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Background: High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) was developed and validated for the determination of aloe-emodin in accordance with ICH guidelines. In addition, a novel RP-UHPLC method was developed, and both methods were used to analyse the herbal extract and herbal formulation. Methods: Separation was carried out on a silica gel 60 F254 HPTLC plate using the mobile phase Toluene: Methanol (9:1). The linearity was good across the 800-4000 ng/spot range. Validation results are within acceptable limits. The percent RSD for accuracy was 0.58-1.77, and precision was 1.10-1.97 and 1.45-1.94 for intraday and interday, respectively. The percentage of aloe-emodin found in the herbal extract and aloe vera capsule was 99.83 ± 1.19 and 99.53 ± 1.29, respectively, using this method. Results: Quantification of aloe-emodin in herbal extract and herbal formulation were done using a novel UHPLC method with chromatographic conditions of orthophosphoric acid Methanol (0.1 percent OPA): Water (65:35, v/v) and pH 3, a flow rate of 1.2 ml/min, and elute detection at 254 nm. At 6.32 minutes, a sharp and symmetric peak was observed. The method developed was validated in accordance with ICH guidelines. The percent RSD numerical value of accuracy was 0.304-0.576, and the inter-day and intraday precision were 0.32-3.08 and 0.51-2.78, respectively. Herbal extract and aloe vera capsule were analysed using the new UHPLC method. Aloe-emodin percentages were reported as 100.3 ± 0.89 and 99.53 ± 1.29, respectively. Conclusion: The antimicrobial and anti-oxidant activities of an aloe-vera herbal formulation were studied, and the results were positive.

Introduction: Modified polymeric materials are nowadays most commonly used for making modified release pharmaceutical dosage forms. Methods: In this present research study, a grafted copolymer is synthesized by using acrylamide and okra gum with the help of the redox initiator method. The method was optimized using a 3-factor, 2-level central composite design (CCD). Optimization of the synthetic process was done by the application of QbD, amount of acrylamide (1-10g), amount of initiator (50-150 mg), and microwave irradiation exposure time (1-5 min) were taken critical process variables and response factors were selected as percentage grafting (% grafting) and percentage yield (% yield). Results and Conclusion: The optimized formulation (F13) having a maximum percentage of grafting 82.2 and a percentage yield of 12.54 of the formulation’s acrylamide (5.5g), amount of initiator (100 mg), and microwave irradiation exposure time (3 min). Characterization of synthesized grafted copolymer product was performed by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), FT-IR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Background: Convolvulus pluricaulis is a native plant that is commonly mentioned in Ayurveda as a Rasayana and is primarily recommended for use in mental stimulation and rejuvenation therapy. Convolvulus pluricaulis is used as a brain tonic. The plant is reported to be a prominent memory-improving drug. It is used as a psychostimulant and tranquilizer. It is reported to reduce men-tal tension. Objective: The present study aimed to explore the protective effect of hydroalcoholic extract from the leaves of Convolvulus pluricaulis, along with CNS depressant and anti-anxiety activities, in models of mice. Methods: The extract from leaves of Convolvulus pluricaulis were sequentially isolated with a mix-ture of water and alcohol solution in the soxhlet apparatus. An acute toxicity study was conducted as per OECD guidelines no. 423, in which 18 Albino male mice were treated with different doses (1, 10, 100, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg) of hydroalcoholic extract of Convolvulus pluricaulis and assessed for toxicity parameters for 14 days. Various psychomotor activities of hydroalcoholic extract from leaves of Convolvulus pluricaulis for 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg doses were performed in mice by using various tests like actophotometer, open field, rota-rod, grip strength tests, elevated plus maze, hole board test, inclined plane, chimney test. Results: The hydroalcoholic extract from leaves of Convolvulus pluricaulis was found to fall under category 4 in the acute toxicity study. Therefore, 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg doses of hydroalcoholic ex-tract of leaves of Convolvulus pluricaulis were selected for the further pharmacological study. The re-sults of psychomotor tests (actophotometer, open field, rota-rod, grip strength, hole board test, inclined plane, chimney test, elevated plus maze, light-dark model) for test doses 100, 200, and 300 in mice showed CNS depressant and anti-anxiety effects. Conclusion: Hydroalcoholic extract from leaves of Convolvulus pluricaulis at the 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg doses has shown CNS depressant and anti-anxiety effects in mice models.

