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Competing Interests: Declaration of interests Thirteen of the authors (ZA, S-CH, LJ, AM, CO, MO, JP, YP-S, DS, LB-V, MRo, MW, and HW) were compensated for their time while drafting and developing the Lancet Countdown's report. LC was supported by a grant from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health. CD received funding from the European Research Council (FLORA, grant number 101039402). RD was supported by a grant from the High Tide Foundation and subcontracts on funds from the Wellcome Trust and US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. GG-S received funding from the UK National Institute for Health and Care Research for the Global Health Research Group on Diet and Activity (NIHR133205, with sub-award contract number G109900-SJ1/171 with the University of Cambridge). SHG's research was supported by the National Research Foundation, Prime Minister's Office, Singapore, under its Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise programme (grant number NRF2019-THE001-0006). JJH was supported by two grants from the Wellcome Trust and a grant from the US National Science Foundation. RH, RK, and MSo acknowledge funding from Academy of Finland projects HEATCOST (grant 334798) and VFSP-WASE (grant 359421), together with EU Horizon projects FirEUrisk (grant number 101003890) and EXHAUSTION (grant number 820655). OJ was supported by grants from the National Health Medical Research Council (Heat and Health: building resilience to extreme heat in a warming world, GNT1147789); Wellcome Trust (Heat stress in ready-made garment factories in Bangladesh and the Heat inform pregnant study); and Resilience New South Wales (A new heat stress scale for general public); holds a patent for the Environmental Measurement Unit; and has received consulting fees from the National Institutes of Health. HM received funding from the Oak Foundation to support work on climate change through RealZero, is partly funded by the National Institute for Health Research's Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre at University College London Hospitals, and received fees from Bayer Pharmaceuticals and Chiesl for sustainability consulting. JM-U was supported by grants PID2021-127107NB-I00 from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Spain) and 2021 SGR 00526 from Generalitat de Catalunya (Spain). JRo's work is supported by the Alexander von Humboldt foundation. RL, JRo, and MRo were supported by Horizon Europe through the IDAlert project (101057554) and UK Research and Innovation (reference number 10056533). RNS reports a contract with Massachusetts General Hospital. MSo and AU were supported by the Finnish Foreign Ministry project IBA-ILMA (grant number VN/13798/2023). MSp was supported by funding from the Wellcome Trust, through Our Planet Our Health (Livestock, Environment and People, award number 205212/Z/16/Z) and a Wellcome Career Development Award (Towards the full cost of diets, award number 225318/Z/22/Z). JDSh was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Commonwealth Fund, and the Emergency Care Research Institute and has received consulting fees from the Institute for Healthcare Research. JT was supported by the Research Council of Finland (T-Winning Spaces 2035 project), the UK Medical Research Council (PICNIC project), and the Finnish Ministry of the Environment (SEASON project). JB is employed as a consultant by the Global Climate and Health Alliance. ML received consulting fees from YarCom for advisory services and was supported by general use gifts awarded to the Center on Global Energy Policy at Columbia University, USA. JMil acknowledges consulting fees from the C40 Climate Leadership Group. CZ-C received a consultancy from the University of Alberta and was supported by contracts with her university (Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia), University of Leeds, WHO, and the Wellcome Trust; she was also supported by a letter of agreement between her university and the Food and Agriculture Organization's Indigenous Peoples Unit. MD was supported by the Wellcome Trust via the Complex Urban Systems for Sustainability and Health project (grants 205207/Z/16/Z and 209387/Z/17/Z). IH, S-CH, MRo, CT, and RL were supported by the Horizon Europe CATALYSE project (CATALYSE grant number 101057131, HORIZON-HLTH-2021-ENVHLTH-02, with UK Research and Innovation reference number 10041512). The work of YH, YL, DT, and QZ was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Earth Action programme (grant number 80NSSC21K0507). AJP was supported by the Bezos Earth Fund and the Schmidt Family Foundation. ER and SD were supported by a Process-based models for climate impact attribution across sectors (PROCLIAS) grant (COST Action PROCLIAS grant CA19139), funded by European Cooperation in Science and Technology. All other authors declare no competing interests.

Luminal A and B subtypes of breast tumors have fluctuated in proliferation rates, which arise from cell cycle dysregulation in cancer. Besides, microRNAs can regulate various cell processes through integration with mRNA. miRNAs that target the cell cycle are significant because of their prediction capability of prognosis. The objective of this study is to discover the integration between miRNA-mRNA and miRNA-miRNA related to cyclin-dependent kinase. Thirty-four pairs of human primary breast cancer and tumor margin samples from luminal breast cancer patients were investigated to assess the expression levels of CCND1, E2F1, miR-124, miR-503, miR-449a, and miR-449b. Afterward, the expression levels of mRNAs and miRNAs were investigated by real-time PCR. Statistical analysis was conducted to compare the expression levels between breast cancer and corresponding normal tissues. The protein expressions of E2F1 and CCND1 were verified by western blotting. Further, the correlation between mRNAs and miRNAs was calculated. E2F1 was significantly increased in both luminal A and B patients, while CCND1 was upregulated only in luminal B. Significant differences in all miRNAs were detected in both luminal A and B biopsy specimens (p < 0.0001). The correlation analysis revealed a positive strong correlation between miR-124 and E2F1 in luminal A patient. Moreover, the correlation test confirmed the ability of miR-449a to increase the CCND1 gene in luminal B subtypes. Also, miRNA correlation exhibited the miRNA-miRNA interaction in luminal breast cancer. This study demonstrated the novel miRNA-mRNA and miRNA-miRNA interactions, providing new insights into the molecular integration in luminal A and B patients. The authors propose that this research could contribute to introducing valuable biomarkers for luminal cancerous cells., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Institute of Plant Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences.)

