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Pine rosin of Pinus merkusii Jung at de Vriese is produced industrially from a distillation process of pine sap. The high total Indonesian production leads the primary derivatization strategy into several derivates to fulfill the market demand. Abietic acid (AA) is a major compound in pine rosin, used as the object of observation in this study. The general methodology for transformation reported involves using palladium (Pd) and platinum (Pt)-based catalysts. Both are precious metal catalysts to proceed with oxidative dehydrogenative-aromatization of the rosin. The synthesized product provides dehydroabietic acid (DHA) derivatives in high yield. This paper reports that non-precious metal-based catalysts such as iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), or copper (Cu) with iodine (I2) were applied to deliver the reaction by steam cracking without nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2) for economical, efficient, and greenway’s catalyst. It was found that a similar product was isolated, including several by-products. Under high temperatures with a various metal transitions and halogen by FeCl3-I2 and Cu(NO3)2.3H2O and ZnCl2 catalyst, four compounds were identified employing spectroscopic methods in the reaction product: 7-hydroxy-dehydroabietic acid (5), 1,7-dihydroxy-dehydroabietic acid (6), 7-isopropyl-1-methylphenanthren-9-ol (7) and polymer (8). This modified pine rosin was mainly used as an emulsifier for the synthetic rubber industry, varnish, ink, paper sizing, etc. The products are determined based on LC-MS/MS, UV-Vis, and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy.

Sugarcane bagasse (Saccharum officinarum L) is a readily available waste product of cane sugar processing. The content of lignocelluloses in sugarcane bagasse is approximately 52.7% cellulose, 20% hemicelluloses, and 24.2% lignin. Lignin can be degraded enzymatically by using microorganisms, such as Ochrobactrum sp. Monomer derived from lignin degradation using these bacteria in the optimum condition of sugarcane fermentation (pH 6, temperature 40 °C, for 5 days of incubation, the concentrations of starter 29%) by GC-MS yielded phenolic compounds such as 4-methyl-2, 6-di-tert-butylphenol; 2,6-di-tert-butylquinone; phenol, and p-hydroxybenzaldehide. The thrombolytic activity of these lignin monomers can be tested in-vitro by measuring the ability of clot lysis. Lignin did not have in-vitro clot lysis activity, whereas the lignin monomers in filtrat of fermented sugarcane bagasse have an in-vitro clot lysis activity, although its capacity is not as high as streptokinase.

Sponge Clionidae sp. is a multicellular animal that has active secondary metabolites that are used for survival. Sponge has cytotoxic, anticancer and antitumor properties and can be used in the pharmaceutical field, but the toxicity and antioxidant levels must be done to determine the uses level. Toxicity levels of sponge Clionidae sp. against Artemia salina L. and the IC50 value of the antioxidant was tested against DPPH radicals. Extraction of sponge Clionidae sp. was carried out with sonication using methanol, n-butanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane as solvents. Then, the crude extract was tested for toxicity levels by the BSLT method and the antioxidant test by the DPPH method. Sponge extracts with ethyl acetate has the highest LC50 at 62.50 ppm and n-butanol has the highest IC50 values of 77.34 ppm. Identification of extract sponge with ethyl acetate was carried out using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, resulting a maximum wavelength at 407.5 nm, ethyl acetate sponge extract showed the presence of O-H stretch groups 3327 cm−1, C-H stretch 2922 cm−1, C=C aromatic 1462 cm−1, and C=O 1711 cm−1 by FT-IR. The dominant compound in ethyl acetate extract that identified in LC-HRMS are chlorhexidine, 1,3,7-octanetriol, tobramycin, stigmatellin Y and maraniol.

White turmeric (Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe) has been used as traditional medicine by Indonesian people. The chemical constituents of essential oil of white turmeric were collected in 5 hours of the steam-distillation, and then were investigated by GC-MS. Furthermore, the essential oils were fractionated every hour of 5 hours distillation and were identified twenty compounds. The major compounds of the oil is camphor (49.51 %), isobornyl alcohol (12.66 %), borneol (4.23 %), furanodiene (3.61 %), furanodienone (3.49 %), 1,8-cineole (3.42 %), camphene (2.28 %), β-pinene (1.75 %), 2-nonanon (0.76 %) and germacrene- D (1.19 %). The main component of the essential oils is champhor, which is the highest concentration lie in the 3rd of collection times (50.71 %). The toxicity of the essential oils was subjected toward Artemia salina Leach. The results indicated that the essential oils from 5th of collection times by using steam-distillation have the highest toxicity, and the LC50 value is 3.25 ppm...