Abstract: Herbal medicines are being used by humans since the oldest civilizations and have been an integral part of traditional and alternative medicines. In recent times, pharmaceutical and biomedical scientists are taking interest in developing nutraceutical-based medicines to overcome the side effects and adverse drug reactions caused by allopathic medicines. Nutraceuticals have started occupying the global market. Nutraceuticals have gained widespread acceptance due to their efficacy in treating difficult to treat diseases, low toxicity, low cost, easy accessibility, etc. Safety and efficacy are other important factors in the commercialization process of nutraceuticals. Different novel advanced drug delivery systems have been constantly studied to improve the efficacy and bioavailability of medicines obtained from herbal sources. The transdermal drug delivery system provides a potent alternative to the conventional method of using nutraceuticals. The development of transdermal system-based nutraceuticals could provide the advantage of enhanced bioavailability, improved solubility, bypass of the first-pass metabolism, and targeted delivery of drugs in brain-related disorders. It additionally provides the advantage of being non-invasive. This article reviews the potential effects of various nutraceuticals in brain-related disorders as well as trends in transdermal nano-systems to deliver such nutraceuticals. We have also focused on advantages, applications as well as recent United States-based patents which emphasize emerging interest towards transdermal nutraceuticals in brain disorders.

In this study, new fused triazolo-thiadiazoles (4a-o) were synthesized viamethyl 2-[bromo(phenyl)methyl]-1,3-benzoxazole-5-carboxylate. The structure of novel derivatives was recognized on the basis of spectral data results and screened their anticonvulsant action by means of maximal electroshock seizure (MES) and subcutaneous pentylenetetrazol (scPTZ) procedures. Minimal motor studies were completed by a rotarod method. Compounds 4e, 4g, 4j, 4l, 4m and 4n showing better anticonvulsant action corresponding to hydrophobicity. Other molecules remained fewer lipophilic and have less effectiveness. Most of the compounds positively tolerable the rotarod test deprived of motor deficiency. In conclusion, the prepared derivatives with distal aryl moiety exhibited higher lipophilic character and lead to improved pharmacological achievement, which can be a forthcoming promise.

The objective of the current research to investigate the transdermal delivery of phytosomal Manjistha extract gel (MJE gel). The optimized formulation was prepared and evaluated for different param...

The major limitation with the oral administration of most of the phytochemicals is their low aqueous solubility and bioavailability. Thymoquinone (THQ) is one of the most widely used phytochemicals used to treat a variety of diseases. However, strong lipophilic characteristics limit its clinical application. Therefore, this study was aimed to design novel chitosan (C) modified polycaprolactone (PL) nanoparticles (NPs) for improved oral bioavailability of THQ. THQ-CPLNPs was optimized 33-Box–Behnken design. After that, the optimized THQ-CPLNPs was characterized by different parameters. THQ-CPLNPs showed the size, PDI, and ZP of 182.32 ± 6.46 nm, 0.179 ± 0.012, and +21.36 ± 1.22 mV, respectively. The entrapment and loading capacity were found to be 79.86 ± 4.36%, and 13.45 ± 1.38%, respectively. THQ-CPLNPs exhibited burst release in initial 2 h followed by prolonged release up to 24 h in simulated intestinal fluids. THQ-CPLNPs showed excellent mucoadhesion properties which were further confirmed with the intestinal permeation study as well as confocal microscopy. The study revealed higher permeation of THQ-CPLNPs compared to neat THQ suspension (THQ-S). Moreover, in vivo gastric irritation study revealed good compatibility of THQ-CPLNPs with the gastric mucosa. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic results depicted ∼3.53-fold improved oral bioavailability of THQ from THQ-CPLNPs than THQ-S. Therefore, from the findings, it was concluded that the prepared polymeric NPs could be an effective delivery system for improved oral bioavailability of THQ.

