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La metodología cuantitativa aplicada al estudio de las trayectorias laborales ha experimentado un rápido auge que se ha extendido más allá del tradicional análisis de secuencias. El presente artículo es un estado del arte del desarrollo de nuevas técnicas estadísticas que pueden aplicarse o ya se aplican al estudio de trayectorias laborales. Además, incluimos sugerencias de software estadístico para la aplicación de cada una de las técnicas descritas. A lo largo de todo el texto, podrá observarse que la descripción de cada técnica se ha realizado desde un punto de vista conceptual, con el objetivo de llegar a un público amplio, que no necesite poseer una fuerte formación estadística. Es mediante esta visión general que mostraremos las debilidades y fortalezas que cada técnica presenta, así como el hilo conductor que nos lleva de una a otra. Este trabajo parte de una perspectiva global en el estudio de las trayectorias laborales que luego tiende hacia una perspectiva más compleja, en que el interés se centra en una pequeña parte de dichas trayectorias o incluso de simples cambios de estado. La creciente complejidad de los modelos desarrollados será objeto de discusión final debido a los nuevos retos que presentan su aplicación e implementación. Es en este contexto donde argumentaremos la necesidad de un perfil estadístico en el marco de los proyectos de investigación, tal y como sucede en otras áreas científicas. Finalmente, debatiremos la utilidad de la estadística bayesiana a la hora de enfrentarse a modelización compleja. La metodologia quantitativa aplicada a l'estudi de les trajectòries laborals ha experimentat un ràpid auge que s'estén més enllà de l'anàlisi de seqüència tradicional. Aquest capítol té com a objectiu revisar noves tècniques estadístiques que poden o s'apliquen actualment a l'estudi de les trajectòries laborals.Totes les tècniques descrites aquí són des d'un punt de vista conceptual per tal d'arribar a un públic més ampli que pot no tenir una formació estadística forta. A través d'aquesta visió de conjunt demostrarem les febleses i els punts forts que presenta cada tècnica, així com el fil unificador que ens porta d'un a un altre. Aquest treball comença des d'una perspectiva macro en l'estudi de trajectòries de treball que més tard es desenvolupa en un punt de vista micro, on l'interès se centrarà en una petita part d'una trajectòria donada o fins i tot en un simple canvi d'estat.La creixent complexitat dels models que es mostren aquí serà objecte d'un debat final a causa dels nous reptes que presenten la seva aplicació i aplicació. En aquest context, discutirem la necessitat d'un perfil estadístic en el marc dels projectes de recerca, com ja succeeix en altres àmbits científics. Quantitative methodology applied to the study of career paths has undergone a rapid boom that goes beyond traditional sequence analysis. This paper reviews the latest statistical techniques that can be or are already being applied to the study of career paths. We also include suggested statistical software for each of the techniques described. All techniques described here are analysed from a conceptual point of view in order to reach a broader readership who may not have a strong statistical background. It is through this overview that we will show the weaknesses and strengths of each technique, as well as a linking thread that takes us from one to another. The paper starts with a general survey of the study of career paths, before going into greater depth, focusing on a small part of a given career path or even on simple changes of status. The increasing complexity of the models described here will be the subject of a final discussion, looking at the new challenges presented by their application and implementation. It is against this background that we will argue for the need for a statistical profile within the context of research projects, as is already the case in other scientific areas. Finally, we will discuss the usefulness of Bayesian statistics in analysing complex modelling.

