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Current collectors and electrolyte pairs are frequently overlooked in the development of supercapacitors. In electrode design and sealed packaging, the mechanical and chemical properties of the electrolyte must be retained while maintaining the integrity of microelectrodes and current collectors of the microsupercapacitors. In this research, the physical and electrochemical response of copper (Cu) and 316 stainless steel current collector (SS) for lignin-derived laser scribed graphene (L-LSG) microsupercapacitor with K2SO4 (K+) and H2SO4 (H+) as an electrolyte medium was studied. XPS results confirmed a passivation layer on a copper electrode before and after the electrochemical reaction involving H2SO4 as the electrolyte medium of the highly porous L-LSG structure with six pairs of microelectrodes and graphene current collectors. Analysis of the CV and GCD curves shows that the SS/K+ pair is the most suited for an L-LSG microsupercapacitor, with an areal capacitance and energy density of 22.22 mFcm−2 and 0.00153 mWhcm−2, respectively at 0.08 mAcm−2.

Chlorpyrifos is widely used in agricultural and building industries to control many insects including termites. However, its low aqueous solubility and tendency to decompose under sunlight results in decrease in its efficiency. In the present study, chlorpyrifos was encapsulated into nano-sized poly (styrene-co-maleic anhydrite) using a mini-emulsion in-situ polymerization method to improve the effective utilization rate. The termiticidal properties of nanocapsules at different concentrations (1 - 25 wt%) were tested against subterranean termite; Coptotermes curvignathus. Results of Choice bioassays shows that chlorpyrifos nanocapsules are strongly toxic to Coptotermes curvignathus. The filter paper feeding inhibition and repellent bioassay show a significant feeding inhibition (> 60 %) at lowest concentration of chlorpyrifos nanocapsules. The highest mortality rate of termites (90 %) after 24-h exposure was observed in the sample treated with the highest concentration of chlorpyrifos nanocapsules (25 wt%). Results obtained from this study show that chlorpyrifos nanocapsules have a strong termiticidal property against Coptotermes curvignathus. This indicates that the nanoencapsulation of biocides chlorpyrifos opens a real potential of new and advanced wood preservation technology.

Abstract Ametryn (AME) is a triazine herbicide which is mainly used to kill unwanted herbs in crops. Despite its importance in agriculture, the usage of AME also poses a risk to humans and the ecosystem due to its toxicity. Hence, it is important to develop a method for the effective removal of AME from various water sources which is in the form of molecular imprinting polymer (MIP). In this study, MIP of AME was synthesized via precipitation polymerization using AME as the template molecule with three different functional monomers including methacrylic acid (MAA), acrylamide (AAm) and 2-vinylpyridine (2VP). The three different synthesized polymers namely MIP (MAA), MIP (AAm) and MIP (2VP) were characterized using Fourier Infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) and Field Emission Electron Microscopy (FESEM). Then, the batch binding study was carried out using all three MIPs in which MIP (MAA) attained the highest rebinding efficiency (93.73%) among the synthesized polymers. The Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were also conducted on the selected MIP (MAA). Adsorption studies including initial concentration, pH and polymer dosage were also conducted on MIP (MAA). In this study, the highest adsorption efficiency was attained at the optimum condition of 6 ppm of AME solution at pH 7 with 0.1 g of MIP (MAA). MIP (MAA) was successfully applied to remove AME from spiked distilled water, tap water and river water samples with removal efficiencies of 95.01%, 90.24% and 88.37%, respectively. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Background Cyanazine (CYZ) is one of the triazine herbicides to prevent broadleaf grass and weeds in crops. Despite its affordability and productivity in increasing crop yield, the extensive usage of CYZ contributes to environmental pollution and poses risks to living organisms. Most research has focused on detecting CYZ in the environment and its toxicity to humans and the ecosystem. For these reasons, molecular imprinting technology (MIT) can be applied to produce an effective adsorbent material of high binding affinity and selectivity towards its target compound which is known as molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). In this study, MIP was prepared by precipitation polymerization using CYZ as a template molecule, methacrylic acid (MAA), acrylamide (AAm) and 4-vinylpyridine (4VP) as functional monomers, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as cross-linker in the ratio of 1:6:12, respectively. The effects of contact time, initial concentration, pH, and polymer dosages on the adsorption efficiencies of MIPs were also investigated in this study. Results MIPs of CYZ were successfully synthesized by precipitation polymerization method with a non-covalent approach using different functional monomers such as methacrylic acid (MAA), acrylamide (AAm) and 4-vinylpyridine (4VP). For the comparison study, the non-imprinted polymer (NIP) was synthesized without the addition of CYZ, the template molecule. The FTIR analysis indicated the interactions among CYZ and functional monomers (MAA, AAm or 4VP) in the presence of EGDMA as a cross-linker. The FESEM analysis showed that only MIP (AAm) and NIP (AAm) had regular and spherical polymer particles while MIP (MAA), NIP (MAA), MIP (4VP) and NIP (4VP) were agglomerated and irregular in shape. The EDX analysis showed that the MIPs were mainly composed of carbon and oxygen. Meanwhile, the BET analysis of MIP (AAm) had higher surface area, total pore volume and average pore radius than that NIP (AAm). Based on the batch binding study, MIP (AAm) (83.30%) had the highest binding efficiency than the MIP (MAA) (76.96%) and MIP (2VP) (76.90%) at a contact time of 240 min. The optimum conditions for the highest binding efficiency of MIP (AAm) were obtained at an initial concentration of 6 ppm, pH 7 and polymer dosage of 0.1 g polymer beads. The adsorption efficiency of MIP (AAm) with CYZ at the optimum parameters resulted in 86.39%. The selectivity test showed that MIP (AAm) was more selective towards CYZ than AME, the competitive compound with relative selectivity coefficient of 2.36. The kinetic isotherm of MIP (AAm) was best explained according to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model while the adsorption isotherm of MIP (AAm) was based on the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The MIP (AAm) was tested in the distilled water (DIW), tap water and river water spiked with CYZ and a substantial amount of CYZ was removed with a recovery of 86.67%, 84.75% and 84.69%, respectively. Conclusion The MIPs of CYZ were successfully synthesized by the precipitation polymerization method using different functional monomers. Among those MIPs, MIP (AAm) showed the highest rebinding efficiency and therefore this MIP was selected for further studies. The best combination of CYZ, AAm was the main factor that contributed to the morphological and chemical properties, as well as the efficiency and selective binding performance of MIP (AAm). Since MIP (AAm) showed a substantial removal efficiency of CYZ in the environment specifically water sources, it has the capability to act as an adsorbent material for various purposes such as solid-phase extraction techniques and a stationary phase in various chromatographic techniques. Graphical Abstract