Abstract: Iridoids are monoterpenoids classed with a cyclopentanopyran framework and detected in various plants and certain special animals. In plants, it exists as glycosides, generally bound to glucose. Around six hundred iridoid glycosides are available in fifty-seven families of plants. Iridoids are abundant in dicotyledonous plants belonging to the Diervillaceae, Loganiaceae, Apocynaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Lamiaceae, and Rubiaceae families. Analytical techniques like chromatography, NMR, UPLC, etc., are used for the identification, separation, and estimation of either herbal extracts or formulations of iridoids. Advanced analytical techniques are useful for precise and accurate quantification of active ingredients responsible for therapeutic effects. They can be achieved by a developed and validated robust analytical method. Iridoids have shown diverse pharmacological properties. Some of the important activities are immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and cardio-protective effects. The other important activities are antimicrobial, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anticancer, choleretic, antispasmodic, and purgative activities attributed to iridoids. There were not many efforts made in the past to gather and review the literature on various aspects of iridoids. This review article has collected a myriad of literature on old and advanced analytical techniques, including method development and validation of methods for quantitative and qualitative analysis of iridoids. The review also emphasizes the role of iridoids in the prevention of various ailments.

Background: COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. The disease has hit hard around the globe and is now a pandemic. As of April 01, 2020, a total of 875,560 cases have been reported and the figures are increasing day by day. Currently, there is no treatment or vaccine available for curing COVID-19 and pharmaceutical companies are racing toward the common goal of achieving the cure. Methods: Scientific databases, including Science direct, Pub med, Elsevier, Scopus, and Nature, were explored. Data has also been accessed from case reports, newspaper reports, internet data, World Health Organisation (WHO) reports, and Centre of Disease Control (CDCs) reports. The US National Library of Medicine, Clinicaltrials.gov, were accessed to get information about the ongoing clinical trials. The literature survey started in the first week of February 2020 and was completed in the first week of April 2020. Additional literature survey was done in the second week of June 2020. Results: The epicentre of COVID-19 is Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. Coronavirus belongs to Order Nidovirale and is subdivided into four groups alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. Coronavirus 229E, NL63, HKU1, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV are known to infect humans. It is an enveloped, nonsegmented positive-sense RNA virus of size 30-32 kb with several structural and accessory proteins. The pathogenesis of COVID-19 involves attachment of Spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 to the angiotensin- converting enzyme 2(ACE2) receptor present on the host cell membrane. Clinical manifestation of COVID-19 include fever, cough, complicated dyspnoea, pneumonia, etc. Real-time -PCR is a sensitive test for the detection of SARS-CoV. Remdesivir, Bevacizumab, Darunavir and cobicistat, lopinavirritonavir, Oseltamavir, hydroxychloroquine, Sarilumab, mRNA -1273, Ad5-nCoV are some of the drugs under the clinical phase of the trial. People with A-positive blood group, with comorbidities like diabetes, hypertension, chronic pulmonary obstructive disease, substance abuse disorders, immunocompromised individuals, health care workers, and older adults are at high risk of getting infected with SARS-CoV-2. Conclusion: This article gives insight into the occurrence of COVID-19, classification and structure of SARS-CoV-2, pathogenesis, pathological findings, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, potential treatment options and prevention, and people at risk of COVID-19.

