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International strategy is an approach used by companies to expand and sell products/services outside of their domestic market. In implementing an international strategy, companies need to consider the culture and regulations of the destination country, as well as the company's conditions to determine the right mode of entry. This study aims to analyze the application of ICBP's international strategy and mode of entry in entering the global market. This type of research is in the form of qualitative research with qualitative descriptive analysis methods. Through this research, the authors managed to find that the international strategy implemented by ICBP is a multidomestic strategy with modes of entry in the form of exports, strategic alliances, acquisitions, and the establishment of factories abroad. It is hoped that through this research, ICBP can continue to expand its presence in the international market by utilizing the company's SWOT

The 50 millesimal potency was given by Dr. Samuel Hahnemann, as described in footnote to aph.270, as a perfect way of potentisation, It is a powerful and mildest way of administration of medicine in the least material form but at the same time increased in power by each dynamization 50,000 times [1]. Warts or Verruca are small, fleshy outgrowth on skin or mucus membrane caused by Human papilloma virus. There are a number of variants on the basis of their type, mode of entry and susceptibility of the host [2]

The academic challenges faced by university students are enormous and emerge from various sources. It is in the light of this that this study investigated the sources of academic stress among undergraduates at the University of Ilorin, Nigeria. Demographic variables of gender, age and mode of entry were considered. A descriptive survey design was adopted. A sample of 300 students was randomly selected across the faculties. A research question was raised and three null hypotheses were postulated respectively to guide the study. Data were collected using a researcher-designed questionnaire entitled “Sources of Academic Stress Questionnaire” (SASQ). Data analysis was done using percentages, mean and t-test. The findings of this study revealed that University of Ilorin undergraduates are exposed to different sources of academic stress which include academic overloads, fear of failure and acclimatizing to academic expectations. The findings also showed that there was no significant difference in the sources of academic stress among undergraduates at the University of Ilorin based on gender and age while there was a significant difference in the sources of academic stress among undergraduates based on mode of entry. Based on the findings of this study, it was recommended that orientation programs should be made compulsory for all newly admitted students and academic development programs created for returnees at faculties and departmental levels.

With this systematic review, we intend to achieve three aims: (1) to take an inventory of what have been done so far in the field of Chinese investments in Africa; (2) to critically analyze the actors, motivations, mode of entry, impacts and management challenges, in the light of international business theories; and (3) to identify research gaps for what needs to be done in the future. Based on different international business theories, this review offers new insights to explore Chinese investments in African countries and contribute to the overall body of knowledge about Sino-Africa relationship., Avec cette revue systématique, nous avons l’intention d’atteindre trois objectifs: (1) faire l’inventaire des recherches qui ont été faites jusqu’à présent sur les investissements chinois en Afrique; (2) analyser de manière critique les acteurs, les motivations, le mode d’entrée, les impacts et les défis de gestion, à la lumière des théories en management international; et (3) identifier les lacunes de la recherche afin de proposer des pistes futures de recherche. Basée sur différentes théories, cette revue offre de nouvelles perspectives pour explorer les investissements chinois dans les pays africains et contribuer à l’ensemble des connaissances sur les relations sino-africaines., Con esta revisión sistemática, buscamos alcanzar tres objetivos: (1) hacer un inventario de las investigaciones que se han hecho hasta ahora en el campo de las inversiones chinas en África; (2) analizar de manera crítica los actores, las motivaciones, el modo de entrada, los impactos y los retos de gestión, a la luz de las teorías de gestión internacional y (3) identificar deficiencias de investigación con el objeto de proponer pistas para futuros trabajos de investigación. Basada en diferentes teorías, esta revisión presenta nuevas perspectivas para explorar las inversiones chinas en países africanos y contribuir al conjunto de conocimiento sobre la relación entre China y África.

Purpose Literature on modes of entry has focussed on firm-level strategies. The predominant theories used are institutional theory and the resource-based view. Using an alternate approach – network theory – this paper aims to demonstrate an additional mode of entry: multiple firms entering together as an extension of an existing loose network, known as a bridging network. The extension of an external network across borders is an appropriate mode of entry in emerging markets, with no pre-existing networks or existing networks within a market that are weak, immature or missing. Design/methodology/approach A conceptual review, which develops four propositions, demonstrating that market entry with bridging networks may be the preferred mode of entry in the presence of institutional voids. Alternative modes may not be viable because of costs and risks associated with overcoming such voids. Findings Existing theory and case examples support the contention that market conditions facilitate firms to enter as networks rather than as singular entities. These conditions are found in markets with institutional voids and explain the dominant form of business groups in many countries and the operation of loose strategic alliances in emerging markets. Network entry facilitates market access speed may allow for local ties to remain undeveloped or be a first step in building in-country networks. Originality/value This paper heeds to the call for a network ecosystem approach to market entry, arguing that firms may enter as a collective in subsistence and emerging markets, which would explain the preponderance of business groups and loose alliances found.