The purpose of this research is to develop a sustainable and organic energy storage system from oil palm lignin waste-derived Laser Scribed Graphene embedded with molybdenum disulfide (LSG/MoS2). In this study, LSG/MoS2 hybrids were fabricated to overcome the graphene zero band gap, restacking issues of molybdenum disulfide and to induce the electrical conductivity. Therefore, various amounts of LSG (0.1,0.5,1.0 g) were added in MoS2 precursor to produce nanoscale LSG/MoS2 hybrid nanostructure via the hydrothermal method. To justify the findings of LSG/MoS2 hybrid nanostructures, Raman spectroscopy, FESEM, TEM, and XRD were conducted. The D, G and 2D bands found in LSG confirm the formation of graphene from lignin. The morphology of LSG/MoS2 hybrids is porous and has a large surface area anchored with 3D MoS2 nanoflower on LSG. TEM has proved that LSG was wrapped with MoS2, where the presence of lattice spacing of 0.62 and 0.27nm, which corresponded to the (002) and (100) planes of MoS2 was observed. The electrochemical performance of the hybrids was conducted through Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) demonstrated that increment in LSG in MoS2 precursor effects the impedance and resistances performances.

Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) hold promises for cell therapy and tissue engineering due to their self-renewal and differentiation abilities, along with immunomodulatory properties and trophic factor secretion. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from MSCs offer similar therapeutic effects. However, MSCs are heterogeneous and lead to variable outcomes. In vitro priming enhances MSC performance, improving immunomodulation, angiogenesis, proliferation, and tissue regeneration. Various stimuli, such as cytokines, growth factors, and oxygen tension, can prime MSCs. Two classical priming methods, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and hypoxia, enhance MSC immunomodulation, although standardized protocols are lacking. This review discusses priming protocols, highlighting the most commonly used concentrations and durations, along with mechanisms and in vivo therapeutics effects of primed MSCs and their EVs. The feasibility of up-scaling their production was also discussed. The review concluded that priming with IFN-γ or hypoxia (alone or in combination with other factors) boosted the immunomodulation capability of MSCs and their EVs, primarily via the JAK/STAT and PI3K/AKT and Leptin/JAK/STAT and TGF-β/Smad signalling pathways, respectively. Incorporating priming in MSC and EV production enables translation into cell-based or cell-free therapies for various disorders.

Abstract This study entails the synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) with good selectivity coefficients for azo dye as a potential sorbent material to extract azo dye from polluted aqueous media. A series of MIPs for methyl red (MR) as a template, were synthesized by changing the molar ratio of functional monomers, via precipitation polymerization format of non-covalent approach. Water-soluble functional monomer; acrylic acid (AA) was used to weave the frame work of polymers while ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) was utilized as crosslinking monomer. The impact of different experimental parameters, such as mole ratio of monomer (functional) to crosslinking monomer on the molecular recognition was investigated. The highly efficient and selective MR-MIP was used for the removal of spiked MR dye from different water samples. The selected imprinted polymer, MR1-MIP was able to selectively remove the MR molecules from aqueous media. A significant amount of dye was removed by MR1-MIP from the river water samples with a high degree of removal efficiency i.e. 92.25%. The imprinting factor of 3.75 for MR1-MIP indicated that the high selectivity in terms of adsorption for MR. A minimum loss of only ~ 3.35% in the removal efficiency within ten sequential cycles of adsorption–desorption study evidenced that MR-MIPs could be used as the most cost effective and best sorbent for the removal of MR from polluted water. Furthermore, the structural properties of MR-MIPs were characterized by FTIR and EDX, whereas TGA, SEM and BET were used to describe the thermal, morphological and surface structures of the particles, respectively. Graphical Abstract

Endometriosis affects the sexual functioning and marital satisfaction of couples in a complex manner due to its clinical presentation of the disease. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of sexual dysfunction and marital disharmony among women with endometriosis beyond their diagnosis and treatment. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among women with endometriosis in an endometriosis society at a Malaysian university hospital. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected. Sexual function was measured using the Malay Version Female Sexual Function Index (MVFSFI), while marital satisfaction was evaluated with the Malay Version Golombok Rust Inventory for Marital Satisfaction (MVGRIMS). A total of 166 patients participated in this survey. The median age was 35 years (Interquartile range, IQR:32.00–39.25 years); 91.6% of participants were Malay. The median score of MVFSFI was 56.00 (IQR: 34.75–68.00). Most of the study subjects (n = 96) reported poor to very severe marital satisfaction problems, equivalent to MVGRIMS transformed score of more than 5. High levels of MVGRIMS scores have a moderately strong negative correlation with lower scores for most domains of the MVFSFI. In the stepwise multiple logistic regression, only MVFSFI total scores (p = 0.029), MVFSFI lubrication scores (p = 0.009), and MVFSFI satisfaction (p = 0.010) scores were significantly associated with poor marital satisfaction. Both sexual dysfunction and marital satisfactions commonly affect women with endometriosis and are closely interlinked. Targeted efforts should be made in multiple aspects to improve the quality of sexual functioning and marital satisfaction among endometriosis patients.