Aim: The present work deals with the GC-MS-analysis of chemical constituents of hydroalcoholic extract of Cissampelos pareira leaves and thier anti-diabetic activity. Methods: GC-MS analysis of extract was performed using Shimadzu QP-2010 plus with thermal desorption system 20. Acute oral toxicity of extract was done using the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guideline 423. Diabetes was induced by single dose of streptozotocin 65 mg/kg, i.p. to all the rats except in rats of control group. Following which oral glucose tolerance test was performed and the rats were divided into various experimental groups. Various treatments continued for 21 days. Parameters such as blood glucose level, body weight, liver enzymes, lipid profiles and oxidative markers were checked. Results: GC-MS analysis of the extract identified 25 compounds present in it. Based on acute oral toxicity study three doses of hydroalcoholic extract of Cissampelos pareira leaves viz 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg were selected for evaluation of anti-diabetic activity. The extracts at doses 200 and 400 mg/kg BW were able to reduce blood sugar level, liver enzymes, total cholesterol, total triglyceride, low density lipoprotein and Malondialdehyde; and enhance body weight, high density lipoprotein and Glutathione significantly when compared to rats of negative control group. The effect of extract at dose 400 mg/kg was comparable to standard Glibenclamide. Conclusion: Results conclude that the chemical constituents present in the hydroalcoholic extract of Cissampelos pareira contained some anti-diabetic compounds possessing strong anti-diabetic activity.

Herbal medicines are being used since ancient times and are an important part of the alternative and traditional medicinal system. In recent decades, scientists are embracing herbal medicines based on the fact that a number of drugs that are currently in use are derived directly or indirectly from plant sources. Moreover, herbal drugs have lesser side effects, albeit are potentially strong therapeutic agents. The herbal medicine market is estimated to be around US $62 billion globally. Herbal medicine has gained widespread acceptance due to its low toxicity, low cost, ease of accessibility and efficacy in treating difficult diseases. Safety and efficacy are another important factors in the commercialization process of herbal medicines. Nanotechnology has been shown to be potentially effective in improving the bioactivity and bioavailability of herbal medicines. Development of nano-phytomedicines (or by reducing the size of phytomedicine), attaching polymers with phytomedicines and modifying the surface properties of herbal drugs, have increased the solubility, permeability and eventually the bioavailability of herbal formulations. Novel formulations such as niosomes, liposomes, nanospheres, phytosomes etc., can be exploited in this area. This article reviews herbal medicines, which have prominent activity in the Central Nervous System (CNS) disorders and reported nano-phytomedicines based delivery systems.

Developed a thin layer chromatography (TLC) method for the quantification of piperine in Trikatu Churna formulation it is a major and important ingredient in the formulation. TLC methods for the determination of piperine in the Trikatu churna along with its raw materials have been developed, as per the ICH guideline. The developed method has been validated, experimented with parameters like linearity, accuracy, the limit of detection, the limit of quantification, inter-day and intra-day assay precision, repeatability of measurement, and repeatability of a sample application. Performed a degradation study in different conditions. Prepared a calibration curve in the concentration range (100-800 ng/spot) with correlation coefficients r2 (0.997) with Rf value 0.46 ± 0.03. The Limit of detection (LOD) and Limit of quantification (LOQ) value has 100 ng and 329 ng, respectively. The maximum degradation found in the bench top (98%) follow with an acidic condition (86%), almost similar in the range of condition basic, oxidation and wet (75-77%), and a minimum in dry heat condition (49%). The freeze-thaw stability study, the accelerated stability study, the real-time stability study result of these conditions almost is the same range (92-99%).

Purpose The topically administered drugs through conventional delivery systems have low bioavailability. Henceforth, the present study was designed to prepare and optimize clarithromycin (CTM)-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CHNPs) to demonstrate the efficacy against microorganisms. Methods Clarithromycin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CTM-CHNPs) were prepared by ionotropic gelation method. The formulation was optimized by box-Behnken design using the formulation variables like CH (A), STPP concentration (B), and stirring speed (C). Their effects were evaluated on the independent variables like particle size (Y1) and entrapment efficiency (Y2). Further, CTM-CHNPs were evaluated for physicochemical parameters, in-vitro drug release, ex-vivo permeation, bioadhesive study, corneal hydration, histopathology, HET-CAM, and antibacterial study. Results The optimized formulation (CTM-CHNPopt) showed the low particle size (152±5 nm), which is desirable for ocular delivery. It also showed high encapsulation (70.05%), zeta potential (+35.2 mV), and was found in a spherical shape. The drug release study revealed a sustained drug release profile (82.98±3.5% in 12 hours) with Korsmeyer peppas kinetic (R2=0.996) release model. It showed a 2.7-fold higher corneal permeation than CTM-solution. CHNPs did not exhibit any sign of damage to excised goat cornea, which is confirmed by hydration, histopathology, and HET-CAM test. It exhibited significant (P