In 2023, a series of climatological and political events unfolded, partly driving forward the global climate and health agenda while simultaneously exposing important disparities and vulnerabilities to climate-related events. On the policy front, a significant step forward was marked by the inaugural Health Day at COP28, acknowledging the profound impacts of climate change on health. However, the first-ever Global Stocktake showed an important gap between the current progress and the targets outlined in the Paris Agreement, underscoring the urgent need for further and decisive action. From a Latin American perspective, some questions arise: How do we achieve the change that is needed? How to address the vulnerabilities to climate change in a region with long-standing social inequities? How do we promote intersectoral collaboration to face a complex problem such as climate change? The debate is still ongoing, and in many instances, it is just starting. The renamed regional centre Lancet Countdown Latin America (previously named Lancet Countdown South America) expanded its geographical scope adding Mexico and five Central American countries: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Panama, as a response to the need for stronger collaboration in a region with significant social disparities, including research capacities and funding. The centre is an independent and multidisciplinary collaboration that tracks the links between health and climate change in Latin America, following the global Lancet Countdown's methodologies and five domains. The Lancet Countdown Latin America work hinges on the commitment of 23 regional academic institutions, United Nations agencies, and 34 researchers who generously contribute their time and expertise. Building from the first report, the 2023 report of the Lancet Countdown Latin America, presents 34 indicators that track the relationship between health and climate change up to 2022, aiming at providing evidence to public decision-making with the purpose of improving the health and wellbeing of Latin American populations and reducing social inequities through climate actions focusing on health. This report shows that Latin American populations continue to observe a growing exposure to changing climatic conditions. A warming trend has been observed across all countries in Latin America, with severe direct impacts. In 2022, people were exposed to ambient temperatures, on average, 0.38 °C higher than in 1986-2005, with Paraguay experiencing the highest anomaly (+1.9 °C), followed by Argentina (+1.2 °C) and Uruguay (+0.9 °C) (indicator 1.1.1). In 2013-2022, infants were exposed to 248% more heatwave days and people over 65 years old were exposed to 271% more heatwave days than in 1986-2005 (indicator 1.1.2). Also, compared to 1991-2000, in 2013-2022, there were 256 and 189 additional annual hours per person, during which ambient heat posed at least moderate and high risk of heat stress during light outdoor physical activity in Latin America, respectively (indicator 1.1.3). Finally, the region had a 140% increase in heat-related mortality from 2000-2009 to 2013-2022 (indicator 1.1.4). Changes in ecosystems have led to an increased risk of wildfires, exposing individuals to very or extremely high fire danger for more extended periods (indicator 1.2.1). Additionally, the transmission potential for dengue by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes has risen by 54% from 1951-1960 to 2013-2022 (indicator 1.3), which aligns with the recent outbreaks and increasing dengue cases observed across Latin America in recent months. Based on the 2023 report of the Lancet Countdown Latin America, there are three key messages that Latin America needs to further explore and advance for a health-centred climate-resilient development. Latin American countries require intersectoral public policies that simultaneously increase climate resilience, reduce social inequities, improve population health, and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions . The findings show that adaptation policies in Latin America remain weak, with a pressing need for robust vulnerability and adaptation (V&A) assessments to address climate risks effectively. Unfortunately, such assessments are scarce. Up to 2021, Brazil is the only country that has completed and officially reported a V&A to the 2021 Global Survey conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO). Argentina, Guatemala, and Panama have also conducted them, but they have not been reported (indicator 2.1.1). Similarly, efforts in developing and implementing Health National Adaptation Plans (HNAPs) are varied and limited in scope. Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay are the only countries that have an HNAP (indicator 2.1.2). Moreover, self-reported city-level climate change risk assessments are very limited in the region (indicator 2.1.3). The collaboration between meteorological and health sectors remains insufficient, with only Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Guatemala self-reporting some level of integration (indicator 2.2.1), hindering comprehensive responses to climate-related health risks in the region. Additionally, despite the urgent need for action, there has been minimal progress in increasing urban greenspaces across the region since 2015, with only Colombia, Nicaragua, and Venezuela showing slight improvements (indicator 2.2.2). Compounding these challenges is the decrease in funding for climate change adaptation projects in Latin America, as evidenced by the 16% drop in funds allocated by the Green Climate Fund (GCF) in 2022 compared to 2021. Alarmingly, none of the funds approved in 2022 were directed toward climate change and health projects, highlighting a critical gap in addressing health-related climate risks (indicator 2.2.3). From a vulnerability perspective, the Mosquito Risk Index (MoRI) indicates an overall decrease in severe mosquito-borne disease risk in the region due to improvements in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) (indicator 2.3.1). Brazil and Paraguay were the only countries that showed an increase in this indicator. It is worth noting that significant temporal variation within and between countries still persists, suggesting inadequate preparedness for climate-related changes. Overall, population health is not solely determined by the health sector, nor are climate policies a sole responsibility of the environmental sector. More and stronger intersectoral collaboration is needed to pave development pathways that consider solid adaptation to climate change, greater reductions of GHG emissions, and that increase social equity and population health. These policies involve sectors such as finance, transport, energy, housing, health, and agriculture, requiring institutional structures and policy instruments that allow long-term intersectoral collaboration. Latin American countries need to accelerate an energy transition that prioritises people's health and wellbeing, reduces energy poverty and air pollution, and maximises health and economic gains . In Latin America, there is a notable disparity in energy transition, with electricity generation from coal increasing by an average of 2.6% from 1991-2000 to 2011-2020, posing a challenge to efforts aimed at phasing out coal (indicator 3.1.1). However, this percentage increase is conservative as it may not include all the fossil fuels for thermoelectric electricity generation, especially during climate-related events and when hydropower is affected (Panel 4). Yet, renewable energy sources have been growing, increasing by an average of 5.7% during the same period. Access to clean fuels for cooking remains a concern, with 46.3% of the rural population in Central America and 23.3% in South America lacking access to clean fuels in 2022 (indicator 3.1.2). It is crucial to highlight the concerning overreliance on fossil fuels, particularly liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), as a primary cooking fuel. A significant majority of Latin American populations, approximately 74.6%, rely on LPG for cooking. Transitioning to cleaner heating and cooking alternatives could also have a health benefit by reducing household air pollution-related mortality. Fossil fuels continue to dominate road transport energy in Latin America, accounting for 96%, although some South American countries are increasing the use of biofuels (indicator 3.1.3). Premature mortality attributable to fossil-fuel-derived PM 2.5 has shown varied trends across countries, increasing by 3.9% from 2005 to 2020 across Latin America, which corresponds to 123.5 premature deaths per million people (indicator 3.2.1). The Latin American countries with the highest premature mortality rate attributable to PM 2.5 in 2020 were Chile, Peru, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, and Paraguay. Of the total premature deaths attributable to PM 2.5 in 2020, 19.1% was from transport, 12.3% from households, 11.6% from industry, and 11% from agriculture. From emission and capture of GHG perspective, commodity-driven deforestation and expansion of agricultural land remain major contributors to tree cover loss in the region, accounting for around 80% of the total loss (indicator 3.3). Additionally, animal-based food production in Latin America contributes 85% to agricultural CO 2 equivalent emissions, with Argentina, Brazil, Panama, Paraguay, and Uruguay ranking highest in per capita emissions (indicator 3.4.1). From a health perspective, in 2020, approximately 870,000 deaths were associated with imbalanced diets, of which 155,000 (18%) were linked to high intake of red and processed meat and dairy products (indicator 3.4.2). Energy transition in Latin America is still in its infancy, and as a result, millions of people are currently exposed to dangerous levels of air pollution and energy poverty (i.e., lack of access to essential energy sources or services). As shown in this report, the levels of air pollution, outdoors and indoors, are a significant problem in the whole region, with marked disparities between urban and rural areas. In 2022, Peru, Chile, Mexico, Guatemala, Colombia, El Salvador, Brazil, Uruguay, Honduras, Panama, and Nicaragua were in the top 100 most polluted countries globally. Transitioning to cleaner sources of energy, phasing out fossil fuels, and promoting better energy efficiency in the industrial and housing sectors are not only climate mitigation measures but also huge health and economic opportunities for more prosperous and healthy societies. Latin American countries need to increase climate finance through permanent fiscal commitments and multilateral development banks to pave climate-resilient development pathways . Climate change poses significant economic costs, with investments in mitigation and adaptation measures progressing slowly. In 2022, economic losses due to weather-related extreme events in Latin America were US$15.6 billion -an amount mainly driven by floods and landslides in Brazil-representing 0.28% of Latin America's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (indicator 4.1.1). In contrast to high-income countries, most of these losses lack insurance coverage, imposing a substantial financial strain on affected families and governments. Heat-related mortality among individuals aged 65 and older in Latin America reached alarming levels, with losses exceeding the equivalent of the average income of 451,000 people annually (indicator 4.1.2). Moreover, the total potential income loss due to heat-related labour capacity reduction amounted to 1.34% of regional GDP, disproportionately affecting the agriculture and construction sectors (indicator 4.1.3). Additionally, the economic toll of premature mortality from air pollution was substantial, equivalent to a significant portion of regional GDP (0.61%) (indicator 4.1.4). On a positive note, clean energy investments in the region increased in 2022, surpassing fossil fuel investments. However, in 2020, all countries reviewed continued to offer net-negative carbon prices, revealing fossil fuel subsidies totalling US$23 billion. Venezuela had the highest net subsidies relative to current health expenditure (123%), followed by Argentina (10.5%), Bolivia (10.3%), Ecuador (8.3%), and Chile (5.6%) (indicator 4.2.1). Fossil fuel-based energy is today more expensive than renewable energy. Fossil fuel burning drives climate change and damages the environment on which people depend, and air pollution derived from the burning of fossil fuels causes seven million premature deaths each year worldwide, along with a substantial burden of disease. Transitioning to sustainable, zero-emission energy sources, fostering healthier food systems, and expediting adaptation efforts promise not only environmental benefits but also significant economic gains. However, to implement mitigation and adaptation policies that also improve social wellbeing and prosperity, stronger and solid financial systems are needed. Climate finance in Latin American countries is scarce and strongly depends on political cycles, which threatens adequate responses to the current and future challenges. Progress on the climate agenda is lagging behind the urgent pace required. While engagement with the intersection of health and climate change is increasing, government involvement remains inadequate. Newspaper coverage of health and climate change has been on the rise, peaking in 2022, yet the proportion of climate change articles discussing health has declined over time (indicator 5.1). Although there has been significant growth in the number of scientific papers focusing on Latin America, it still represents less than 4% of global publications on the subject (indicator 5.3). And, while health was mentioned by most Latin American countries at the UN General Debate in 2022, only a few addressed the intersection of health and climate change, indicating a lack of awareness at the governmental level (indicator 5.4). The 2023 Lancet Countdown Latin America report underscores the cascading and compounding health impacts of anthropogenic climate change, marked by increased exposure to heatwaves, wildfires, and vector-borne diseases. Specifically, for Latin America, the report emphasises three critical messages: the urgent action to implement intersectoral public policies that enhance climate resilience across the region; the pressing need to prioritise an energy transition that focuses on health co-benefits and wellbeing, and lastly, that need for increasing climate finance by committing to sustained fiscal efforts and engaging with multilateral development banks. By understanding the problems, addressing the gaps, and taking decisive action, Latin America can navigate the challenges of climate change, fostering a more sustainable and resilient future for its population. Spanish and Portuguese translated versions of this Summary can be found in Appendix B and C, respectively. The full translated report in Spanish is available in Appendix D., Competing Interests: YKPS, LBV, CLl, MW, and MR were supported by the Wellcome Trust (209734/Z/17/Z), CLl and LBV are also supported by Regional GEOhealth Hub Centered In Peru GRANT11785319. MW and MR were supported by Horizon Europe program through the project IDAlert (https://idalertproject.eu) with grant no. 101057554 and UK Research and Innovation project reference no. 10056533. IDAlert is part of the EU climate change and health cluster. MR was supported by CATALYSE, providing salary support. Project 101057131. NM was supported by the Wellcome Trust's Complex Urban Systems for Sustainability and Health (CUSSH) project (209387/Z/17/Z) and MFS by the Brandt Endowment in Environmental Communication at Michigan State University during the conduct of the study. AGL is sponsored by Emerge, the Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Research Training grant D43 TW007393 awarded by the Fogarty International Center of the US National Institutes of Health. LEE was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number K01AI168452. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. DB is a staff member of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). The author alone is responsible for the views expressed in this publication, and they do not necessarily represent the decisions or policies of PAHO. FC is a technical assessor of the Ministry of Health of Argentina, and he alone is responsible for the views expressed in this publication, and they do not necessarily represent the decisions or policies of the Ministry of Health. All other authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024 The Author(s).)