Abstract This study aims to improve electron transfer and cobalt remediation efficiency through microbial fuel cells (MFCs) by modifying the electrode material. The fabrication and alteration of the anode can be accomplished by synthesizing biomass-derived graphene oxide (GO) and adding metal oxides (ZnO and TiO2) as modifiers. The prepared GO anode offered 0.148 mW/m2 power density while GO-ZnO delivered 8.2 times and GO-TiO2 composite anode delivered 5.3 times higher power density than GO. Similarly, the achieved current density of GO was 39.47 mA/m2 while GO-ZnO composite anode delivered 75.43 mA/m2 and GO-TiO2 composite anode offered 67.54 mA/m2. During the biological characterizations of biofilm, the Bacillus sp. and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains were majorly found as exoelectrogens and metal-reducing species. The maximum remediation efficiency of cobalt (II) was 80.10% (GO), 91% (GO-ZnO composite anode), and 88.45% (GO-TiO2 composite anode) on day 45. The remediation and SEM results of anode biofilm clearly show that the prepared anodes are highly biocompatible with the bacteria. Furthermore, the effect of pH and temperature on MFCs performance are also explained with prepared anodes. Each anode offered significant perspectives in parameter optimizations.

Bone metastasis from endometrial cancer is rare. Most of the early stage endometrial cancers with endometrioid histology are confined to the uterus at the time of diagnosis and confer a good prognosis. Endometrial metastases to the bone are generally restricted to the axial skeleton, including the pelvis and thoracolumbar vertebrae. Skeletal metastases in the appendicular skeleton such as scapula, clavicle and extremities to tibia, and tarsus are rarely reported. We present the case of a 50-year-old woman with diagnosis of endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the endometrium, FIGO stage IB, grade 2, with lympho-vascular space invasion who developed recurrence within 10 months with bone metastasis to left scapula and extraosseous soft tissue mass over left shoulder. There are very few cases reported in literature of scapular metastases in an early-stage endometrial carcinoma. We discuss evaluation, treatment options, overall survival rates and provide a literature review of prior published reports.

Background: The freshwater ichthyofauna of Wallacea is diverse and understudied. A baseline survey of Bolano Sau Lake in Parigi Moutong District, Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia in 2019 found an eleotrid goby (local name payangka) with characters conforming to the genus Giuris, long considered monophyletic as G. margaritacea/G. margaritaceus but recently found to comprise at least eight species. This study focused on the molecular (DNA barcoding) identification and phenotypic characters of the payangka. Methods: Payangka samples were collected from August to December 2019 in collaboration with local fishermen, weighed and measured, and preserved in 75% ethanol. Length, weight, sex (n=111) and 17 morphometric characters/six meristic counts (n=42) were recorded. DNA barcoding was performed on a fin clipping preserved in 96% ethanol. Homologous nucleotide sequences were obtained from public (GenBank and BOLD) databases, analysis conducted in MEGA X, and phylogenetic trees edited in the Interactive Tree of Life (iToL). Results: Within the deeply divided Giuris clade, the payangka sequence resolved into a sub-clade identified as Giuris laglaizei (Sauvage 1880), a recently resurrected taxon, based on a sequence provided by Philippe Keith. The length-weight relationship (L = 0.0087∙W3.162) indicated mildly allometric positive growth. Size distribution differed significantly between male and female fish with significantly larger mean size of males (13.56 cm) than females (11.62 cm). The meristic formula was: D VI-I,8 A I,8 P 13 V I,5 C15. Phylogenetic analysis indicated four Giuris species in wetlands around Tomini Bay and five in Sulawesi. Conclusions: This first record of G. laglaizei in Indonesia advances knowledge of Wallacean and Indo-Pacific Gobiiformes biogeography and highlights the need for a revision of the conservation status of the taxa currently grouped under Giuris margaritacea/G. margaritaceus in the IUCN Red List and FishBase databases. The data will inform biodiversity and fisheries management at local and regional levels.

Anogenital Warts (AGWs) are benign proliferations caused by Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection on the genital or anal areas. Various therapeutic options are available for the treatment of AGWs but there is no best or ideal therapy, and the recurrence of AGWs is significantly high. A promising new therapy that is currently being evaluated is immunotherapy with the intralesional Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. Two cases of a 23-year-old woman and a 41-year-old man were presented with manifestations of condyloma acuminata type AGWs. The patients were immunocompetent and received single dose intralesional BCG vaccine on the largest lesion. Clinical improvements of AGWs lesions were noted starting on the 14th day after receiving therapy by the disappearance of some lesions with no recurrence and side effects. Intralesional BCG vaccine activates the immune system, treats other AGWs lesions that do not receive an intralesional injection, and also prevents recurrence. Although the intralesional BCG vaccine is effective for treating AGWs, further evaluation is still needed for its recurrence.

The generation and controlled or uncontrolled release of hydrocarbon-contaminated industrial wastewater effluents to water matrices are a major environmental concern. The contaminated water comes to surface in the form of stable emulsions, which sometimes require different techniques to mitigate or separate effectively. Both the crude emulsions and hydrocarbon-contaminated wastewater effluents contain suspended solids, oil/grease, organic matter, toxic elements, salts, and recalcitrant chemicals. Suitable treatment of crude oil emulsions has been one of the most important challenges due to the complex nature and the substantial amount of generated waste. Moreover, the recovery of oil from waste will help meet the increasing demand for oil and its derivatives. In this context, functional nanostructured materials with smart surfaces and switchable wettability properties have gained increasing attention because of their excellent performance in the separation of oil–water emulsions. Recent improvements in the design, composition, morphology, and fine-tuning of polymeric nanostructured materials have resulted in enhanced demulsification functionalities. Herein, we reviewed the environmental impacts of crude oil emulsions and hydrocarbon-contaminated wastewater effluents. Their effective treatments by smart polymeric nanostructured materials with wettability properties have been stated with suitable examples. The fundamental mechanisms underpinning the efficient separation of oil–water emulsions are discussed with suitable examples along with the future perspectives of smart materials.