[spa] Esta tesis estudia la relación entre costes de movilidad y desigualdad de género en el mercado laboral. Se argumenta que, en un contexto de roles de género tradicionales, que imponen en las mujeres mayor responsabilidad en el cuidado familiar y del hogar, el reciente incremento en los costes de movilidad puede haber ralentizado el ritmo de convergencia de las brechas de género en el mercado laboral. En el segundo capítulo de esta tesis, estudio cómo la organización espacial de la actividad económica ha podido perjudicar la participación femenina en el mercado laboral en un contexto histórico. En la España del siglo XIX, había dos tipos de asentamientos: concentrados, donde la gente vivía en un núcleo de población grande, dejando otros núcleos prácticamente despoblados; y dispersos, donde la gente vivía homogéneamente distribuida en muchos y pequeños asentamientos. Los asentamientos concentrados se caracterizaban por altos costes de desplazamiento, ya que se encontraban alejados de la tierra donde se trabajaba. Los asentamientos dispersos, por el contrario, se caracterizaban por tener unos bajos costes de desplazamiento, ya que la tierra se encontraba cerca de la casa, y muchas veces dentro de la misma. Utilizando datos del censo de 1887 y una estrategia de variables instrumentales utilizando la Reconquista como variación exógena de los tipos de asentamientos, encuentro que los asentamientos dispersos presentaban mayor participación femenina en el mercado laboral, menores tasas de fecundidad y mayor edad de primer matrimonio. Además, muestro que este efecto es persistente en el largo plazo, en tanto que partidos judiciales más dispersos en 1887 todavía presentan mayor participación femenina en el mercado laboral y mayor igualdad de género en el mercado laboral. Finalmente, utilizando una muestra de migrantes internos, encuentro evidencia sugestiva de que la persistencia de roles de género tradicionales es un mecanismo potencial que puede explicar este efecto persistente. Siguiendo esta línea, el tercer capítulo de esta tesis estudia el efecto de los tiempos de transporte al trabajo sobre la participación femenina en el mercado laboral y sus horas trabajadas. La hipótesis es que las mujeres casadas responden a incrementos en el tiempo de transporte al trabajo saliendo de la oferta laboral con mayor frecuencia que los hombres casados. Utilizando la forma geométrica de la ciudad como instrumento para los tiempos de transporte, en tanto que ciudades más redondas y compactas presentan desplazamientos más cortos por definición y esta forma depende de accidentes geográficos, mostramos que los incrementos en el tiempo de transporte al trabajo afectan de forma negativa a la participación femenina en la oferta de trabajo. Este efecto, además, es especialmente fuerte para mujeres casadas con hijos menores de 5 años, pero no existente para sus maridos. En la misma línea, encontramos que las mujeres inmigrantes que vienen de países con roles de género más tradicionales responden fuertemente a incrementos en los tiempos de desplazamiento. Esto sugiere que las normas sociales que imponen a las mujeres el rol de cuidadores del hogar son el principal mecanismo que explica este efecto, y no diferencias en productividad en el trabajo doméstico. Finalmente, estudio cómo la flexibilidad horaria en el trabajo y la movilidad geográfica afectan a la autoselección de mujeres en diferentes ocupaciones. Para ello, utilizo el mercado de asignación de especialidades médicas para residentes (MIR) como escenario. Utilizando datos de las elecciones MIR y una encuesta que permite categorizar atributos de cada especialidad MIR, muestro que las mujeres tienden a elegir especialidades que no impliquen moverse geográficamente y que tienen mayor flexibilidad horaria y menores horas de trabajo. Además, encuentro un efecto similar cuando restrinjo el análisis los primeros 1.000 estudiantes, que pueden elegir especialidad con muy pocas restricciones, y un mayor efecto de la movilidad geográfica. Esto sugiere que los hombres están más dispuestos a moverse geográficamente, pero sólo cuando la recompensa potencial de moverse es mayor, es decir, cuando los hospitales y plazas más prestigiosas están aún disponibles.

This article examines how human capital portability frictions affect the quantity and the quality of international student migration (ISM). Using administrative data on college enrolment in Spain, it evaluates a reform that lifted the requirement to take the Spanish end-of-high-school exam for foreign students from a subset of countries. The reform increased student migration from treated countries by 50%, compared to migration from control countries. Post-reform migrants have lower predicted test scores but still outperform native students. The results suggest that multilateral diploma recognitions can significantly increase ISM without large costs in student migrant quality, and with positive effects on average student quality.