Background: Different experimental methods have been used to induce diabetes in animals. There are a number of anti-diabetic drug loaded nano-formulations with high therapeutic value that are used to target diabetes with high therapeutic efficacy. Methods: From this review, various anti-hyperglycemic agents have been screened for their activity. The use of nano-formulation in diabetes treatment is considered due to the possibility of the incorporation of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances. Results: The clinical symptoms of diabetes are similar to those of hyperglycemia, glucosuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, and polyuria and these symptoms were produced in experimental animal models through various diabetogens. The treatment by using nano-formulation enhance the therapeutic efficacy due to an increase in high carrier capacity. Conclusion: The characteristic features of the disease and pathological changes during disease in small animals (rats or mice) are similar to that of human beings. The use of synthetic as well as herbal drugs have shown greater therapeutic efficacy by encapsulating into nano drug delivery system.

Nanomedicine combination therapy, a strategy to delivery multiple drugs via a single nanosystem has opened new avenues to treat cancer and prevent side effects and overcome chemoresistance. The present work utilizes a chemotherapeutic agent topotecan hydrochlorideand a natural chemosensitizer (thymoquinone, TQ) incorporated into poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PLGA NPs) to target tumor. The objective of the present work is to develop a reversed phase HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of TQ along with the pH dependent lactone and carboxylate forms of topotecan and validate its applicability. Chromatographic separation was obtained on Agilent 1200 Infinity series C18 analytical column using gradient elution with acetonitrile and 1% triethylamine acetate (TEAA) buffer (pH 5.5) as mobile phase and a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. Analytical detection was done at 253 nm. Validation was performed as per ICH guidelines and characterization and stability of the optimized nanoparticles were evaluated. The retention time of 5.93, 8.73, and 19.76 min was obtained for lactone, carboxylate and TQ, respectively. Linearity response was established in the range of 5‒45 µg/mL. The limits of detection and quantification were found to be 15 and 50 ng/mL for lactone, 18 and 59 ng/mL for carboxylate, and 5 and 18 ng/mL for TQ, respectively. The method was validated in terms of robustness, precision, accuracy, specificity and percent loading, entrapment efficiency, and in vitro drug release. The stability of the nanoparticles was determined using the above validated method. The method was successfully validated and applied for routine analyses indicating its use as a suitable analytical tool to determine efficiency of the proposed therapy.

Background: Nanomedicines are capable of disease diagnosis, drug delivery, and in monitoring the therapeutic result to provide appropriate tasks towards research goals. The best therapeutic pattern can be achieved by developing a theranostic nanomedicine, which is an emerging field. It has the advantage of loading phytoconstituents as drugs and is useful for both imaging and therapeutic function. Methods: Nowadays, the design of a novel drug delivery system of the herbal constituent is usually done through the nanotechnology approach. This technique increases the biological activity and counters the puzzles associated with plant medicines. Traditional medicine integration with nanocarriers as an NDDS is very essential in the management of chronic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, and cancer. Results: The nanotechnology combination with plant science is a green revolution with a practical approach for decreasing the therapeutic side effects. The object of the study is to review herbal nanomedicine with an enhanced therapeutic profile and less toxicity. Conclusion: The development of herbal theranostic nanoformulation is very useful for the treatment of different diseases.