Decision-makers are increasingly asked to act differently in how they respond to complex urban challenges, recognising the value in bringing together and integrating cross-disciplinary, cross-sectoral knowledge to generate effective solutions. Participatory modelling allows to bring stakeholders together, enhance knowledge and understanding of a system, and identify the impacts of interventions to a given problem. This paper uses an interdisciplinary and systems approach to investigate a complex urban problem, using a participatory System Dynamics modelling process as an approach to facilitate learning and co-produce knowledge on the factors influencing the use of urban natural space. Stakeholders used a Systems Dynamics model and interface, as a tool to collectively identify pathways for improving the use of space and simulating their impacts. Under the lens of knowledge co-production, the paper reflects how such mechanisms can lead to the co-production of knowledge and social learning. The findings also contribute to identify ways of increasing the value of urban natural space focusing on urban areas undergoing physical and social transformation, such as the Thamesmead case study, London, UK., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Targeted drug delivery is one of the attractive ways in which cancer treatment can significantly reduce side effects. In the last two decades, the use of antibodies as a tool for accurate detection of cancer has been noted. On the other hand, the binding of drugs and carriers containing drugs to the specific antibodies of cancer cells can specifically target only these cells. However, the use of whole antibodies brings challenges, including their large size, the complexity of conjugation, the high cost of production, and the creation of immunogenic reactions in the body. The use of nanobodies, or VHHs, which are a small part of camel heavy chain antibodies, is very popular due to their small size, high craftsmanship, and low production cost. In this article, in addition to a brief overview of the structure and characteristics of nanobodies, the use of this molecule in the targeted drug delivery of breast cancer has been reviewed., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Competing Interests: Declaration of interests 14 of the authors (MRo, MWa, LJ, MBO'H, CO, HW, CdN, HK, PL, DS, CG, ZA, MY-G, and KRvD) were compensated for their time while drafting and developing the Lancet Countdown's report. OG was supported by the EU Horizon Grant: Climate Action To Advance Healthy Societies in Europe (Project 101057131–CATALYSE), for which there is overlap of data collection and preprocessing with the materials submitted in this report. MSp was supported by the Wellcome Trust Livestock, Environment and People (grant number 205212/Z/16/Z) and Wellcome Trust (grant number 225318/Z/22/Z). JT was supported by the Academy of Finland grants for the T-Winning (grant number 353327). CD was supported by the UK Natural Environment Research Council Independent Research Fellowship (grant number NE/N01524X/1), which ended in 2021, and by the European Research Council starting grant FLORA (grant number 101039402). OJ was supported by the NHMRC Investigator Grant entitled Heat and Health: Building resilience to extreme heat in a warming world (GNT20009507), the Wellcome Trust grant Heat stress in ready-made garment factories in Bangladesh (216059/Z/19/Z), and the Resilience New South Wales grant A new heat stress scale for general public (PJ-0000850). YL was supported by funding from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (grant number: 80NSSC21K0507) for the wildfire population exposure and fire danger indicators. TO and IH were supported by the UK Research and Innovation Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council Centre for Research in Energy Demand Solutions (grant number EP/R035288/1). MRo was supported by funding from IDAlert project (UK Research and Innovation project reference number 10056533). KB was supported by funding from the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Centre on Non-communicable Diseases and Environmental Change (NIHR203247). All other authors declare no competing interests. The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this Commission, and they do not necessarily represent the views, decisions, or policies of the institutions with which they are affiliated.

