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The main question of this study is whether some current bilingual dictionaries (English-Arabic) present contextual clues to the reader to get the meaning. It sought to investigate these dictionaries in terms of compiling expressions with preposition, e.g. the verb "get". It presented the characteristics of bilingual dictionaries and the importance of contextual dictionaries. It explored four comprehensive and widely used bilingual dictionaries (English-Arabic). It used the case study method: the verb "get." It provided an applied part, e.g. the verb "get". The findings indicate that these bilingual dictionaries lack contexts to a great extent; context plays a crucial role in getting meaning even in bilingual dictionaries. It is hoped that this study will usher the fulfillment of a comprehensive contextual bilingual dictionary (English-Arabic). Based on the findings, it is recommended that a team get together to carry out this project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative bioassay (choice or non-choice) was developed to evaluate the efficacy of different species of fruit trees as alternative host plants on the morphological and biological aspects of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus and also the latent effect of feeding the larvae on pupal and adult stages. Highly significant differences exist between averages of larval body weight of R. ferrugineus larvae fed on fruit trees. The lowest average of larval weight occurred in the larvae fed on the pieces of sour orange, mandarin followed by olive and lime trees. A small increase in body weight appeared in larvae fed on mango, fig and guava in comparison with those fed on date palm trees (control). The larval mortality reached the highest percentages (100%) by obligatory feeding of R. ferrugineus insects on olive, lime, sour orange and mandarin followed by mango (97%) and guava (96%) compared with control (0%), respectively. The latent effect of obligatory feeding on the larvae of R. ferrugineus was highly decreased during pupation (4%, 4% and 8%) when the insect fed on mango, guava and fig, compared with 100% pupation in the case of larvae fed on ornamental palm or date palm, respectively. Most pupae resulting from the treated larvae by R. ferrugineus failed in adult emergence especially those insects fed on olive, lime, sour orange and mandarin trees compared to untreated insects (95.6-96.2%), respectively. Data also proved that if an insect is forced to feed on a non-preferred host plant, this results in death of the insect often during the larval stage, a decrease of pupation or failure of adult emergence. These results led to the conclusion that mango, fig, and guava trees are believed to be vulnerable hosts for red weevil attack. The lowest percentage of food consumption appeared in those larvae fed on mandarin, sour orange, lime and olive trees compared with those fed on palm. The present results emphasise the need to test the efficiency of the compounds extracted from these host plants if it is considered as an insecticide or an alternative host protectant for management of the red palm weevil R. ferrugineus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Members of the family Enterobacteriaceae commonly express plasmid-encoded βlactamases (e.g., TEM-1, TEM-2, and SHV-1) which confer resistance to extended spectrum BetaLactam penicillins and cephalosporins. Aim: The present study was designed to estimate the prevalence of TEM, SHV, and CTX-M ESBL genes among common isolated Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas. Methods: A nine months cross sectional study was carried out on 285 isolated pathogens from the main three major of Yemen governorates. Bacterial growth was identified according to standard methods. Entire CTX-M, SHV and TEM genes type were identified using PCR. Antimicrobial agent susceptibility was assessed according to the Kirby–Bauer method. Results: A total 134 of blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX-M genes were identified among 97 phenotyping ESBL producing pathogens as a single gene or accompany with others ESBL type genes. The prevalence of CTX-M was found higher among ESBL isolates (73/97, 75.3%), followed by TEM (49/97, 50.5%) and SHV (15/97, 15.5%). Frequency (%) of Escherichia coli harbouring CTX-M, TEM and SHV genes was found to be 86.0%, 44.2% and 4.7%, respectively. Similarly, the rate of Klebsiella pneumoniae carrying such genes was 66.7% (CTX-M), 56.9% (TEM) and 25.5% (SHV). Accordingly, CTX-M harboring isolates exhibited high resistance to Cefotaxime (84.9%) than Ceftazidime (58.9%). Similar result was also obtained among TEM and SHV-harboring isolates. On the other hand, the difference in the resistance of SHV as compared to TEM and CTX-M ESBL genes for Ceftazidime and Cefepeme was found to be statistically significant (OR = 3.9; P < 0. 