation between morphology of corneal endothelial cells and axial length were assessed using Pearson Correlation and Linear regression analysis. Results: There was no significant difference in corneal endothelial cells and axial length between gender (p>0.05). Significant reduction in endothelial cells density and hexagonality and increased coefficient of variation was found in eyes of higher myopic power which had longer axial when compared to emmetropes (p

The ability to discriminate, characterise and purify biological cells from heterogeneous population of cells is fundamental to numerous prognosis and diagnosis applications; often forming the basis for current and emerging clinical protocols in stem cell therapy. Current sorting approaches exploit differences in cell density, specific immunologic targets, or receptor-ligand interactions to isolate particular cells. Identification of novel properties by which different cell types may be discerned and of new ways for their selective manipulation are clearly fundamental components for improving sorting methodologies. Biophotonics sensor developed by our team are potentially capable of discriminating cells according to their refractive index (which is highly dependable on the organelles inside the cell), size (indicator to cell stage) and shape (in certain cases as an indicator to cell type). The sensor, which already discriminate particles efficiently, is modified to acclimatize into biological environment, especially for stem cell applications.

Organometal halide perovskite solar cells (Omh-PSCs) have attracted attention due to its unique electrical and optical properties. Ideally, the Omh-PSCs should remain free from degradation under normal operating conditions for several years, preferably tens of years. In order to produce high power conversion efficiency with low potential of degradation, different fabrication methods have been developed. The reported stability of perovskite films can vary significantly and reported to decay substantially up to 20% of its original performance. A thorough understanding of fabrication process upon the stability of the device is regarded as crucial to pave the way for future endeavors. This review summarized and highlighted the recent research of fabrication methods that gave an impact to the stability of perovskite devices.

Background : Dyslexia, a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting reading skills, poses significant challenges to children's academic performance and quality of life. Despite its rising prevalence and adverse effects, understanding of its relationship with vision anomalies remains limited, particularly in low-resource settings like Nigeria. This study aims to assess the prevalence of binocular vision anomalies (BVAs) among children with and without dyslexia in Kano, Nigeria. Methods : This is a hospital-based, cross-sectional, matched-paired, controlled study conducted at the Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH) Eye Clinic in Northern Nigeria. The study included school children who visited the AKTH Eye Clinic from January 2018 to December 2022. Visual acuity tests, external eye examinations and accommodative, binocular vision and oculomotor skills tests were conducted. Descriptive statistics, independent t -tests, Mann-Whitney U tests and Fisher's exact tests were conducted, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. Results : Forty-four children aged 12 ± 2 years participated. Children with dyslexia reported higher rates of visual symptoms than those without dyslexia, Blurring vision, visual distortion and eye strain were the most prevalent ( p < 0.05) BV symptoms. Accommodative insufficiency), was the most common visual abnormality, and was significantly higher in children with dyslexia than those without dyslexia (45.5% vs. 18.2%). However, other visual anomalies showed no significant difference between groups. There was a high prevalence of binocular vision anomalies in both groups. Binocular test findings showed dyslexic children had significantly lower distance positive fusional vergence recovery values ( p = 0.005). All cases of convergence insufficiency alone were found in the non-dyslexic group. Conclusions : The study found that children with dyslexia residing in Northern Nigeria demonstrated higher rates of visual symptoms, more accommodative insufficiency and lower distance positive fusional vergence recovery values compared to their non-dyslexic counterparts.

Purpose: There are limited reports available on the impact of wearing Orthokeratology (ortho-K) lenses on the quality of life of Asian children. This study evaluated and compared vision-related quality of life (VRQoL) between myopic children wearing ortho-K lenses and single-vision spectacles (SVSs), living in Kuala Lumpur, using Paediatric Refractive Error Profile (PREP) questionnaires., Methods: This is a cross sectional study. Myopic children who had been wearing ortho-K and SVSs for 12 months were recruited, and the questionnaires were distributed online. The PREP scores were obtained using a summary scoring method. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to determine data normality. Unpaired t-test was performed for normally distributed data, and the Mann-Whitney test for non-normally distributed data. P < 0.05 was considered significant., Results: A total of 70 subjects participated in this study (45 ortho-K and 25 SVSs), with a mean age of 10.86 ± 0.73 years. The mean scores for all the items were higher in ortho-K than SVS wearers (p < 0.05). With regard to symptoms during ortho-K lens wear at night, <10 % of the subjects reported difficulty falling asleep, itch/burning/dry eyes and foreign body sensation after lens insertion., Conclusion: Ortho-K improves the vision-related quality of life of myopic school children in Kuala Lumpur. Thus, it should be considered by more local optometrists when managing myopic children., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

To investigate the parameters of eye movement between ophthalmologists and optometrists while diagnosing digital fundus photographs, sixteen participants (eight ophthalmologists and eight optometrists) were recruited in this study. Every participant's eye movement during diagnosis of a randomized set of fundus photographs displayed on an eye tracker were recorded. Fixation metrics (duration, count and rate) and scan path patterns were extracted from the eye tracker. These parameters of eye movement and correct diagnosis score were compared between both groups. Correlation analyses between fixation metrics and correct diagnosis score were also performed. Although fixation metrics between ophthalmologists and optometrists were not statistically different ( p > 0.05), these parameters were statistically different when compared between different area of interests. Both participant groups had a similar correct diagnosis score. No correlation was found between fixation metrics and correct diagnosis score between both groups, except for total fixation duration and ophthalmologists' diagnosis score of diabetic retinopathy photographs. The ophthalmologists' scan paths were simpler, with larger saccades, and were distributed at the middle region of the photographs. Conversely, optometrists' scan paths were extensive, with shorter saccades covering wider fundus areas, and were accumulated in some unrelated fundus areas. These findings indicated comparable efficiency and systematic visual search patterns between both the groups. Understanding visual search strategy could expedite the creation of a novel training routine for interpretation of ophthalmic diagnostic imaging.

This study aimed to assess the visual function, reading performance, and compensatory head posture (CHP) in schoolchildren with infantile nystagmus. A total of 18 participants aged between 13 to 18 years old were divided into spectacle ( n = 9) and null zone group ( n = 9) based on their visual acuity. Visual acuity (LogMAR), contrast sensitivity (Pelli-Robson), reading time and rate (Tobii TX300), and CHP were measured pre and post null zone reading training. Participants in the null zone group received 10 sessions of training (5 weeks). Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity of participants in the spectacle and null zone groups were not significantly different pre and post training. Reading performance, i.e., reading time ( z = -1.36; p = 0.173) and reading rate ( z = -0.06; p = 0.953), of participants in the spectacle group was not significantly different after 5 weeks. Reading time ( z = -2.55; p = 0.011) and reading rate ( z = -2.07; p = 0.038 of participants in the null zone group showed significant improvement post training. After 5 weeks, CHP improved in six out of the nine participants (66.7%) of the null zone group and was unchanged in all participants in the spectacle group. Null zone reading training could benefit children with infantile nystagmus in improving reading performance and compensatory head posture.