Introduction: La mortalite maternelle est un probleme de sante publique au Benin ; Elle est estimee a 397 pour 100 000 Naissances Vivantes (NV) en 2017. Dans les pays a faible revenu le ratio de mortalite maternelle est de 239 pour 100 000 Naissances Vivantes (NV). Objectifs: Identifier les facteurs associes aux deces maternels a l’Hopital de Zone Saint Jean de Dieu de Tanguieta de 2015 a 2019. Methode d’etude: Il s’est agi d’une etude retrospective a visee descriptive et analytique. Les dossiers des femmes ont ete depouilles pour collecter les informations relatives aux variables de l’etude. Resultat: Durant la periode d’etude, nous avons recense 222 dossiers. Le ratio de mortalite maternelle intra-hospitaliere etait de 1173 deces pour 100 000 naissances. L’âge moyen des femmes decedees etait de 25,4 ans. Les femmes decedees etaient des menageres dans 72,1%. Plus de la moitie des femmes decedees (55,9%) n’avaient beneficie d’aucune consultation prenatale. La reference etait le principal mode d’entree a l’hopital (64%). Les causes obstetricales directes des deces etaient dominees par les hemorragies (25,8%), les troubles hypertensifs (22,8%) et les infections puerperales (21,2%). Les facteurs associes aux deces maternels etaient : le milieu de residence (p = 0,004), le delai (de 5jours et plus) entre l’apparition des symptomes et l’admission a l’hopital (p = 0,019), le transport non medicalise (p=0,013) et le troisieme retard (p < 0,001). Conclusion: Le ratio de mortalite maternelle etait eleve a l’hopital de zone Saint Jean de Dieu de Tanguieta. Il importe que des actions soient menees en agissant sur les differents facteurs en vue de reduire la mortalite maternelle dans cet hopital. Introduction: Maternal mortality is a public health problem in Benin, it is estimated at 397 per 100,000 Live Births (LB) in 2017. In low-income countries the maternal mortality ratio is 239 per 100,000 Live Births (LB). Objectives: Identify the factors associated with maternal deaths at the Saint Jean de Dieu Zone Hospital in Tanguieta from 2015 to 2019. Study Method: This was a retrospective study with a descriptive and analytical aim. Women's records were searched to collect information on study variables. Result: During the study period, we identified 222 cases. The intrahospital maternal mortality ratio was 1,173 deaths per 100,000 births. The average age of the deceased women was 25.4 years. 72.1% of the deceased women were housewives. More than half of the women who died (55.9%) had not received any prenatal consultation. Referral was the main mode of entry to hospital (64%). The direct obstetric causes of death were dominated by haemorrhages (25.8%), hypertensive disorders (22.8%) and puerperal infections (21.2%). Factors associated with maternal deaths were: place of residence (p = 0.004), the time (5 days or more) between the onset of symptoms and admission to hospital (p = 0.019), unsafe transportation (p = 0.013) and The third delay (p

This study examined the effect of Guided-Discovery (GD) technique on Colleges of Education Social Studies students’ learning outcome in Nigeria. The study employed 2x2x2 randomized research design. A total of 100 students participated in the study, consisted of 50 GD and 50 Lecture Technique. Social Studies Performance Tests (SSPT) was used to collect data. It was designed using National Commission for Colleges of Education curriculum and validated by four Social Studies experts. The reliability value of 0.82 was obtained for the instrument using Cronbach Alpha. ANOVA and t-test were used for data analyses. This study found that GD technique of teaching Social Studies was next in producing higher significant effect in students’ learning outcome than LT. Gender has no significant interactive effect on students’ learning outcome in Social Studies. The mode of entry had no significant interactive effect in the learning outcome of Colleges of Education Social Studies Students. The study concluded that GD was found to be more effective in enhancing Social Studies Students’ learning outcome in Colleges of Education. It was recommended that GD technique should be used in teaching Social Studies in Colleges of Education.

Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) are often considered long-term and less sensitive to global shocks as they involve large amounts of capital investment that are costly to reverse. This study examines whether a pandemic arbitrage through “distance” in COVID-19 infection rates impacts FDI. Using bilateral FDI inflows data from January 2019 to December 2020, we show that COVID-19 pandemic shock deterred global FDI mainly through the greenfield FDI mode of entry. Our results also show that strong social connections and loose COVID-19 policy stringency alleviates the pandemic’s effect on FDI, especially for M&As.

