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This article discusses the history of the emergence of homeopathic medicine pioneered by Dr. Burhanuddin al-Helmi during the British colonial period began when he studied in India in 1935 and he continued expanding on it throughout his life till his passing in 1969. However, this homeopathic procedure was less popular among the Malays as they were still practicing traditional Malay and Islamic medication that was interspersed with Quranic verses, as well as modern medicines in hospitals and clinics introduced by the British colonial. This is because homeopathy medicine is still new and has not been widely revealed. This writing will perceive how his education in India has influenced his interest in homeopathic medicine and the development of this medicine in Malaysia. This study was conducted using the qualitative approach by analysing articles written by Dr. Burhanuddin and several other homeopathic researchers and historians. The findings show that Dr. Burhanuddin’s homeopathy was found to be as an alternative medical treatment to allopathy. The article also concludes that the historical development of homeopathy medical science in Malaysia dating back to the 1930s, including the establishment of the Homeopathic Society Federation of Malaya (PHPTM) in 1961, was the efforts and the roles of a Malay nationalist, Dr. Burhanuddin, who was the first homeopathic practitioner of medicine in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the struggles of Kedah Malay teachers through the Kedah Malay Teachers’ Association (PGMK) in dealing with language issues particularly pertaining to the Malay language medium in the Malay education system before independence. Apart from salary increment claims, they demanded the British colonialists acknowledge Malay as a communication language in all the Malay schools across Kedah. With regard to this, the main objective of this study is to highlight the role of Malay teachers of Kedah, through their association, in demanding for their own welfare and Malay education by making the Malay language as the main language taught in primary schools and secondary schools in the then Malaya. They argue that the colonial-era education system introduced by the British government is not suitable in the local education system. The discussion in this article is based on analyses of historical resources from the newspapers and magazines before independence, i.e., Warta Negara, Majalah Guru and The Straits Times as well as the archival research method study analysing British documents. This research employed primary and secondary resources from archives, the PGMK office and university libraries. This writing piece traces the struggles of Malay teachers to pressure the colonial government in taking the necessary steps to address the issue of making the Malay language the medium in the school system. The study successfully proves the impact of teachers as advocates for the Malays over the colonial government which resulted in several changes in the demands for salary claims, teachers’ educational opportunities, school facilities and language issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses an Indonesian woman named Noer Nahar who struggled and sacrificed time and money to help her husband, Natsir achieve his ambition of developing a modern religious school known as the Pendis School (1932-1942) during the Dutch colonial era, specifically in Java. The article examines the role and character of a modern woman in the struggle to shape awareness in children and women in terms of education, nationalism and the emancipation of Indonesian women. According to Noer Nahar, the Indonesians were not only weak in general knowledge of the world, their religious knowledge too was not properly developed in the modern education system. Based on these problems, the main objective of this study is to analyze the role of Noer Nahar's struggles in establishing a modern religious school, known as the Pendis School in West Java. The question now is, did Noer Nahar's struggles to form such a school, succeed? The discussion in this paper is based on the analysis of various resources spanning from private letters, work papers and interviews, to the archival research method based study that analysed Dutch documents. This research employed materials and data from the National Archives of Indonesia, the National Library of Indonesia and the Dewan Dakwah Islamiyah of Indonesia. This paper traces Noer Nahar's struggle in developing a modern religious school despite not getting any support from the Dutch colonial regime. As a female teacher, she also fostered education through Indonesian nationalism to her students for the ultimate purpose of obtaining Indonesian independence. This writing highlights Indonesian women figures in the folds of history for public knowledge and awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]