Aquest article és un assaig de definició de l'àrea urbana de Girona a partir de l'anàlisi de les intensitats i direccionalitats dels fluxos de mobilitat laboral. Dins d'aquesta àrea s'establiran categories que ens permetran diferenciar corones de municipis en base al lligam establert entre aquests i Girona. Serà a partir d'aquesta anàlisi que es plantejarà l'estudi a un altre nivell territorial. El concepte de ciutat difusa de Francesco Indovina portarà a una reflexió que permetrà interpretar aquest nou marc territorial. Així, es qüestionarà el tema de l'existència d'una ciutat difusa gironina, cosa que s'intentarà analitzar amb més profunditat en estudis posteriors. Este artículo es un intento de definición del área urbana de Girona basándose en el análisis de las intensidades y direccionalidades de los flujos de movilidad laboral. Dentro de este área se establecerán categorías que nos permitirán diferenciar coronas de municipios en base a las relaciones establecidas entre éstos y Girona. En base a este análisis se planteará el estudio a otro nivel territorial. El concepto de ciudad difusa de Francesco Indovina llevará a una reflexión que permitirá interpretar este nuevo marco territorial. Así, se cuestionará el tema de la existencia de una ciudad difusa gerundense, lo cual se va a intentar analizar más profundamente en estudios posteriores. Cet article éssaie la définition de l'aire urbaine de Girona à partir les intensités et les traits directionnels des fluxes de mobilité laborale. Des catégories définies à l'intérieur de cet espace nous permettront de différencier des couronnes de municipalités suivant les intensités de leurs respectifs rapports avec la ville de Girona. Une réflexion sur le concept de cité diffuse tel que défini par Francesco Indovina sera à l'inice de l'èssai pour caractériser cet espace. De façon qu'on discutéra le sujet de l'existence d'une cité diffuse dont le centre sérait la ville de Girona, thème celui-ci qui sera objet d'une analyse plus profonde à ultérieurs études. This article is an essay aiming at the definition of the urban district of Girona, having as a base the analysis of the intensities and directional tendencies of labour mobility fluxes in it. Several cathegories will be signaled inside this area which wil enable us to differenciate a number of crowns of municipalities according to their respective links with Girona town. A reflection set forth by Francesco Indovina on the concept of diffused town will be the first step in the attempt to typify this area. Thus, the existence of a diffused city core of which would be Girona town will be argued, an issue this one which is to be analysed in future studies.

Treball fi de màster de: Master's Degree in Data Science. Curs 2019-2020 Directors: Omar A. Guerrero and Joan de Martí In this thesis project I analyse labour flow networks and company control networks in the UK. I observe that these networks exhibit characteristics that are typical of empirical networks, such as heavy-tailed degree distribution, strong communities with geo-industrial clustering and high assortativity. I document that distinguishing between the type of investors of firms can help to understand their degree centrality in the company control network and that large institutional entities having significant and exclusive control in a firm seem to be responsible for emerging hubs in this network. I also devise a simple network formation model to study the underlying causal processes in this company control network. I perform numerical simulations and model parameter calibration, obtaining a model that captures the empirically observed patterns in the data. En este proyecto de tesis analizo las redes de flujo de trabajo y las redes de control de laempresa en el Reino Unido. Observo que estas redes exhiben características que son típicas de las redes empíricas, como la distribución de grados de cola gruesa, comunidades fuertes con agrupamiento geoindustrial y alta surtividad. Documento que distinguir entre el tipo de inversores de las empresas puede ayudar a comprender su grado de centralidad en la red de control de la empresa y que las grandes entidades institucionales que tienen un control significativo y exclusivo en una empresa parecen ser responsables de los centros emergentes en esta red. También ideo un modelo de formación de red simple para estudiar los procesos causales subyacentes en la red de control de esta empresa. Realizo simulaciones numéricas y calibración de parámetros del modelo, obteniendo un modelo que captura los patrones observados empíricamente en los datos.

Este trabajo es un ensayo que aborda las condiciones de accesibilidad de los polígonos industriales y como afecta a la movilidad de los trabajadores. Desde la prevención de riesgos laborales es importante poner énfasis en esta temática ya que no es un tema baladí, además,los desplazamientos al lugar de trabajo suponen el principal riesgoantes de iniciar la jordana laboral, pudiendo materializarse en accidentes de trabajo.