Highly atom accurate structures of the inclusion complexes between benzydamine hydrochloride (BZY) and β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) were determined by a method using quantitative ROESY analysis of computational models. Intermolecular contacts were examined in the ROESY spectrum that provided details of the portions of BZY encapsulated in the cavity and the probable mode of entry. Molecular docking studies presented negative binding energies which proved spontaneous complexation between β-CD and BZY and displayed two different modes of binding. Molecular mechanics (MM) studies were performed for both rings, in different orientations and from both cavity ends, to gauge their inclusion depth and mode of entry. Molecular dynamics (MD) studies were carried out to visualise the complexation process. Large number of minimum energy conformations from the MD runs were analysed by comparing their calculated intensities with experimental ROESY cross peak intensities to get the most probable structures of the ensembles.

This paper investigates how the choices of strategic directions by Chinese multinational enterprises have led them to adopt distinct strategies in internationalization. The study takes a multiple case study approach. It was found that the generic strategies of Chinese internationalization are local optimizer; low-cost supplier, advanced-market seeker, and global consolidator, each of which depends on a multinational enterprise's preference in combination with its strategic directions e.g. target countries, value chain movement, branding, and mode of entry. Finally the generic strategies as a common framework for studying the internationalization of emerging market multinationals are proposed.

Near accurate prediction of students’ future performance based on their historical academic records is important for effective pedagogical interventions. It is imperative to provide an enhanced prediction system that can assist educational institutions to identify and monitor students at different threshold and to focus on improving students that their threshold is less than graduation at early stage. Studies on the prediction of graduating students using data mining techniques have been widely carried out in the existing literature. The paper applied Baye’s theorem and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) to build a predictive model for the likelihood of students’ graduation in a tertiary institution. The prediction was performed on four variables- Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination (UTME), Number of sittings for O’level (NOS), Grade Points of O’level (Grade) and Mode of Entry (PreND). The implementation was carried out in Rstudio environment. The results showed that ANN had higher accuracy compared to Bayesian Classification. ANN performed better because of the learning rules it contains.

This chapter examines the topic of the institutional arrangement or inter-organizational governance form, or equivalently the “mode of entry” of services companies, which is a critical component of the entry strategy of a company into international markets. Classical theoretical approaches that have evolved from studies made in the context of manufacturing companies from developed economies are briefly summarized, along with theoretical adaptations for services firms, and some practical considerations of managers examined. The behavior of companies from emerging economies presents interesting paradoxes, and hence newer theories have been proposed, along with differing practical considerations. Entry mode data based on equity ownership in partial and full acquisitions, made by services companies entering from developed economies into other developed economies, and developed into emerging economies, is compared with that of companies from emerging economies entering into developed/emerging economies. The chapter concludes with recommendations on important factors to consider while making a systematic decision on institutional arrangements.

Mosquito vectors are extending their range via international travel and trade. Climate change makes New Zealand an increasingly suitable environment for less tropically adapted exotic mosquito vectors to become established. This shift will add a multiplier effect to existing risks of both the establishment of new species and of resident exotic species extending into new areas. We describe trends in the border interceptions of exotic mosquitoes and evaluate the role of imported goods as a pathway for these introductions. Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, the two most commonly intercepted species, were only intercepted in Auckland. Used tyres and machinery were the main mode of entry for both species. The majority of Ae. albopictus were transported as larvae by sea, while most Ae. aegypti were transported as adults by air. Continuing introductions of these mosquitoes, mainly arriving via Japan or Australia, increase the risk of the local transmission of mosquito-borne diseases in New Zealand in general and in the Auckland region in particular. These findings reinforce the need for a high performing and adequately resourced national biosecurity system, particularly port surveillance and inspection. Recommended biosecurity improvements are described.

Endophytic actinobacteria, which reside in the inner tissues of host plants, are gaining serious attention due to their capacity to produce a plethora of secondary metabolites (e.g. antibiotics) possessing a wide variety of biological activity with diverse functions. This review encompasses the recent reports on endophytic actinobacterial species diversity, in planta habitats and mechanisms underlying their mode of entry into plants. Besides, their metabolic potential, novel bioactive compounds they produce and mechanisms to unravel their hidden metabolic repertoire by activation of cryptic or silent biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) for eliciting novel secondary metabolite production are discussed. The study also reviews the classical conservative techniques (chemical/biological/physical elicitation, co-culturing) as well as modern microbiology tools (e.g. next generation sequencing) that are being gainfully employed to uncover the vast hidden scaffolds for novel secondary metabolites produced by these endophytes, which would subsequently herald a revolution in drug engineering. The potential role of these endophytes in the agro-environment as promising biological candidates for inhibition of phytopathogens and the way forward to thoroughly exploit this unique microbial community by inducing expression of cryptic BGCs for encoding unseen products with novel therapeutic properties are also discussed.