Background: Polluting fuels and inefficient stove technologies are still a leading cause of premature deaths worldwide, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries. Previous studies of global household air pollution (HAP) have neither considered the estimation of PM 2·5 at national level nor the corresponding attributable mortality burden. Additionally, the effects of climate and ambient air pollution on the global estimation of HAP-PM 2·5 exposure for different urban and rural settings remain largely unknown. In this study, we include climatic effects to estimate the HAP-PM 2·5 exposure from different fuel types and stove technologies in rural and urban settings separately and the related attributable global mortality burden., Methods: Bayesian hierarchical models were developed to estimate an annual average HAP-PM 2·5 personal exposure and HAP-PM 2·5 indoor concentration (including both outdoor and indoor sources). Model variables were selected from sample data in 282 peer-reviewed studies drawn and updated from the WHO Global HAP dataset. The PM 2·5 exposure coefficients from the developed model were applied to the external datasets to predict the HAP-PM 2·5 exposure globally (personal exposure in 62 countries and indoor concentration in 69 countries). Attributable mortality rate was estimated using a comparative risk assessment approach. Using weighted averages, the national level 24 h average HAP-PM 2·5 exposure due to polluting and clean fuels and related death rate per 100 000 population were estimated., Findings: In 2020, household use of polluting solid fuels for cooking and heating led to a national-level average personal exposure of 151 μg/m 3 (95% CI 133-169), with rural households having an average of 171 μg/m 3 (153-189) and urban households an average of 92 μg/m 3 (77-106). Use of clean fuels gave rise to a national-level average personal exposure of 69 μg/m 3 (62-76), with a rural average of 76 μg/m 3 (69-83) and an urban average of 49 μg/m 3 (46-53). Personal exposure-attributable premature mortality (per 100 000 population) from the use of polluting solid fuels at national level was on average 78 (95% CI 69-87), with a rural average of 82 (73-90) and an urban average of 66 (57-75). The average attributable premature mortality (per 100 000 population) from the use of clean fuels at the national level is 62 (54-70), with a rural average of 66 (58-74) and an urban average of 52 (47-57). The estimated HAP-PM 2·5 indoor concentration shows that the use of polluting solid fuels resulted in a national-level average of 412 μg/m 3 (95% CI 353-471), with a rural average of 514 μg/m 3 (446-582) and an urban average of 149 μg/m 3 (126-173). The use of clean fuels (gas and electricity) led to an average PM 2·5 indoor concentration of 135 μg/m 3 (117-153), with a rural average of 174 μg/m 3 (154-195) and an urban average of 71 μg/m 3 (63-80). Using time-weighted HAP-PM 2·5 indoor concentrations, the attributable premature death rate (per 100 000 population) from the use of polluting solid fuels at the national level is on average 78 (95% CI 72-84), the rural average being 84 (78-91) and the urban average 60 (54-66). From the use of clean fuels, the average attributable premature death rate (per 100 000 population) at the national level is 59 (53-64), the rural average being 68 (62-74) and the urban average 45 (41-50)., Interpretation: A shift from polluting to clean fuels can reduce the average PM 2·5 personal exposure by 53% and thereby lower the death rate. For all fuel types, the estimated average HAP-PM 2·5 personal exposure and indoor concentrations exceed the WHO's Interim Target-1 average annual threshold. Policy interventions are urgently needed to greatly increase the use of clean fuels and stove technologies by 2030 to achieve the goal of affordable clean energy access, as set by the UN in 2015, and address health inequities in urban-rural settings., Funding: Wellcome Trust, The Lancet Countdown, the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, and the Natural Environment Research Council., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests We declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Competing Interests: MYG, LBV, MW and MR were supported by the 10.13039/100010269Wellcome Trust (209734/Z/17/Z), NM was supported by the Wellcome Trust’s Complex Urban Systems for Sustainability and Health (CUSSH) project (209387/Z/17/Z) and MFS by the Brandt Endowment in Environmental Communication at 10.13039/100007709Michigan State University during the conduct of the study. AGL is sponsored by Emerge, the Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Research Training grant D43 TW007393 awarded by the 10.13039/100000061Fogarty International Center of the US National Institutes of Health. DB is a staff member of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). The author alone is responsible for the views expressed in this publication, and they do not necessarily represent the decisions or policies of PAHO. FC is a technical assessor of the Ministry of Health of Argentina, and he alone is responsible for the views expressed in this publication, and they do not necessarily represent the decisions or policies of the Ministry of Health. All other authors declare no competing interests.