A bio-cellulose isolated from pinecone flower waste has been isolated by two type procedures. The first method is commonly used in industrial protocol. It is undergone via delignification and bleaching processes. In the delignification process provide a black-liquid of lignin waste, meanwhile the bleaching process afford neutralized clear liquid. The bio-cellulose is the main product. On the hand, the second method is initiated by soxhlet extraction using three different solvents i.e. n-hexane, ethanol and toluene, respectively. The extraction process produces organic hexane extract, ethanol extract, and toluene extract. All these extract have different appearance in color and prospective. Further delignification and bleaching process provide black lignin waste and neutralized liquid waste. The bio-cellulose still also become a major product.

Proapoptotic activity of ester eugenol,1-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxy)phenyl-2-propylmethanoat, which synthesized from eugenol is reported. Eugenol as starting material in the synthesis of ester eugenol was obtained from fractional distillation of clove oil with the yield of 70.66%. Synthesis of ester eugenol was camed out by addition-esterification reaction through reaction between eugenol and formic acid with mol ratio of 1:27 and reaction time for11 h. GC-MS analysis showed ester eugenol was afforded purity of 92.42% and the yield in of 93.34%. UV spectra of ester eugenol was observed the formation of carbonyl group at λmax 290 nm and supported by FT-IR analysis at 1714.60 cm-1 (carbonyl group), 1193.65 cm-1 (C-O-C ester group) and the absence of vynil group in eugenol structure at region 914.20 and 995.20 cm-1. Mass spectra showed ion molecule at m/z 210 was accordance with molecular weight of ester eugenol. Afterward, HeLa cell culture media was prepared for cervical cancer antiproliferative test. The result which showed in histogram indicated that LC50 of ester eugenol was reached at concentration below 0.01% while eugenol was up to 0.01% that observed cervical cancer cell apoptotic activity. LC50 value of ester eugenol was obtained at concentration 48.73 ppm. This research reported that natural product modified its structure has potency to cure cervical cancer.

The paper report antibacterial activity of flower extract from Pinus merkusii Jungh Et De Vriese and its mixture with copper nanoparticle on Staphylococcus aureus. This finding revealed the potency of pine forestry waste to overcome a bacterial-resistance problem on some commercially antibiotics. The extract was prepared by hot water extraction of a dried powder of pine flower. Copper nanoparticle was synthesized following "green synthesis technique" using phenolic-rich extract of pine's flower as a reduction and capping agent. In short, a mixture of pine's flower extract and copper nanoparticle importantly was able to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus four times higher than that using water extract.

The α-linolenic acid (9,12,15-octadecatrieonic acid) is omega-3 fatty acid that more active than other fatty acids to inhibit cell membrane damages, formation and growth of brain functions, antiinflamatory and prevent several cronic deseases like lung desease and arthrytis. Some research explain that geometri of omega-3 fatty acids had effect on its bioactivity. This research purpose was to isolate α-linolenic acid with geometry Z,Z,Z (9Z,12Z,15Z-oktadekatrienoat).O. basilicum seeds oil was isolated from O. basilicum seeds using Soxhlet extraction with n-hexane, then hidrolized by 12 % solution of KOH in aquadest. The α-linolenic acid was separated from other fatty acids by urea inclusion methods. The optimum condition of urea inclusion was determined in various temperature (+ 5, + 3, + 1, + (-1), + (-3), + (-5))0C and ratio of fatty acid : urea 1:1; 1:1,5; 1:2; 1:2,5; 1:3; 1:3,5; 1:4.From this research, extraction of O. basilicum seeds oil with n-hexane as solvent resulted clear yellow-brown oil with refractive indeks 1,466 and density 0,855 g/mL. Gas Chromatography (GC) analysis of fatty acids hidrolyzed from O. basilicum oil showed peak at tR= 19,949 minutes with relative percentage 70,72 %. Base on Mass Spectrum (MS), the fragmentation of this compound, with tR= 19,949 minutes, was identic with 9Z,12Z,15Z-oktadecatrienoic acid.Isolation of α-linolenic acid from other fatty acids using urea inclusion at temperature 0-2 0C dan rasio fatty acid: urea 1:1,5 showed nonadduct fraction contains compound with tR= 19,980 minutes and relative percentage 88,51 %. Base on Mass Spectrum (MS), the fragmentation of this compound, with tR= 19,980 minutes, was identic with 9Z,12Z,15Z-oktadecatrienoic acid.