This paper investigates the factors associated with foreign direct investment “surges” and “stops”, defined as sharp increases and decreases, respectively, of foreign direct investment inflows to the developing world and differentiated based on whether these events are led by waves in greenfield investments or mergers and acquisitions. Greenfield-led surges and stops occur more frequently than mergers-and-acquisitions-led ones and different factors are associated with the onset of the two types of events. Global liquidity is the factor significantly and positively associated with a surge, regardless of its kind, while a global economic growth slowdown and a surge in the preceding year are the main factors associated with a stop. Greenfield-led surges and stops are more likely in low-income countries and mergers-and-acquisitions-led surges are less likely in resource-rich countries than elsewhere in the developing world. Global growth accelerations and increases in financial openness, domestic economic and financial instability are associated with mergers-and-acquisitions-led surges but not with greenfield-led ones. These results are particularly relevant for developing countries where FDI flows are the major type of capital flows and suggest that developing countries’ macroeconomic vulnerability increases following periods of increased global liquidity. As countries develop they typically become more exposed to merger-and-acquisition-led surges, which are more likely than greenfield-led surges and stops to be short-lived and associated with domestic macroeconomic policies.

This paper unequivocally focuses on the question of “how” (mode of entry), rather than “when” (timing of market entry) or “where” (location) to enter a foreign market. Therefore sought to explore how (mode of entry) and the levels of internationalization among selected small scale enterprises in Kampala, Uganda. In so doing it identifies the propensity of small scale enterprises to internationalize in the context of Kampala, Uganda. Data was collected through self-administered questionnaire and a total of 409 responds were received. The findings revealed that the mode of entry/internationalization is dominantly sporadic exporting and internationalization levels as a whole is very low among the small businesses considered in the study. A peripheral finding in this study was that most of the internationalization efforts were focused on neighboring countries (location). The recommendation was made that small businesses should be encouraged to establish more networks in foreign markets to instill more confidence and willingness to internationalize on a larger scale.

This study aims to understand how Indian brands are built globally. The study also gives insight on understanding the mode of entry adopted by Indian companies with special reference to the Himalaya Drug Company. The study takes a multistage approach through secondary data analysis, an interpretative approach, and interviews of 15 pharmaceutical personnel and 30 consumers from the United States through focus interviews. The interviews were recorded. It is qualitative descriptive research. Our research shows that Himalaya has used a franchising model to build their herbal brands through retail franchisees, and a problem-solution approach strategy in communication. Emphasis on customer experience has created good word-of-mouth and generated good revenue for its herbal brands. Quality, effectiveness, price, and availability are the key factors for herbal brand building. The product mix is selected based on the country's culture and consumers’ needs. They also capitalized on newfound Indian pride and confidence due to faster gross domestic product (GDP) growth. This article contributes to a better understanding of the opportunities and challenges associated with brands from emerging markets, in particular, India, as well as the development of brands from emerging markets, which is becoming more important at the economic and political level. It also helps to better understand mode of entry, especially for small companies. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Introduction: This study characterized the epidemiological profile of the reported cases of tuberculosis in the municipality of Limoeiro / PE, between 2008 and 2010. Methodology: This is an epidemiological, observational, retrospective study that used the (SINAN) obtained from the Epidemiological Surveillance of the Municipal Health Department, in which the data were analyzed according to the following variables: gender, age group, institutionalization status, area of residence, clinical form, type of entry , termination status, HIV serology. Results: In the study period, 347 cases of tuberculosis were reported. It was verified that males and individuals aged 15 years and over were the most affected by the disease, with 87.03% and 98.85% respectively. Regarding the institutionalization situation, 55.04% of the cases were institutionalized. The urban area accounted for 39.48% of the cases. The pulmonary form was the most predominant with 95.10%. The main mode of entry was the new case with 76.08%. Regarding the closure situation, the cure outcome was more frequent at 75.50%, mean treatment dropout was 3.75%, and TB-related death was 1.73%. TB / HIV coinfection represents 3.75% of the notifications, and 40.63% of the patients did not perform serology for HIV. Conclusions / Considerations: These results contribute to the knowledge of the epidemiology of tuberculosis in the municipality, thus providing subsidies for disease control planning and prevention actions, as well as suggestions for other studies and development of new public policies.

Why do some firms enter a new market by acquiring an existing company operating in this market (external entry), while more than 90% of firms do so by building on their existing resources (internal entry)? This paper shows that human capital acquisition is a key motive behind firms' decision to grow externally. We develop a simple production model in which firms use heterogeneous worker teams to execute tasks and we propose a firm-level measure of human capital. We estimate it using a novel data set constructed by merging French employer payrolls with commercial M&A data sets. Human capital acquisition explains firms' chosen mode of entry: firms whose human capital is adequate for the new market favor internal entry, while those whose human capital is not adequate for the new market favor external entry.