DNA-based analytical techniques have provided an advantageous sensing assay in the realm of biotechnology. Bio-inspired fluorescent nanodots are a novel type of biological staining agents with excellent optical properties widely used for cellular imaging and diagnostics. In the present research, we successfully synthesized bio-dots with excellent optical properties and high-quantum yield from DNA sodium salt through the hydrothermal method. We conjugated the bio-dots with 3' Eclipse Dark Quencher (Eclipse)-labeled single-strand oligodeoxyribonucleotide according to carbodiimide chemistry, to design a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) probe. The results confirmed the prosperous synthesis and surface functionalization of the bio-dot. Analysis of size, zeta potential, and FTIR spectroscopy verified successful bioconjugation of the bio-dots with probes. UV-visibility analysis and fluorescence intensity profile of the bio-dot and bio-dot@probes represented a concentration-dependent quenching of fluorescent signal of bio-dot by Eclipse after probe conjugation. The results demonstrated that TaqMan PCR was not feasible using the designed bio-dot@probes. Our results indicated that bio-dot can be used as an efficient fluorescent tag in the design of fluorescently labeled oligonucleotides with high biocompatibility and optical features., (© 2022 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.)

Competing Interests: Declaration of interests CD was supported by the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NE/R010811/1) and the UK Natural Environment Research Council Independent Research Fellowship (NE/N01524X/1) and contributes to the Sustainable and Healthy Food Systems project supported by the Wellcome Trust (205200/Z/16/Z). MD was supported by the Wellcome Trust's Complex Urban Systems for Sustainability and Health (CUSSH) project (209387/Z/17/Z). YL was supported by the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Sciences Program (80NSSC21K0507). RL was supported by a Royal Society Dorothy Hodgkin Fellowship. MSo was supported by Horizon 2020 project EXHAUSTION (820655) and Academy of Finland HEATCOST (334798). SHG and JKWL were supported by Singapore's National Research Foundation, Singapore's Prime Minister's Office, under its Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise programme. IH was supported by the UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council Centre for Research in Energy Demand Solutions (EP/R035288/1) and UKRI APEx (NE/T001887/1). JM was supported by the German Ministry for Education and Research (01LA1826A and 03SFK5J0). ML was supported by the Sloan Foundation. All other authors declare no competing interests.

Background: Acute leukemia involving lymphocytic and myeloid cells is cancer with a high mortality rate. Swift and timely diagnosis might be a potential approach to improving patient prognosis and survival. The microRNA (miRNA) signatures are emerging nowadays for their promising diagnostic potential. MiRNA levels from bone marrow can be used as prognostic biomarkers., Methods: The current study was designed to evaluate if the microRNAs and tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) profiling of hematopoietic bone marrow could help in acute leukemia early detection. Also, we assessed the DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) expression and its possible epigenetic effects on miRNAs plus TSGs expression levels. The expression levels of ten miRNAs and four TSGs involved in acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) as well as acute myeloid leukemia (AML) were quantified in 43 and 40 bone marrow samples of ALL and AML patients in comparison with cancer-free subjects via real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) analysis of miRNAs was performed in the study groups. Further, the correlation between the DNMT3A and TSGs was calculated., Results: Significant differences were detected in the bone marrow expression of miRNAs and TSGs (P < 0.05) between acute leukemia patients and healthy group. ROC analysis confirmed the ability of miR-30a, miR-101, miR-132, miR-129, miR-124, and miR-143 to discriminate both ALL and AML patients with an area under the ROC curve of ≥ 0.80 (P < 0.001) and high accuracy. The correlation between DNMT3A and P15/P16 TSGs revealed that DNMT3A plays a vital role in epigenetic control of TSGs expression. Our findings indicated that the downregulation of bone marrow miRNAs and TSGs was accompanied by acute leukemia development., Conclusions: The authors conclude that this study could contribute to introducing useful biomarkers for acute leukemia diagnosis., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Federación de Sociedades Españolas de Oncología (FESEO).)