018, OR = 4.4; P < 0. 046, respectively). Less resistance (53.4%) and decreased risk (OR=0.7) among CTX-Mproducers for Amoxiclave were reported. The rate of resistance was significantly increased among SHV producers (86.7%, OR = 6.5, P < 0.009) compared to others ESBL genes. Conclusion: This research is the first study to report the prevalence of TEM, SHV and CTX-M ESBL type genes in Yemen. The resistant of ESBL genes harboring isolates varies according to isolated strains and accompanies with others genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To the best of our knowledge, in Yemen, size of endemic and epidemic extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing pathogens and its antibiotic resistance is unknown. Aim: This study was aimed to investigate the prevalence rate and antibiotic resistance of ESBL in Yemen. Methods: A nine months cross sectional study was carried out on 285 isolated pathogens from the three major governorates of the country (Sana’a, Aden and Taiz). Bacterial growth was identified according to standard methods. Antimicrobial agent susceptibility was assessed according to the Kirby–Bauer method. Results: The overall prevalence rate of ESBL producer was found to be 35.4% in Yemen. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most common organisms producing ESBL. High prevalence rate of ESBLproducers was significantly reported in ICU (60.0%, OR= 3.0, P < 0.003). A higher rate of ESBLproducing isolates was found in Sana'a (65/148, 43.9%, OR=2.2, P < 0.002). K. pneumoniae was the main causative agents (40/65, 61.5%), which was significantly higher in Sana'a (OR= 3.7, P < 0.001) compared to Aden (17/69, 24.6%) and Taiz (19/68, 27.9%). Escherichia coli was the predominant ESBL-producer in Aden (12/35, 34.3%) and Taiz (12/33, 36.4%) governorates. Antibiotic resistance was significantly associated with ESBL producing isolates in all the governorates (OR = 4.0, P <0.001). In this study, the result of comparisons between antibiotic resistance of ESBL and non-ESBL producing isolates revealed that all ESBL isolates were significantly resistant to all tested antibiotics except Impenem. Conclusion: K. pneumoniae was the most commonly isolated ESBL producer and antibiotic resistance. Inpatients in general and intensive care units in particular are the epicenter of ESBL producing pathogens. Findings of this study can conclude that ESBL producing isolates are responsible for growing the resistance against new generations of beta lactam antibiotics as well as acquired co-resistance to other classes of antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD) is the second most common tumor associated with death. The role and mechanisms of the fragile X mental retardation 1 ( FMR1 ) gene in PRAD remain unknown. We conducted an analysis of FMR1 expression in PRAD to determine its prognostic importance and connection to carcinogenic pathways such as PI3K&#95;AKT&#95;mTOR . Survival analyses were utilized to establish a correlation between FMR1 expression and patient outcomes. We used the integration of genomic data with bioinformatic predictions to predict the regulatory factors of the FMR1 gene in PRAD. Our data revealed that individuals with higher levels of FMR1 expression experience worse survival outcomes compared to those with lower expression (hazard ratio [HR] = 5.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.07 - 24, p = 0.0412). FMR1 expression was significantly higher in patients with advanced pathological tumor stages, particularly in the pT3 and pT4 combined stages and the pN1 nodal stage. Furthermore, patients with high Gleason scores (GSs) (combined GSs 8 and 9) exhibited increased levels of FMR1 expression. Our results further identify a possible regulatory link between FMR1 and key oncogenic pathways, including PI3K&#95;AKT&#95;mTOR , and predict the possible mechanism by which FMR1 is regulated in PRAD. Our data suggest that the FMR1 gene could serve as a biomarker for PRAD progression. However, in-depth investigations, including those with large patient samples and in vitro studies, are needed to validate this finding and understand the mechanisms involved., Competing Interests: Authors declare no conflicts of interest. Fawze Alnadari declare no conflicts of interest.