Background: Crataegus aronia (C. aronia) extracts have been used medicinally since ancient times and are often utilized in traditional Arab medicine. An extensive study has revealed that Crataegus species have antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and hypotensive properties. Objectives: This work was performed to explore the phytochemical contents of C. aronia extract, as well as its antioxidant and antibacterial properties, and to assess the lipid peroxidation level as an oxidative stress biomarker in erythrocytes. Methods: Chemical constituents in the methanolic extract of C. aronia were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and their relative concentrations were determined. The antioxidant activity of C. aronia extract was determined using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The effect of C. aronia on the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the erythrocyte hemolysates was studied. Also, the crude extract was assessed for its antimicrobial activity through agar diffusion and microbroth dilution assays. Key findings: The DPPH IC50 value of the extract showed that the antioxidants activity was equal to (14.3 μg/mL) and according to FRAP assay, the antioxidant activity was in the range of 33.9 μmol–82.86 μmol Fe+2/g dw. The extract exerts a protective effect against oxidative stress in RBCs and shows a 50% inhibition of malonyldialdehyde (MDA) at 39.48 μg/mL extract. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were found in the range of 800–1000 μg/mL of leave extracts. The phytochemical analysis showed that the total phenols, flavonoids, and flavonols content were 494.071 mg GAE/g extract, 155.251 mg RE/g extract, and 103.2049 mg RE/g extract). C. aronia extract contains alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and steroids. Crude extract of C. aronia was more potent in inhibiting the growth of B. subtilis, S. aureus and M. luteus with MIC and MBC values of 800,800 and 1000 μg/mL, respectively. According to GC-MS, 20 compounds were identified: dihydro-3-methylene-5-methyl-2-furanone (14.71%), hexanoic acid (6.57%), ethyl 3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate (6.4%), N, N-dimethylheptadecan-1-amine (4.91%), methyl 2-oxobutanoate (4.14%), glyceraldehyde (3.98%), and 2-methoxy-1-(2-nitroethenyl)-3-phenylmethoxybenzene (3.16%), were the major constituents. Conclusion: This study may open a window of hope for children with Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase disorder by possible utilization of the active ingredients of C. aronia to minimize both oxidative stress and infection which negatively impact the disease sequelae.According to these in vitro experiments, this plant extract has a significant amount of natural antioxidants, which may aid in the protection of various oxidative stresses. As a result, employing the active components of C. aronia to minimize oxidative stress and infection, both of which have a detrimental impact on disease sequelae, may bring hope to children with Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase disorder.

Non-invasive prenatal testing was first discovered in 1988; it was primarily thought to be able to detect common aneuploidies, such as Patau syndrome (T13), Edward Syndrome (T18), and Down syndrome (T21). It comprises a simple technique involving the analysis of cell-free foetal DNA (cffDNA) obtained through maternal serum, using advances in next-generation sequencing. NIPT has shown promise as a simple and low-risk screening test, leading various governments and private organizations worldwide to dedicate significant resources towards its integration into national healthcare initiatives as well as the formation of consortia and research studies aimed at standardizing its implementation. This article aims to review the reliability of NIPT while discussing the current challenges prevalent among different communities worldwide.

Pricing products is an important factor to penetrate the Indonesian market successfully. Since Indonesia’s medical device products market has more than 90% import, local production companies must be competitive in price. The current pricing approach relies on the cost of sold goods, profit margin, and cost. Hence, a new pricing model is needed. The price from the new model must be better than the current price from the conventional pricing approach. The research aimed to formulate a pricing model for local medical device products that the market could accept and provide a framework model in local production pricing using investment feasibility analysis. The research used mathematical models, engineering economics, and pricing frameworks to optimize product prices from a local company (PT Enesser Mitra Berkah). The studied object was the domestic production of Anesthesia A8500. The research has several findings. First, the Break-Even Point (BEP) (X2) is an alternative standpoint to determine the price in a local production investment for medical device products. Second, the production company can consider the market price (X3). The research develops a simple mathematical model of X3 > Y2 = X2 + Ct > X1 (Y2 = new price, X1= cost of sold goods, Ct = profit and cost). The result provides the pricing framework model as a new approach for developing a medical device product price when the company initiates new local production.

Abstract Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), requires a high level of attention and is one of the most infectious diseases in the air. Present methods of diagnosing TB remain ineffective owing to their low sensitivity and time consumption. In this study, we produced a green graphene nanofiber laser biosensor (LSG-NF) decorated with oil palm lignin-based synthetic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The resulting composite morphology was observed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, which revealed the effective adaptation of the AgNPs to the LSG-NF surface. The successful attachment of AgNPs and LSG-NFs was also evident from X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy studies. In order to verify the sensing efficiency, a selective DNA sample captured on AgNPs was investigated for specific binding with M.tb target DNA through selective hybridisation and mismatch analysis. Electrochemical impedance studies further confirmed sensitive detection of up to 1 fM, where a detection limit of 10−15 M was obtained by estimating the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N = 3:1) as 3σ. Successful DNA immobilisation and hybridisation was confirmed by the detection of phosphorus and nitrogen peaks based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The stability and repeatability of the analysis were high. This approach provides an affordable potential sensing system for the determination of M. tuberculosis biomarker and thus provides a new direction in medical diagnosis.

In Malaysia, the HPV immunization program has been introduced since 2010 as part of the national immunization plan for female students aged 13 years old. It was a very successful immunization program with good responses from students and parents until the start of COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic caused the schools to be closed and resulted about 225000 female students aged 13 years old either missed their vaccination or have incomplete doses of HPV vaccination in 2020 and 2021. This could possibly lead to an increase in cases of cervical cancer and genital warts in the upcoming years. Hence, a wellorganized catch-up HPV vaccination program is vital in ensuring the aim of achieving zero HPV-related infections in the future.

Biomass waste has become a new source for producing graphene due to its carbon-rich structure and renewable nature. In this paper, the research on the conversion of bio-based graphene from different biomass wastes is summarised and discussed. This paper reviews the methods for converting biomass to bio-based graphene. There are two approaches for thermal degradation of biomass: thermal exfoliation and carbon growth. The purpose of the thermal treatment is to increase the carbon content by removing volatile matter from the biomass polymer chain. Pre-treatments that help to break down the complex structure of the biomass are discussed; pre-treatments also remove impurities from the said biomass. Lastly, the characteristics of bio-based graphene produced from different biomass and thermal treatments are summarised.