Several contrasting effects are reported in the existing literature concerning the impact assessment of the COVID-19 outbreak on the use of energy in buildings. Following an in-depth literature review, we here propose a GIS-based approach, based on pre-pandemic, partial, and full lockdown scenarios, using a bottom-up engineering model to quantify these impacts. The model has been verified against measured energy data from a total number of 451 buildings in three urban neighborhoods in the Canton of Geneva, Switzerland. The accuracy of the engineering model in predicting the energy demand has been improved by 10%, in terms of the mean absolute percentage error, as a result of adopting a data-driven correction with a random forest algorithm. The obtained results show that the energy demand for space heating and cooling tended to increase by 8% and 17%, respectively, during the partial lockdown, while these numbers rose to 13% and 28% in the case of the full lockdown. The study also reveals that the introduced detailed occupancy scenarios are the key to improving the accuracy of urban building energy models (UBEMs). Finally, it is shown that the proposed GIS-based approach can be used to mitigate the expected impacts of any possible future pandemic in urban neighborhoods., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Nanotechnology has taken novel approaches to advance cancer therapeutic efficacy employing multifunctional nanocarriers with drug delivery and imaging function. In this work, we designed a biocompatible and affordable fluorescence nanocarrier called chitosan (CS)-carbon dot (CD) hybrid nanogel for cell imaging. The green CDs were synthesized using tomato juice through a simple single-step hydrothermal method. Chitosan polymer was used as a carrier for co-delivery CDs and the anti-cancer drug with low solubility, silibinin (Sil), to design the Sil-chitosan carbon dots hybrid nanogels (CCHNs) system. After optimizing the physicochemical properties of nanostructure by DLS, FTIR, FESEM, TEM, and UV-visible techniques, the successful uptake of the fluorescent nanoparticle conjugates into MCF-7 breast cancer cells occurred. Then we embedded CDs in chitosan nanogel. The resultant CCHNs demonstrated optical properties similar to free-CDs, a desirable size distribution (55.22 nm) with a positive surface charge, a suitable loading capacity for Sil (35%), and drug release vulnerable to pH changes. The fluorescent nanocarrier could transfer Sil to MCF-7 cancer cells without remarkable toxicity. The results of the fluorescent microscope indicated that after 4 h, the solid fluorescent signal was received from cells containing CCHNs compared to free CDs and confirmed the ability of hybrid nanogels to high cellular uptake. This study demonstrates a multifunctional nanocarrier containing therapeutic compounds and fluorescent agents that provide cellular imaging to enhance therapeutic efficacy., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Aptamer-Carbon Dot (CD) bioconjugation is an attractive target-tracking strategy in detecting cell surface antigens. This study describes an effective imaging paradigm for CA-125 antigen imaging. Our experience encompasses green CD synthesis and characterization, CD-capture probe conjugation through covalent bonding, the hybridization linkage of CD-probe to aptamer and their coupling confirmation, and fluorescent targeted imaging of ovarian cancer cells. As a result, the synthesized CDs from lemon extract by hydrothermal reaction show average size of 2 nm with maximum fluorescence intensity at excitation/emission 360/450 nm. CD-probe construction was provided by functional group interactions of CD and probe via EDC/NHS chemistry. The linkage of CD-probe to aptamer was conducted by Watson-Crick nucleotide pairing. The assessment of CD-probe and CD-probe-aptamer fabrication was validated by the increase in surface roughness through AFM analysis, the diminish of fluorescence intensity of CD after bioconjugation, and particle size growth of the construct. Conjugates with negligible cytotoxicity, appropriate zeta potential, and good aptamer release were applied in cellular imaging. This targeted diagnosis method was employed the four reported DNA aptamers toward fluorescence intensity. The DOV-3 aptamer showed more qualified detection over other aptamer conjugates during fluorescent microscopy analysis. In conclusion, the CD-probe-aptamer conjugate applications as toxic-free method can open new horizons in fluorescent nano-imaging in the field of targeted cancer cell diagnosis., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

With wind power providing an increasing amount of electricity worldwide, the quantification of its spatio-temporal variations and the related uncertainty is crucial for energy planners and policy-makers. Here, we propose a methodological framework which (1) uses machine learning to reconstruct a spatio-temporal field of wind speed on a regular grid from spatially irregularly distributed measurements and (2) transforms the wind speed to wind power estimates. Estimates of both model and prediction uncertainties, and of their propagation after transforming wind speed to power, are provided without any assumptions on data distributions. The methodology is applied to study hourly wind power potential on a grid of 250 × 250  m 2 for turbines of 100 m hub height in Switzerland, generating the first dataset of its type for the country. We show that the average annual power generation per turbine is 4.4 GWh. Results suggest that around 12,000 wind turbines could be installed on all 19,617 km 2 of available area in Switzerland resulting in a maximum technical wind potential of 53 TWh. To achieve the Swiss expansion goals of wind power for 2050, around 1000 turbines would be sufficient, corresponding to only 8% of the maximum estimated potential., Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00477-022-02219-w., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (© The Author(s) 2022.)

This paper describes a global research programme on the complex systemic connections between urban development and health. Through transdisciplinary methods the Complex Urban Systems for Sustainability and Health (CUSSH) project will develop critical evidence on how to achieve the far-reaching transformation of cities needed to address vital environmental imperatives for planetary health in the 21st Century. CUSSH's core components include: (i) a review of evidence on the effects of climate actions (both mitigation and adaptation) and factors influencing their implementation in urban settings; (ii) the development and application of methods for tracking the progress of cities towards sustainability and health goals; (iii) the development and application of models to assess the impact on population health, health inequalities, socio-economic development and environmental parameters of urban development strategies, in order to support policy decisions; (iv) iterative in-depth engagements with stakeholders in partner cities in low-, middle- and high-income settings, using systems-based participatory methods, to test and support the implementation of the transformative changes needed to meet local and global health and sustainability objectives; (v) a programme of public engagement and capacity building. Through these steps, the programme will provide transferable evidence on how to accelerate actions essential to achieving population-level health and global climate goals through, amongst others, changing cities' energy provision, transport infrastructure, green infrastructure, air quality, waste management and housing., Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed., (Copyright: © 2021 Davies M et al.)

Competing Interests: Declaration of interests We declare no competing interests.

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based biosensors are effective analytical tools extensively used in fields of biomedicine, pharmacology, toxicology, and food sciences. Ratiometric imaging of substantial cellular processes, molecular components, and biological interactions is widely performed by these biosensors. A variety of FRET-based biosensors have provided comprehensive insights into underlying mechanisms of pathological conditions in live cells, tissues, and organisms. Moreover, integration of FRET-based biosensors with the current bioanalytical techniques allows for accurate, rapid, and sensitive diagnosis and proposes the advanced strategies for treatment. Precise analysis of ligand-receptor interactions by FRET-based biosensors has presented a basis for determination of novel therapeutic agents. Therefore, this study was designed to review the recent developments in FRET-based biosensors and their biomedical applications. In addition, characteristics, challenges, and outlooks of these biosensors were discussed., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: A growing number of cities, including Greater London, have set ambitious targets, including detailed policies and implementation plans, to reach global goals on sustainability, health, and climate change. Here we present a tool for a rapid assessment of the magnitude of impact of specific policy initiatives to reach these targets. The decision-support tool simultaneously quantifies the environmental and health impacts of specified selected policies. Methods: The 'Cities Rapid Assessment Framework for Transformation (CRAFT)' tool was applied to Greater London. CRAFT quantifies the effects of ten environmental policies on changes in (1) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, (2) exposures to environmental hazards, (3) travel-related physical activity, and (4) mortality (the number of attributable deaths avoided in one typical year). Publicly available data and epidemiological evidence were used to make rapid quantitative estimates of these effects based on proportional reductions in GHG emissions and environmental exposures from current baseline levels and to compute the mortality impacts. Results: The CRAFT tool estimates that, of roughly 50,000 annual deaths in Greater London, the modelled hazards (PM 2.5 (from indoor and outdoor sources), outdoor NO 2 , indoor radon, cold, overheating) and low travel-related physical activity are responsible for approximately 10,000 premature environment-related deaths. Implementing the selected polices could reduce the annual mortality number by about 20% (~1,900 deaths) by 2050. The majority of these deaths (1,700) may be avoided through increased uptake in active travel. Thus, out of ten environmental policies, the 'active travel' policy provides the greatest health benefit. Also, implementing the ten policies results in a GHG reduction of around 90%. Conclusions: The CRAFT tool quantifies the effects of city policies on reducing GHG emissions, decreasing environmental health hazards, and improving public health. The tool has potential value for policy makers through providing quantitative estimates of health impacts to support and prioritise policy options., Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed., (Copyright: © 2021 Symonds P et al.)