Abnormal eye gaze is a hallmark characteristic of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The primary aim of the present research was to develop an Arabic version of an objective measure of ASD, the "autism index" (AI), based on eye gaze tracking to social and nonsocial stimuli validated initially in the United States. The initial phase of this study included the translation of English language eye-tracking stimuli into stimuli appropriate for an Arabic-speaking culture. During the second phase, we tested it on a total of 144 children with ASD, and 96 controls. The AI had excellent internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Moreover, the AI showed good differentiation of ASD from control cases (AUC = 0.730, SE = 0.035). The AI was significantly positively correlated with SCQ total raw scores (r = 0.46, p < 0.001). ADOS-2 scores were only available in the ASD group and did not show a significant relationship with AI scores (r = 0.10, p = 0.348), likely due to the restricted range. The AI, when implemented using Arabic-translated stimuli in a Qatari sample, showed good diagnostic differentiation and a strong correlation with parent-reported ASD symptoms. Thus, the AI appears to have cross-cultural validity and may be useful as a diagnostic aide to inform clinical judgment and track ASD symptom levels as part of the evaluation process., (© 2023 The Authors. Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

The primary objectives of this study were to evaluate the structure and age-related stability of social attention in English and Arabic-speaking youth and to compare social attention between children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), other developmental disabilities (DD), and typically-developing controls. Eye-tracking data were collected from US (N = 270) and Qatari (N = 242) youth ages 1-17, including children evaluated for possible ASD. Participants viewed 44 stimuli from seven social paradigms. Fixation was computed for areas of interest within each stimulus. Latent variable models examined the structure of social attention. Generalized estimating equation models examined the effect of age, sex, culture, and diagnostic group on social attention. The best-fitting model included a general social attention factor and six specific factors. Cultural differences in social attention were minimal and social attention was stable across age (r = 0.03), but females showed significantly greater social attention than males (d = 0.28). Social attention was weaker in DD (d = -0.17) and lowest in ASD (d = -0.38) relative to controls. Differences were of sufficient magnitude across areas-of-interest to reliably differentiate DD from controls (AUC = 0.80) and ASD-only from all other cases (AUC = 0.76). A social attention dimension that represents an early-life preference for socially salient information was identified. This preference was cross-culturally consistent and stable across development but stronger in females and weaker in DD, especially ASD. Given rapid and easy-to-collect remote eye tracking administration, social attention measurement may be useful for developmental monitoring. Acquisition of population norms, analogous to height/weight/head circumference, might enhance early screening and tracking of neurodevelopment. LAY SUMMARY: This research found that social attention is a single dimension of behavior that represents a strong preference for social stimuli, is consistent across cultures, stable across age, and stronger in females. Children with developmental disabilities had lower levels of social attention than neurotypical children and children with autism spectrum disorder had the lowest levels of social attention., (© 2021 The Authors. Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: In developing countries like Egypt, the clinical workflow of stroke management is poorly established due to the lack of awareness of the stroke patients concerning their need of therapeutic intervention and the poor identification of facilities equipped to treat stroke. Hence, establishing a stroke system of care in developing countries that can efficiently and rapidly triage patients to the appropriate reperfusion therapy center is imperative to improving stroke management and outcomes. Aims: To evaluate a pilot experience in stroke hospital identification and expediting decision-making in AIS treatment through the Alexandria stroke network and Egyptian Stroke Network (ESN)-app. Methods: Between 2017 and 2019, seven hospitals registered themselves on the AS-Network as pilot hospitals. The ESN-application was used to detect stroke type, tele-connect stroke teams and hospitals, track triage of patients to equipped facility in real time, and streamline stroke workflow. The quality of and time required for stroke management were compared between 84 patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) whose treatment involved the ESN-app and 276 patients whose treatment did not. Results: During this pilot study, 360 AIS cases received reperfusion therapy, 84 of which were indicated by the ESN-app. The use of the application was associated with the significant drop in time metrics for the reperfusion AIS-patients (door-in-door-out time; 56 ± 34 min vs. 96 ± 45 min, door-to-groin puncture time; 50 ± 7 min vs. 120 ± 25 min, door-to-needle time; 55 ± 12 min vs. 78 ± 16 min with p < 0.0001). Its use was also associated with higher rates of excellent outcomes at the 90-day follow-up (without ESN-app vs. with ESN-app, 67.9 vs. 47.1%, p = 0.001) but no difference in 90-day mortality or symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (without ESN-app vs. with ESN-app, 9.5 vs. 11.2% and 4.8 vs. 5.1%, p > 0.05). Conclusion: Our pilot experience demonstrated that the use of the ESN-app expedited the stroke treatment workflow and facilitated tele-connection between registered stroke facilities. Additionally, its use might be associated with achieving higher rates of excellent outcomes at 90 days, where a larger scale study is needed for more confirmation., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Mansour, Ramadan, Elfatatry, Hamdi, Abudu, Hassan, Eldeeb, Marouf, Mogahed, Farouk, Abas, Hamed, Afify, Abdallah and Zaidat.)

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing threat that causes over 700,000 deaths per year worldwide. The goal of the current multicenter, cross-sectional study was to identify the knowledge and practice gaps in antimicrobial stewardship among Egypt's undergraduate medical students. Nine-hundred and sixty-three participants (375 male) from 25 medical schools responded to our self-administered questionnaire. Overall, the majority of students (96%) exhibited fair/satisfactory knowledge and attitude scores towards AMR. However, the most common misconceptions were that skipping one or two antimicrobial doses does not contribute to AMR (43%) and that antimicrobials are the drug of choice for the treatment of sore throat (38.8%). About 36% of the students thought that bacteria cause common cold and influenza. In terms of practices, about 62% of the students reported taking antibiotics when they have cough or sore throat and saving the remaining antibiotic for the next time. About 48% of the students reported that when they start feeling better, they stop the antibiotic course, and 41% stated that they often/sometimes discard the remaining leftover or share the leftover antibiotics with their friends. Interestingly, males had more frequently poorer levels of knowledge than females (p = 0.02). Moreover, students in the clinical science years (p < 0.001), living in urban areas (p = 0.02) or Cairo (p < 0.01) reported better practices than their counterparts. Educational programs about antimicrobial stewardship and the role of healthcare professionals in preventing AMR should be introduced early in medical curricula. Further, active educational techniques as clinical scenarios that simulate clinical settings and interactive learning workshops would be more efficient teaching methods.