Abstract Congo red (CR) is an anionic azo dye widely used in many industries including pharmaceutical, textile, food and paint industries. The disposal of huge amount of CR into the various streams of water has posed a great threat to both human and aquatic life. Therefore, it has become an important aspect of industries to remove CR from different water sources. Molecular imprinting technology is a very slective method to remove various target pollutant from environment. In this study a precipitation polymerization was employed for the effective and selective removal of CR from contaminated aqueous media. A series of congo red molecularly imprinted polymers (CR-MIPs) of uniform size and shape was developed by changing the mole ratio of the components. The optimum ratio (0.1:4: 20, template, functional monomer and cross-linking monomer respectively) for CR1-MIP from synthesized polymers was able to rebind about 99.63% of CR at the optimum conditions of adsorption parameters (contact time 210 min, polymer dosage 0.5 g, concentration 20 ppm and pH 7). The synthesized polymers were characterized by various techniques such as Fourier Infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Brumauer–Emmett–Teller (BET). The polymer particles have successfully removed CR from different aqueous media with an efficiency of about ~ 90%.

A successful pregnancy outcome is dependent on a delicate balance between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes throughout the different trimesters. Interruption in this balance can lead to an adverse outcome resulting in pregnancy loss. Since late 2019, the emergence of the new SARS-CoV-2 virus has affected lives worldwide, including pregnant women; therefore, there is an urgent need to address different approaches in relation to prevention, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Early pregnancy is affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection leading to fetal demise. Available evidence also suggests that 90% of pregnant women infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus seem to be asymptomatic. Nonetheless, it is still unclear how COVID-19 affects exosome production in pregnant women recovered from COVID-19 and how these exosomes regulate the adaptive immune response. In this study, we found several exosomes including CD9, CD31, CD40, CD45, CD41b, CD42a, CD62P, CD69, CD81, CD105, and HLA-DRDPDQ in the plasma of COVID-19-recovered pregnant women were significantly less abundant than the control group. Furthermore, to understand how these exosomes affect the adaptive immune response, we co-cultured the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy control (HC) pregnant women with exosomes of either Preg-HC or Preg-recovered COVID-19 women. We identified that Preg-recovered COVID-19 women have reduced capacity for the inflammatory cytokine TNF-α from cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. In summary, our study highlights that pregnant recovered COVID-19 women have reduced production of several exosomes and possess fewer immunogenic properties. Our study implicates that exosomes can control inflammation and antigen presentation capacity of immune cells, thus limiting the infection in pregnant women.

Ecological fiscal transfer (EFT) is an incentive scheme of budgetary transfers from different levels of a government (central and regional) to reward performances in environmental management. In Indonesia, EFT is mainly intended to protect forest zones or protected areas but does not include forested areas in the non-forest zone. This article investigates the opportunities and challenges of adopting the EFT scheme as a policy instrument to maintain the forested areas in Kutai Timur, a district in East Kalimantan province with the largest forested areas in its non-forest zone. This study applies a socio-legal approach along with a regulatory simplification instrument to examine the laws and regulations surrounding the adoption of an EFT scheme in Kutai Timur district. It demonstrates that the Kutai Timur district government can adopt the EFT scheme, given that they have the authority to manage the APL and village funds allocation. The scheme has no specific requirements or standards, identifying priority issues in the environmental sector. To adopt the scheme, the district government should develop criteria and indicators by considering the goals and priorities of district development, the data availability, and the opportunity for every village to implement it. The preparation of these criteria and indicators must be carried out in a participatory and accountable process to be well accepted by the stakeholders. Further, the district government requires integrating the EFT scheme in district policies on village funds allocation. By implementing the EFT scheme, the district government can encourage village governments and villagers to protect and manage forested areas in their village.

Objective To assess the perception and knowledge of cervical cancer prevention among fully vaccinated female university students in the era of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination.Design Cross-sectional using a validated questionnaire.Setting Face-to-face interview at a public university in Malaysia.Participants 384 fully vaccinated female students were included in the study.Results The total knowledge score in the questionnaire was 18 and was ranked according to score level into three groups: poor (score ≤5), moderate (score 6–10) and good (score ≥11). Mean score for knowledge of cervical cancer prevention was 8.24 (SD ±3.85), with 170 respondents (44.3%) scoring moderate knowledge level. The mean score for knowledge of HPV infection and its association with cervical cancer was 4.56±2.47, while the mean score for knowledge of HPV vaccination for cervical cancer prevention was 3.68 (SD ±1.98). A total of 186 (48.4%) respondents perceived that regular Pap smear was unnecessary after HPV vaccination. Respondents’ perceived seriousness and susceptibility of HPV infection correlated well with knowledge of cervical cancer prevention. Two main reasons for their acceptance of HPV vaccine were self-health awareness and free vaccination.Conclusion The knowledge of HPV vaccination for cervical cancer prevention was average among vaccinated university students. Many of them had poor knowledge about Pap smear and did not consider regular Pap smear as an important cervical cancer screening tool following HPV vaccination. There is still a need for continued health education to improve the perception and knowledge about HPV infection and cervical cancer prevention among young adults in the community.

Endometriosis affects approximately 6 to 10% of reproductive-age women globally. Despite much effort invested, the pathogenesis that promotes the development, as well as the progression of this chronic inflammatory disease, is poorly understood. The imbalance in the microbiome or dysbiosis has been implicated in a variety of human diseases, especially the gut microbiome. In the case of endometriosis, emerging evidence suggests that there may be urogenital-gastrointestinal crosstalk that leads to the development of endometriosis. Researchers may now exploit important information from microbiome studies to design endometriosis treatment strategies and disease biomarkers with the use of advanced molecular technologies and increased computational capacity. Future studies into the functional profile of the microbiome would greatly assist in the development of microbiome-based therapies to alleviate endometriosis symptoms and improve the quality of life of women suffering from endometriosis.

Sustainable water processing techniques have been extensively investigated and are capable of improving water quality. Among the techniques, photocatalytic technology has shown great potential in recent years as a low cost, environmentally friendly and sustainable technology. However, the major challenge in the industrial development of photocatalyst technology is to develop an ideal photocatalyst which must have high photocatalytic activity, a large specific surface area, harvest sunlight and shows recyclability. Keeping these views, the present review highlighted the synthesis approaches of graphene/metal oxide nanocomposite, characterization techniques and their prominent applications in photocatalysis. Various parameters such as photocatalyst loading, structure of photocatalyst, temperature, pH, effect of oxidizing species and wavelength of light were addressed which could affect the rate of degradation. Moreover, the formation of intermediates during photo-oxidation of organic pollutants using these photocatalysts is also discussed. The analysis concluded with a synopsis of the importance of graphene-based materials in pollutant removal. Finally, a brief overview of the problems and future approaches in the field is also presented.