The Complex Urban Systems for Sustainability and Health (CUSSH) project is a global research programme on the complex systemic connections between urban development and health. Through transdisciplinary methods it will develop critical evidence on how to achieve the far-reaching transformation of cities needed to address vital environmental imperatives for planetary health in the 21st century. CUSSH's core components include: (i) a review of evidence on the effects of climate actions (both mitigation and adaptation) and factors influencing their implementation in urban settings; (ii) the development and application of methods for tracking the progress of cities towards sustainability and health goals; (iii) the development and application of models to assess the impact on population health, health inequalities, socio-economic development and environmental parameters of urban development strategies, in order to support policy decisions; (iv) iterative in-depth engagements with stakeholders in partner cities in low-, middle- and high-income settings, using systems-based participatory methods, to test and support the implementation of the transformative changes needed to meet local and global health and sustainability objectives; (v) a programme of public engagement and capacity building. Through these steps, the programme will provide transferable evidence on how to accelerate actions essential to achieving population-level health and global climate goals through, amongst others, changing cities' energy provision, transport infrastructure, green infrastructure, air quality, waste management and housing., Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed., (Copyright: © 2021 Davies M et al.)

The increasing prevalence of cancer has led to expanding traditional medicine objectives for developing novel drug delivery systems. A wide range of plant-derived polyphenol bioactive substances have been investigated in order to explore the anti-cancer effects of these natural compounds and to promote the effective treatment of cancer through apoptosis induction. In this regard, plant-derived polyphenol compounds, including curcumin, silibinin, quercetin, and resveratrol, have been the subject of intense interest for anti-cancer applications due to their ability to regulate apoptotic genes. However, some limitations of pure polyphenol compounds, such as poor bioavailability, short-term stability, low-cellular uptake, and insufficient solubility, have restricted their efficiency. Nanoscale formulations of bioactive agents have provided a novel platform to address these limitations. This paper reviews recent advances in nanoformulation approaches of polyphenolic drugs and their effects on improving the delivery of chemotherapy agents to cancer cells., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

In 2020, Covid-19-related mobility restrictions resulted in the most extensive human-made air-quality changes ever recorded. The changes in mobility are quantified in terms of outdoor air pollution (concentrations of PM 2.5 and NO 2 ) and the associated health impacts in four UK cities (Greater London, Cardiff, Edinburgh and Belfast). After applying a weather-corrected machine learning (ML) technique, all four cities show NO 2 and PM 2.5 concentration anomalies in 2020 when compared with the ML-predicted values for that year. The NO 2 anomalies are -21% for Greater London, -19% for Cardiff, -27% for Belfast and -41% for Edinburgh. The PM 2.5 anomalies are 7% for Greater London, -1% for Cardiff, -15% for Edinburgh, -14% for Belfast. All the negative anomalies, which indicate air pollution at a lower level than expected from the weather conditions, are attributable to the mobility restrictions imposed by the Covid-19 lockdowns. Spearman rank-order correlations show a significant correlation between the lowering of NO 2 levels and reduction in public transport ( p < 0.05) and driving ( p < 0.05), which is associated with a decline in NO 2 -attributable mortality. These positive effects of the mobility restrictions on public health can be used to evaluate policies for improved outdoor air quality., Policy Relevance: Finding the means to curb air pollution is very important for public health. Empirical evidence at a city scale reveals significant correlations between the reduction in vehicular transport and in ambient NO 2 concentrations. The results provide justification for city-level initiatives to reduce vehicular traffic. Well-designed and effective policy interventions ( e.g . the promotion of walking and cycling, remote working, local availability of services) can substantially reduce long-term air pollution and have positive health impacts., Competing Interests: Competing interests The authors have no competing interests to declare.

Contemporary challenges linked to public health and climate change demand more effective decision-making and urban planning practices, in particular by taking greater account of evidence. In order to do this, trust-building relationships between scientists and urban practitioners through collaborative research programmes is required. Based on a policy-relevant research project, Complex Urban Systems for Sustainability and Health (CUSSH), this project aims to support the transformation of cities to meet environmental imperatives and to improve health with a quantitative health impact assessment. A case study in Rennes, France, focuses on the role of a policy decision-support tool in the production and use of knowledge to support evidence-informed decision-making. Although the primary objective of informing decision-making through evidence-based science is not fulfilled, the use of a decision-making support tool can lay the foundations for relationship-building. It can serve as a support for boundary-spanning activities, which are recognised for their effectiveness in linking science to action. This case study illustrates that the path of knowledge transfer from science to policy can be challenging, and the usefulness of using models may not be where it was thought to have been., Competing Interests: Competing Interests The authors have no competing interests to declare.

Background: A growing number of cities, including Greater London, have set ambitious targets, including detailed policies and implementation plans, to reach global goals on sustainability, health, and climate change. Here we present a tool for a rapid assessment of the magnitude of impact of specific policy initiatives to reach these targets. The decision-support tool simultaneously quantifies the environmental and health impacts of specified selected policies. Methods: The 'Cities Rapid Assessment Framework for Transformation (CRAFT)' tool was applied to Greater London. CRAFT quantifies the effects of ten environmental policies on changes in (1) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, (2) exposures to environmental hazards, (3) travel-related physical activity, and (4) mortality (the number of attributable deaths avoided in one typical year). Publicly available data and epidemiological evidence were used to make rapid quantitative estimates of these effects based on proportional reductions in GHG emissions and environmental exposures from current baseline levels and to compute the mortality impacts. Results: The CRAFT tool estimates that, of roughly 50,000 annual deaths in Greater London, the modelled hazards (PM 2.5 (from indoor and outdoor sources), outdoor NO 2 , indoor radon, cold, overheating) and low travel-related physical activity are responsible for approximately 10,000 premature environment-related deaths. Implementing the selected polices could reduce the annual mortality number by about 20% (~1,900 deaths) by 2050. The majority of these deaths (1,700) may be avoided through increased uptake in active travel. Thus, out of ten environmental policies, the 'active travel' policy provides the greatest health benefit. Also, implementing the ten policies results in a GHG reduction of around 90%. Conclusions: The CRAFT tool quantifies the effects of city policies on reducing GHG emissions, decreasing environmental health hazards, and improving public health. The tool has potential value for policy makers through providing quantitative estimates of health impacts to support and prioritise policy options., Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed., (Copyright: © 2020 Symonds P et al.)