Background: Few epidemiological data on autism spectrum disorders (ASD) exist for Arabic countries. We conducted the first survey of ASD in Qatar, a population with high consanguinity level., Methods: This cross-sectional survey was conducted from 2015 to 2018 in Qatar school-age children (N = 176,960) from national and immigrant families. Children diagnosed with ASD were identified through medical centers and special needs schools. Records were abstracted and supplemented by parental interviews. Additionally, children attending 93 schools were screened; ASD case status was confirmed in random samples of screen-positive and screen-negative children. Prevalence was estimated after taking into account different sampling fractions and participation rates at each survey phase., Results: One thousand three hundred and ninety-three children already diagnosed with ASD were identified. Among 9,074 school survey participants, 760 screen-negative children and 163 screen-positive children were evaluated; 17 were confirmed to have ASD including five children newly diagnosed. Prevalence was 1.14% (95% CI: 0.89-1.46) among 6- to 11-year-olds. ASD was reported in full siblings/extended relatives in 5.9% (95% CI: 0.042-0.080)/11.8% (95% CI: 0.095-0.146) families. First-degree consanguinity in Qatari cases (45%) was comparable to known population levels. Among 844 ASD cases (mean age: 7.2 years; 81% male), most children experienced language delay (words: 75.1%; phrase speech: 91.4%), and 19.4% reported developmental regression. At the time of the survey, persisting deficits in expressive language (19.4%) and peer interactions (14.0%) were reported in conjunction with behavioral problems (ADHD: 30.2%; anxiety: 11.0%). In multivariate logistic regression, ASD severity was associated with parental consanguinity, gestational diabetes, delay in walking, and developmental regression., Conclusions: ASD prevalence in Qatar is consistent with recent international studies. The methods employed in this study should help designing comparable surveys in the region. We estimated that 187,000 youths under age 20 have ASD in Gulf countries. This figure should assist in planning health and educational services for a young, fast-growing population., (© 2019 The Authors. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.)

Hydatid disease is a worldwide zoonosis caused by the larval stage of the echinococcus tapeworm, that is endemic in many parts 6f the world (in Europe, Middle East, Mediterranean, South American and African countries). Hydatid disease is a relevant health problem in underdeveloped areas where veterinary control does not exist. The most frequent location of hydatid cystic lesions is the liver (up to 80% of cases), followed by the lung (about 20% of cases), and with a lower reported incidence in any other organ or tissue in the body. Currently, surgical operation remains the treatment of choice in hydatidosis. Many surgical options can be done for management of the cyst, ranging from unroofing of the cyst, pericystectomy, up to liver resection for the affected liver parenchyma site. The cyst cavity can be managed by different techniques, capitonnage, external drainage, introflexion or omentoplasty. The Omentoplasty (OP) filling technique was the method of choice for filling of the Residual -Cavity (RC). The omentoplasty filling was, done by two procedures Pedicle Omental Pack (POP), and Isolated Omental Pack (IOP); both techniques were applied for the filling of the residual cavity compared to non-filling of the re-sidual cavity after surgery, in our retrospective ,comparative multicenter study. Seventy six patients operated for hydatid cyst between January 2010 and February 2014 were analysed retrospectively. Either with or without filling of the cavity, and either the filling was with pedicle or isolated omentoplasty were used to treat the re-sidual cyst cavity. Patients were categorised into three groups to evaluate complications: without filling of the RC (GA), ouientoplasty filling with Pedicle Omental Pack (GB), and omentoplasty filling with Isolated Omental Pack (GC). The overall mortality rates were 0%. Overall morbidity rates were 57.1% for GA, and 10.3% for GB, and 7.7% for GC respectively. Mean hospital stay was 11.8 days for GA, and 8.1 days for GB, and 8.7 days for GC. The isolated omentoplasty filling technique is a safe management in the filling of the residual cavity after surgery with less operative time and same result as pedicle omentoplasty technique. Because of omentum has a high absorptive capacity and capable to fill the residual cavity, and omentoplasty was recommended (whether with pedicle or isolated omental flap) to manage patients with hydatid cyst of the liver.