Agro-waste management processes are evolving through the development of novel experimental approaches to understand the mechanisms in reducing their pollution levels efficiently and economically from industrial effluents. Agro-industrial effluent (AIE) from biorefineries that contain high concentrations of COD and color are discharged into the ecosystem. Thus, the AIE from these biorefineries requires treatment prior to discharge. Therefore, the effectiveness of a continuous flow bioreactor system (CFBS) in the treatment of AIE using hybrid waste sludge biochar (HWSB) was investigated. The use of a bioreactor with hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 1–3 days and AIE concentrations of 10–50% was used in experiments based on a statistical design. AIE concentration and HRT were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) as the process variables. The performance of CFBS was analyzed in terms of COD and color removal. Findings indicated 76.52% and 66.97% reduction in COD and color, respectively. During biokinetic studies, the modified Stover models were found to be perfectly suited for the observed measurements with R2 values 0.9741 attained for COD. Maximum contaminants elimination was attained at 30% AIE and 2-day HRT. Thus, this study proves that the HWSB made from biomass waste can potentially help preserve nonrenewable resources and promote zero-waste attainment and principles of circular economy.

Four regions in East Kalimantan province, including Balikpapan, Kutai Kartanegara, Penajam Paser Utara, and Samarinda, have local regulations known as Perda concerning the permission to open land state (IMTN). As a licensing instrument, IMTN has closely related to other sectors, such as investment, public services, and regional government. The policy's dynamics and changes in those sectors will impact the land sector, including the IMTN regulation. This article aims to examine two issues. First, the status of IMTN norms in licensing law regimes. Second, the conformity of the Perda along with the development of the higher regulations. In particular, the implication of Law No. 11/2020 to Perda IMTN in East Kalimantan and formulate alternative solutions to address the dynamics of land policy at the national level. This research applies normative legal analysis (doctrinal) to examine the relationship between norms within related regulations. This paper reveals that IMTN norms in licensing law regimes are unclear. De jure is a permit, and it means that IMTN should be given before the activities to open state land are conducted (constitutive). De facto, IMTN has more value as an instrument to reaffirms the existing land (declarative). Thus, for its relation to higher regulations, the Perda has not accommodated some provisions on administrative efforts as stipulated in Law No. 30/2014, complaint management as mandated by Law No. 25/2010, and the risk-based approach in business licensing as introduced by Law No. 11/2020. Therefore, Perda on IMTN should be amended or replaced to adjust to higher regulations' norms.

The implementation of oncofertility services is of great importance among cancer survivors of reproductive age to ensure a good quality of life. However, the uptake of this service among Muslim patients is very challenging because of inconclusive laws or evidence based on the Islamic perspective. Hence, we summarized the limited evidence available to consolidate current recommendations for oncofertility practices in the Muslim population in Malaysia. The available “fatwa” and “muzakarah” regarding reproductive procedures and gamete cryopreservation in Islam was searched from the recommendations of local and international bodies, including published and unpublished sources. The relevant information was then extracted according to the current understanding of dilemmas in oncofertility practices in Malaysia, tabulated, and consolidated. Most of the available “fatwa” has been revised by recent “muzakarah” to suit current oncofertility practices. Most Islamic organizations support the practice of oncofertility in Muslim hence indicates that oncofertility services are permissible. Therefore, proper recommendations and counseling are paramount to ensure understanding among Muslim patients.

In this paper, lignin was extracted from oil palm empty fruit branch fibers by using a soda pulping process. The homogenizing method was used to reduce the size of lignin into nanoparticles. Four different homogenization shear speeds i.e. 6400, 8400, 10,400, and 12,400 rpm were explored to control the particle size of lignin. Lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) were characterized using FT-IR, UV, TEM, SEM, zeta potential, kinetic thermal degradation, and toxicological analyses. The stability of water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions was characterized by visual observation and cross-polarized microscopy (CPM). The FT-IR results showed similar spectra of all the samples while the particle distribution from TEM demonstrated up to 98% of the samples are in the nano range. The zeta potential of LNP12* (emulsifying agent produced from LNP12 at 12,400 rpm) was observed at |−32.0| mV and found to be the best among all samples to stabilize W/O emulsion at a ratio of 30:70 (water to oil) as a result from creaming index percentage and CPM. Therefore, LNP12 was further analyzed for shelf-life prediction using a kinetic thermal degradation study. Flynn-Wall-Ozawa and Kissinger methods were used in kinetic thermal degradation to determine the activation energy (Ea) of LNP12. It was found that both methods are in good agreement. The Ea value of LNP12 demonstrated better stability and longer shelf-life (around 20 months) at a temperature below 35 °C. LNP12 showed to be safe both, in vitro and in vivo toxicological methods at a concentration below 2000 mg/kg.

Although microbial fuel cells (MFCs) rank among the most promising bioelectrochemical approaches for generating energy while removing pollutants from wastewater, their relatively poor performance, largely due to electrode material that hinder their applicability, has limited their commercial viability. Thus, in our study, self-assembled modified graphene oxide (GO) anodes were developed from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) biomass, and several techniques were applied to assess the physiochemical properties of material synthesized with waste material. Ultimately, the waste material was an excellent source for generating energy in the form of anodes in MFCs. The bioinspired modified GO anodes demonstrated greater energy output (135.96 mA/m2) of more than eight times the unmodified GO anodes (15.65 mA/m2), even though the source of inoculation was synthetic wastewater with 100 ppm of Cd (II) solution. To our knowledge, no work has reported removing Cd (II) from synthetic wastewater by using waste-derived anodes via MFCs. This paper reports on the utilization of waste-derived organic waste (oil palm trunk sap) as an organic substrate which is a healthy source of nutrients for bacteria in an inoculated media. Along with evidence of their electrochemical and biological character, the primary result achieved (i.e., 90% removal efficiency) supports using MFCs on an industrial scale.