The hydrothermal treatment of green carbon dots (CDs) is an appropriate fluorescent probe synthesis method. CDs are exploited as biological staining agents, especially for cellular detection and imaging. The nitrogen-doped green carbon dots (N-CDs) formation can improve the fluorescence intensity property in a one-step process. Here, we report two N-CDs from lemon and tomato extraction in the presence of hydroxylamine. Lemon and tomato N-CDs showed the blue fluorescence under ultraviolet radiation of about 360 nm. The characterization of CDs and N-CDs showed the presence of N-H and C-N bonds which enhanced the fluorescence efficiency. The mean size of lemon and tomato N-CDs were about 2 and 3 nm with an increased quantum yield (QY) of 5% and 3.38%, respectively. The CDs and N-CDs cytotoxicity assay exhibited high cell viability approximately 85% and 73%, respectively. N-CDs show superior fluorescent intensity in different solvents and significant stability under long-time UV irradiation, different PH and high ionic strength. Our results indicated that the use of N-CDs in cell imaging can lead to fluorescence intensity enhancement as well as proper biocompatibility. Therefore, the safe and high fluorescence intensity of green N-CDs can be utilized for fluorescent probes in biolabeling and bioimaging applications., (© 2020 American Society for Photobiology.)

DNA-protein bioconjugation is an appealing target-tracking strategy. The new capability of DNA molecule as a biological nanomaterial endows unique fluorescence and physicochemical properties to be applied in bioimaging. Progression in targeted imaging is contingent on the conjugation of diagnostic nanoparticles to biomolecular signatures, particularly antibody-based ligands. Here, we have reported our recent experience, DNA-dot synthesis and characterization, the covalent conjugation of DNA-dot to goat F(ab')2 IgG and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) antibodies, DNA-dot@antibody coupling confirmation, and fluorescent targeted imaging of lung cancer cell line. As a result, the average size of DNA-dot was 4.5-5 nm which was conjugated to amine-rich antibodies with returned PO 4 -1 groups on the DNA-dot surface via PN bond. The synthetic DNA-dots were conjugated to the goat F(ab')2 IgG and tested for fluorescent detection usability by indirect Dot-blot assay. Also, DNA-dot@EGFR conjugates identified lung cancer cells with 84-92% specificity and 100% sensitivity in five concentrations, associated with 0.0025 to 0.04 g 100 μL -1 DNA-dot. The results demonstrated that bioconjugated DNA-dot can do the diagnosis profiling of molecular biomarkers. Generally, DNA-dot bioconjugation with antibody is implemented within two days and biomarker detection takes one day. Consequently, DNA-dot@antibody is potentially a toxic-free, swift, and efficient method of antibody labeling that opens up new horizons in fluorescent nanoimaging in the field of cancer cell detection., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Fluorescence imaging via carbon dots (CDs) has found multifarious applications in the biomedical sciences including biosensing, cancer cell bioimaging, drug delivery and tracking therapeutic response. Presently, the latest generation of fluorescence CDs known as green-CDs has attracted ever-increasing attention due to the use of natural sources, low-cost synthesis, nanoscale size, promising biocompatibility, superior photoluminescence, and ease of functionalization for versatile applications, which in turn could have higher priority over the traditional toxic fluorescent agents. In this review, we aim to have a new insight into the engineering green-CDs and their physicochemical properties. Moreover, we discuss the possible applications of green-CDs in self and active targeting, therapeutics delivery, and finally their promising future in cancer theranostics., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

DNA molecule engineering has become an attractive discipline in various research scopes. The profound influence of selective and sensitive sensing of DNA molecules in disease diagnosis and molecular imaging is established. In this perspective, we try to shed light on the state-of-the-art technology of DNA bioconjugation assays in DNA biosensor, DNA barcode, DNA nanostructures, and DNA ultra-resolution fluorescence imaging. Non-invasive, simple, and swift biotechniques benefit molecular diagnosis, evaluation of disease stages, and also play a central role in fundamental researches. We discuss the limitations of traditional procedures and the eminence impacts of the advanced methods with clinical applications in timely detection and management of diseases like cancer, genetic disorders, and recognition of microbial pathogens. The predictable and programmable DNA strands have paved the way for cellular and molecular imaging with the ability of single-molecule switching nanoscopy. Consequently, the DNA conjugation tool as an identification paradigm of biological agents in interaction with bio-spesific components is at the heart of biological processes., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Many complex networks erase parts of their geometry as they develop, so that their evolution is difficult to quantify and trace. Here we introduce entropy measures for quantifying the complexity of street orientations and length variations within planar networks and apply them to the street networks of 41 British cities, whose geometric evolution over centuries can be explored. The results show that the street networks of the old central parts of the cities have lower orientation/length entropies - the streets are more tightly ordered and form denser networks - than the outer and more recent parts. Entropy and street length increase, because of spreading, with distance from the network centre. Tracing the 400-year evolution of one network indicates growth through densification (streets are added within the existing network) and expansion (streets are added at the margin of the network) and a gradual increase in entropy over time.

Streptokinase is widely used as an anticoagulant drug for the treatment of heart attacks. Because of antibody production against injected drug in individuals consuming streptokinase and causing allergic reactions, streptokinase treatment effects become neutral. Recombinant mutant type of streptokinase was prepared by removing of 42 amino acids from the C terminal region. ELISA plates were coated by natural and mutant streptokinase as antigen. Ninety-six normal serum samples as well as 27 streptokinase consumer serum samples (patients with acute myocardial infraction) were analyzed. The results showed that serum antibodies against natural streptokinase were three times more than those against the mutated streptokinase. In case of preserving thrombolytic activity, mutated streptokinase can be used as an alternative of the natural form.