Clinical performances of chemotherapeutic drugs which are used to manage different stages of cancers are usually facing numerous pharmacological challenges such as tumor microenvironment, high dose requirements, poor selectivity towards cancer cells, life-threatening cytotoxicity, and frequent drug resistance incidences, in addition to pharmacotechnical issues such as poor aqueous solubility, uncontrolled drug-release, low stability, non-specific bio-distribution, and erratic bioavailability profiles. The chapter aims to provide a brief account of advancements made in nanotechnology-enabled manufacturing engineering tools for manipulating polymeric materials as efficient carriers so that loaded anti-cancer drugs would exhibit better therapeutic applications and optimized clinical significance in cancers.

We reported herein a green and efficient catalyst-free synthesis of 4'-(substituted phenyl)spiro[indoline-3,3'-[1,2,4]triazolidine]-2,5'-diones (3a–g) in excellent yields. A one-pot multi-component synthesis was achieved using a glycerol-water (4:1) green solvent system. The current synthetic procedure has the advantage of being environmentally friendly, catalyst free, and having a simple workup with high yields. The structure of the title compounds (3a–g) was confirmed by infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectral data, followed by their biological evaluation. Using the standard protocol, all of the compounds were tested for antibacterial, antifungal, and antitubercular activities. 4'-(4-Chlorophenyl)spiro[indoline-3,3'-[1,2,4]triazolidine]-2,5'-dione (3b) was found to be the most potent compound in the series, with MIC values ranging from 12.71 to 50.84 M, but it was found to be inactive against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra and M. bovis. 4'-(4-Methoxyphenyl)spiro[indoline-3,3'-[1,2,4]triazolidine]-2,5'-dione (3e) displayed significant antifungal activity with MIC values of 12.89 and 25.78 µM. The SwissADME prediction studies of revealed that the compounds (3a–g) followed the Lipinski rule of 5 and have good absorption from gastrointestinal tract. The title compounds were also investigated using molecular docking against bacterial DNA gyrase (PDB ID: 1KZN).

A rugged robust RP-HPLC method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of Aspirin (ASP), Atorvastatin calcium (ATO) and Clopidogrel bisulphate (CLO) in a combined dosage form. Optimized mobile phase composition of 25 mM KH2PO4: Methanol (20:80% v/v) pH 3.0 (adjusted with 20% o-phosphoric acid) isocratic mode with flow rate of 1 ml min-1, detection at 230 nm. Employed Princeton SPHER C18 (150 x 4.6 mm i.d. 5 µm) column for separation at ambient temperature with an isocratic flow. The linearity of each drug across the range of 0.5-32 µg/ml with correlation coefficient for ASP, ATO, and CLO in value of 0.979, 0.988 and 0.989 respectively. The retention time (min.) for ASP, ATO and CLO were found 1.85, 3.04 and 6.91 respectively. Limit of detection (LOD) of ASP, ATO and CLO - 0.04, 0.04, 0.08 (μg ml-1) respectively and Limit of Quantification (LOQ) of ASP, ATO and CLO- 0.14, 0.13, 0.28 (μg ml-1) in order. Performed analysis of marketed tablet formulation ASP (Ecosprin-75 mg), ATO (Aztor®40- 40 mg), CLO (Clopivas- 75 mg) found percentage recovery for ASP (99.93), ATO (100.00) and CLO (99.87). Performed stability studies found satisfactory results. Developed method has been validated, results of different parameter found in acceptable range. Chromatogram peaks are resolve, symmetric shape and without interference.

The objective of the current research is to develop ZnO-Manjistha extract (ZnO-MJE) nanoparticles (NPs) and to investigate their transdermal delivery as well as antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. The optimized formulation was further evaluated based on different parameters. The ZnO-MJE-NPs were prepared by mixing 10 mM ZnSO