Endometriosis is a gynecologic disorder characterized by the presence of endometrial tissues outside the uterine cavity affecting reproductive-aged women. Previous studies have shown that microRNAs and their target mRNAs are expressed differently in endometriosis, suggesting that this molecule may play a role in the development and persistence of endometriotic lesions. microRNA (miRNA), a small non-coding RNA fragment, regulates cellular functions such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis by the post-transcriptional modulation of gene expression. In this review, we focused on the dysregulated miRNAs in women with endometriosis and their roles in the regulation of apoptosis. The dysregulated miRNAs and their target genes in this pathophysiology were highlighted. Circulating miRNAs as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of endometriosis have also been identified. As shown by various studies, miRNAs were reported to be a potent regulator of gene expression in endometriosis; thus, identifying the dysregulated miRNAs and their target genes could help discover new therapeutic targets for treating this disease. The goal of this review is to draw attention to the functions that miRNAs play in the pathophysiology of endometriosis, particularly those that govern cell death.

Abstract Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is added in sunscreens due to its ability to absorb ultraviolet (UV) light. However, upon irradiation of UV light, reactive oxygen species particularly hydroxyl radical which can damage human skin will be generated. In this study, lignin/TiO2 composites were employed to quench the hydroxyl radicals generated by the TiO2. The lignin was extracted from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) via kraft and soda pulping processes. The kraft lignin composite was labelled as KL/TiO2 whereas the soda lignin composite was labelled as SL/TiO2. The lignins and the composites were characterized by FTIR, UV spectroscopy, 13C NMR, SEM, EDX, and XRD. The relative hydroxyl radical production of composites and TiO2 were compared through photo-oxidation of coumarin to 7-hydroxycoumarin as a test medium. The effect of types and amounts of lignin used were studied. The KL/TiO2 composite showed the least radical production due to higher phenolic hydroxyl content of kraft lignin. The activity of the hydroxyl radicals will be quenched when it abstract hydrogen atoms from the phenolic hydroxyl groups.

Nanoparticles (nanoparticles) have received much attention in biological application because of their unique physicochemical properties. The metal- and metal oxide–supported nanomaterials have shown significant therapeutic effect in medical science. The mechanisms related to the interaction of nanoparticles with animal and plant cells can be used to establish its significant role and to improve their activity in health and medical applications. Various attempts have been made to discuss the antibiotic resistance and antimicrobial activity of metal-supported nanoparticles. Despite all these developments, there is still a need to investigate their performance to overcome modern challenges. In this regard, the present review examines the role of various types of metal-supported nanomaterials in different areas such as antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, and so on. Based on the significant ongoing research and applications, it is expected that metal-supported nanomaterials play an outstanding role not only in medical but also in other important areas.

The development of pharmaceutical dosage forms that are tailored to specific populations according to their preferences and acceptability could improve medication adherence, which could lead to effective pharmacotherapy. This study evaluated the preference for and perceptions of fluid gels as a potential age-appropriate dosage form for older adults with dysphagia. The palatability and swallowability of the developed fluid gels were also assessed to determine the consumer acceptability of this formulation. A cross-sectional survey was conducted through the electronic distribution of a self-administered questionnaire among adults in Malaysia between April and December 2021. A randomized and double-blinded clinical study was conducted to evaluate the palatability and swallowability of the fluid gels in 30 healthy participants. A cross-sectional study involving 673 respondents revealed that the fluid gels were perceived positively by consumers (64.4%), were easily swallowed (50.8%), were safe to be consumed (45.3%), and were suitable as a new pharmaceutical formulation (43.8%). The clinical study shows that moderately thickened fluid gels masked the bitterness of the medication and were easily swallowed. The newly developed fluid gels were also positively perceived by the participants. Taken together, fluid gels have shown great potential as an innovative oral formulation that is suitable for consumption by elderly patients with dysphagia.

Nanotechnology is an innovative area of science that includes the design, characterization, production, and application of materials, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at the nanometer scale (1–100 nm). Nanotechnology incorporation in cosmetic formulation is considered as the hottest and emerging technology available. Cosmetic manufacturers use nanoscale size ingredients to provide better UV protection, deeper skin penetration, long-lasting effects, increased color, finish quality, and many more. Micellar nanoparticles is one of the latest field applied in cosmetic products that becoming trending and widely commercialized in local and international markets. The ability of nanoemulsion system to form small micellar nanoparticles size with high surface area allowing to effectiveness of bioactive component transport onto the skin. Oil in water nanoemulsion is playing a major role as effective formulation in cosmetics such as make-up remover, facial cleanser, anti-aging lotion, sun-screens, and other water-based cosmetic formulations. The objective of this review is to critically discuss the properties, advantageous, and mechanism of micellar nanoparticles formation in nanoemulsion system. Therefore, present article introduce and discuss the specific benefits of nanoemulsion system in forming micellar nanoparticles for cosmetic formulation which become major factors for further development of micellar-based cosmetic segments.

This study’s goal was to determine the protein expression level of tumour necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC) tissues in relation to the platinum-based chemotherapy response and the prognosis outcome. A total of 25 HGSC patients underwent primary surgical debulking followed by first-line adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy. Tissue microarray (TMA) slides were constructed utilising archived formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE). The protein expression of TNFR2 and STAT3 were analysed using immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining and subsequently were correlated to the clinicopathological characteristics, platinum sensitivity as well as the duration of progression-free survival. About 14 out of 25 patients (56.0%) were platinum-sensitive. The progression free survival was significantly longer in the platinum-sensitive (PS) group when compared to those with the platinum-resistant group (PR), p = 0.0001. Among patients with TNFR2 strong expression on ovarian tissue, there was a significantly longer progression-free survival interval of 540 days in the PS group compared to PR, p = 0.0001. Patients with STAT3 expression also showed significantly better progression-free survival of 660 days in the PS group when compared to the PR group, p = 0.0001. In conclusion, patients with strong TNFR2 and STAT3 expression in the ovarian tissue had significantly longer progression-free survival interval in the PS group. Nevertheless, further research with a larger number of tissues may be required to demonstrate further significant differences.