Abstract: At present, people and patients worldwide are relying on the medicinal plant as a therapeutic agent over pharmaceuticals because the medicinal plant is considered safer, especially for chronic disorders. Several medicinal plants and their components are being researched and explored for their possible therapeutic contribution to CNS disorders. Thymoquinone (TQ) is one such molecule. Thymoquinone, one of the constituents of Plant Nigella Sativa, is effective against several neurodegenerative diseases like, Alzheimer's, Depression, Encephalomyelitis, Epilepsy, Ischemia, Parkinson's, and Traumatic. This review article presents the neuropharmacological potential of TQ's, their challenges, and delivery prospects, explicitly focusing on neurological disorders along with their chemistry, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity. Since TQ has some pharmacokinetic challenges, scientists have focused on novel formulations and delivery systems to enhance bioavailability and ultimately increase its therapeutic value. In the present work, the role of nanotechnology in neurodegenerative disease and how it improves the bioavailability and delivery of a drug to the site of action has been discussed. There are a few limitations to developing novel drug formulations, including solubility, pH, and compatibility of nanomaterials. Since here we are targeting CNS disorders, the bloodbrain barrier (BBB) becomes an additional challenge. Hence, the review summarized the novel aspects of delivery and biocompatible nanoparticles-based approaches for targeted drug delivery into CNS, enhancing TQ bioavailability and its neurotherapeutic effects.

Onychomycosis is a prominent fungal infection that causes discoloration, thickening, and mutilation leading to the separation of the nail from the nail bed. Treatment modalities for onychomycosis may include oral, topical, or combination therapy with antifungals and at times may require chemical or surgical intervention. The burden of side effects of antifungals is enormous, and therefore using molecular docking-based drug selection in context with the target keratin protein would ensure better disease management. Ciclopirox, Amorolfine HCl, Efinaconazole, Tioconazole, and Tavaborole were submitted for assessment, revealing that Amorolfine HCl is the best fit. Consequently, two formulations (Nail lacquer and nanoemulgel) were developed from Amorolfine HCl to validate the in silico screening outcomes. The formulations were further fortified with over-the-counter ingredients vis-a-vis with vitamin E in nail lacquer and undecylenic acid in nanoemulgel for their prominent roles in improving nail health. Both the formulations were systematically designed, optimized, and characterized. Amorolfine HCl containing nanoemulgel (NEG) was developed using undecylenic acid as an oil phase and thioglycolic acid as a penetration enhancer. The quality parameters evaluated were particle size, the zeta potential for nanoemulsion (NE) (78.04 ± 4.724 nm and −0.7mV, respectively), in vitro cumulative drug release (96.74% for NE and 88.54% for NEG), and transungual permeation (about 73.49% for NEG and 54.81% for NE). Nail lacquer was evaluated for the drying time, non-volatile content, and blush test. In vitro cumulative drug release of the developed nail lacquer and comparator marketed formulations were around 81.5% and 75%, respectively. Similarly, the transungual drug permeation was 6.32 μg/cm2 and 5.89 μg/cm2, respectively, in 24 h. The in silico guided preparation of both formulations containing Amorolfine HCl and over the counter ingredients is amenable for therapeutic use against onychomycosis and will be evaluated in the in vivo model.

Thymoquinone (THY) is a bioactive compound present in the seed powder of Nigella sativa (NS). This research aims to precisely and accurately estimate THY using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a Quality by Design (QbD) application. Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed to optimize the chromatographic conditions for HPLC method development, taking mobile phase flow rate, pH of the buffer, and λmax as independent variables and retention time and tailing factor as the measured responses. The mobile phase composition was methanol: acetonitrile: buffer (2.2 mM ammonium formate) at the ratio of 35:50:15 v/v/v on a Symmetry® C18 (5 μm, 3.9 × 150 mm) column. In isocratic mode, it had a flow rate 0.9 mL min−1 and eluted analyte was detected at 249 nm. Validation parameters followed the International Council for Harmonization (ICH) guidelines for the new HPLC method. The method was linear over the range 6.25–100 µg mL−1 with a coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.9957. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 2.05 and 6.25 µg mL−1, respectively. The %RSD of system suitability for retention time was 1.42% and for the tailing factor it was 0.695%. In addition, the developed method was precise, accurate, and robust according to ICH criteria. The developed HPLC method is simple, accurate, quick, and robust, and it could be used for the routine analysis of THY in different kinds of formulations.