Ovarian cancer is the eighth-most common cause of death among women worldwide. In the absence of distinctive symptoms in the early stages, the majority of women are diagnosed in advanced stages of the disease. Surgical debulking and systemic adjuvant chemotherapy remain the mainstays of treatment, with the development of chemoresistance in up to 75% of patients with subsequent poor treatment response and reduced survival. Therefore, there is a critical need to revisit existing, and identify potential biomarkers that could lead to the development of novel and more effective predictors for ovarian cancer diagnosis and prognosis. The capacity of these biomarkers to predict the existence, stages, and associated therapeutic efficacy of ovarian cancer would enable improvements in the early diagnosis and survival of ovarian cancer patients. This review not only highlights current evidence-based ovarian-cancer-specific prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers but also provides an update on various technologies and methods currently used to identify novel biomarkers of ovarian cancer.

Benthic microbial fuel cells (BMFCs) are a kind of microbial fuel cell (MFC), distinguished by the absence of a membrane. BMFCs are an ecofriendly technology with a prominent role in renewable energy harvesting and the bioremediation of organic pollutants through electrogens. Electrogens act as catalysts to increase the rate of reaction in the anodic chamber, acting in electrons transfer to the cathode. This electron transfer towards the anode can either be direct or indirect using exoelectrogens by oxidizing organic matter. The performance of a BMFC also varies with the types of substrates used, which may be sugar molasses, sucrose, rice paddy, etc. This review presents insights into the use of BMFCs for the bioremediation of pollutants and for renewable energy production via different electron pathways.

The efficient remediation of organic dyes from wastewater is increasingly valuable in water treatment technology, largely owing to the tons of hazardous chemicals currently and constantly released into rivers and seas from various industries, including the paper, pharmaceutical, textile, and dye production industries. Using solar energy as an inexhaustible source, photocatalysis ranks among the most promising wastewater treatment techniques for eliminating persistent organic pollutants and new emerging contaminants. In that context, developing efficient photocatalysts using sunlight irradiation and effectively integrating them into reactors, however, pose major challenges in the technologically relevant application of photocatalysts. As a potential solution, graphene oxide (GO)-based zinc oxide (ZnO) nanocomposites may be used together with different components (i.e., ZnO and GO-based materials) to overcome the drawbacks of ZnO photocatalysts. Indeed, mounting evidence suggests that using GO-based ZnO nanocomposites can promote light absorption, charge separation, charge transportation, and photo-oxidation of dyes. Despite such advances, viable, low-cost GO-based ZnO nanocomposite photocatalysts with sufficient efficiency, stability, and photostability remain to be developed, especially ones that can be integrated into photocatalytic reactors. This article offers a concise overview of state-of-the-art GO-based ZnO nanocomposites and the principal challenges in developing them.

MicroRNA (miRNA) is a small non-coding RNA with an established function to regulate genes at the post-transcriptional level leading to suppression or degradation of its messenger RNA expression (mRNA). Its dysregulation plays a vital role in a variety of biological and pathological processes including cancer. A lot of algorithms have been established to predict the target sites of miRNA, but experimentally identifying and validating its target region is still lacking. Guidance in experimental procedures is really needed to find genuine miRNA targets. Therefore, in this review, we provide an outline on the workflow in predicting and validating the targeted sites of miRNA using several methods as a guideline for the scientists. The final outcome of this type of experiment is essential to explore the major impact of miRNA-mRNA interaction involved in the biological processes and to assist miRNA-based drug development in the future.

This study was submitted to answer two questions: The first, how is the legal construction on forest land use permit for the coal mining activities and what the legal issues contained in it; Secondly, how the implementation of legislation on forest land use permit for coal mining. This research uses a socio-legal approach by basing the number of respondents and the selected areas. This study concluded that the practice of leasing forest area for coal mining is removal of the forest area that was authorized by state. There is unclear legal status of legal liability for borrower forest area that not able to restore forest area only to give the payment to the state (PNBP) without reclamation. This practice obscures the meaning of the legal relationship borrowing. IPPKH implementation for coal mining did not provide protective functions of forest in East Kalimantan

In this work, lignin polyols were prepared from the liquefaction of kraft lignin and from the direct liquefaction of Elaeis guineensis lignocellulosic waste. The liquefaction reaction was performed with polyhydric alcohols using sulfuric acid as catalyst at 160 °C. The physical and chemical characterizations of lignin and lignin polyols were conducted by elemental analysis, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, molecular weight distribution, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Quantitative 13C NMR showed that all aliphatic hydroxyl group values of polyols noticeably increased with the use of the two methods compared to kraft lignin. The average molecular weight analysis of the liquefied product showed that it exhibited high molecular weight compared to kraft lignin. Both structural and thermal characteristics suggest that lignin polyols would be a good substitute for kraft lignin in the synthesis of polymeric compounds such as environmentally friendly resins or wood adhesives, as it presents higher amounts of activated free ring positions, higher molecular weight, and high thermal stability.

Objective. This study aims to describe the menstrual pattern and menstrual care of girls with intellectual disabilities and to evaluate the impact of menstruation and awareness of parents/guardians on girls with intellectual disabilities. Methodology. Parents/guardians of girls aged 9–17 years with known intellectual disabilities who attended a scheduled public forum and Paediatrics and Adolescent Gynaecology Clinic (PAC) were recruited in a questionnaire-based study. Results. A total of 123 parents/guardians with a mean age of 41.83 ± 5.45 years completed the questionnaire. The mean age of girls with intellectual disabilities was 12.28 ± 2.78 years, and the mean menarcheal age was 11.12 ± 1.76 years. Only 53 (43.1%) parents/guardians were aware of availability of menstrual suppression. Parents/guardians with lower family income (OR = 0.00; 95% CI = 0.00–0.20), unable to manage menses (OR = 0.03; 95% CI = 0.00–0.61), and moderate severity of menses (OR = 0.01; 95% CI = 0.00–1.21), were associated with seeking medical help on menstrual suppression. The factors associated with parents/guardians requesting for sterilization were lower family income (OR = 0.02; 95% CI = 0.00–0.36) and concern about sexual abuse (OR = 0.25; 95% CI = 0.06–0.39). Conclusion. Menstrual pattern in girls with intellectual disabilities is similar to those without disabilities. Parents/guardians’ knowledge and awareness on menstrual suppression were still lacking.