Background The past two decades have been marked by impressive growth in the migration of medical doctors. The medical profession is among the most mobile of highly skilled professions, particularly in Europe, and is also the sector that experiences the most serious labour shortages. However, surprisingly little is known about how medical doctors choose their destinations. In addition, the literature is scarce on the factors determining the sharp rise in the migration of doctors from Africa, Asia and Eastern and Southeastern Europe, and how the last economic crisis has shaped the migration flows of health professionals. Methods We use the new module on health worker migration provided by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) for 2000–2016 in order to examine the channels through which OECD countries attract foreign physicians from abroad. We estimate a gravity model using the Pseudo-Poisson Maximum Likelihood estimator. Results Our results reveal that a lower unemployment rate, good remuneration of physicians, an aging population, and a high level of medical technology at the destination are among the main drivers of physicians’ brain drain. Furthermore, an analysis of the mobility of medical doctors from a number of regions worldwide shows that individuals react differently on a country-wise basis to various determinants present in the destination countries. Physicians from African countries are particularly attracted to destination countries offering higher wages, and to those where the density of medical doctors is relatively low. Concurrently, a higher demand for healthcare services and better medical technology in the receiving country drives the inflow of medical doctors from Central and Eastern Europe, while Asian doctors seem to preferentially migrate to countries with better school systems. Conclusions This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the channels through which OECD countries attract foreign medical doctors from abroad. We find that, apart from dyadic factors, a lower unemployment rate, good remuneration of physicians, an aging population, and good medical infrastructure in the host country are among the main drivers of physicians’ brain drain. Furthermore, we find that utility from migration to specific countries may be explained by the heterogeneity of origin countries.

We study how firms and industries adjust to increasing international trade in intermediate inputs. In particular, we provide a comprehensive assessment of the effects of new imported inputs on wage dynamics, on the skill-composition of the labor force, on worker mobility, and on assortative matching between firms and workers. We employ matched employer-employee data for Italy, over 1995–2007. We complement these data with information on the arrival of new imported inputs at the industry level. We find new imported inputs to have a positive effect on average wage growth at the firm level. This effect is driven by two factors: (1) an increase in the white-collar/blue-collar ratio; and (2) an increase in the average wage growth of blue-collar workers, while the wage growth of white collars is not significantly affected. The individual-level analysis reveals that the increase in the average wage of blue collars is driven by the displacement of the lowest paid workers, while continuously employed individuals are not affected. We estimate the unobserved skills of workers. We find evidence that new imported inputs lead to a positive selection of higher-skilled workers, and to an increase in the degree of positive assortative matching between firms and workers.

Tesis doctoral presentada para optar al grado de Doctor por la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona (Programa de Doctorado en Análisis Económico).--2019-06-28, [EN] This doctoral thesis studies how labor market institutions, social contacts, and firm-ownership schemes determine workers and firms job mobility decisions. The first chapter investigates the effect of severance pay on workers' voluntary mobility out of the firm. The analysis exploits a major labor market reform of the employment protection legislation in Spain in 2012 to show that a decrease in mobility costs due to a reduction in severance pay induced by the reform made workers who may expect to be displaced in the near future more likely to voluntarily leave their employer. The second chapter adds to the empirical literature on the role of social contacts on the labor market. The findings in this chapter indicate that employers are more likely to hire workers who have a connection in the firm through a former coworker, and that having a connection in the hiring firm improves re-employment outcomes of workers relative to non-connected workers. The last chapter studies differences between conventional and worker-owned firms in their adjustment to the business cycle. It documents that both types of firms respond to changing macroeconomic conditions by adjusting employment, hours of work, and wages. However, worker-owned firms exhibit greater employment resilience than conventional enterprises. Hours of work and wages, instead, adjust to a similar extent across the two types of firms., [ES] Esta tesis doctoral estudia cómo las instituciones del mercado laboral, las relaciones sociales en el mercado, o la estructura de la propiedad de las empresas afectan la movilidad laboral de trabajadores y empresas. El primer capítulo investiga el papel de la indemnización por despido en las decisiones de los trabajadores de abandonar voluntariamente su empresa. Utilizando la reforma laboral de 2012 en España, que modificó la legislación sobre la protección del empleo, el análisis muestra que la reducción en la indemnización de despido consecuencia de la reforma provocó que trabajadores con expectativas de que pueden ser despedidos en un futuro próximo están más dispuestos a abandonar la empresa de forma voluntaria. El segundo capítulo se centra en el papel de las relaciones sociales en forma de antiguos compañeros de trabajo en el mercado laboral. Los resultados indican que las empresas tienden a contratar con mayor probabilidad trabajadores que tienen algún excompañero de trabajo en la empresa, y que estos contactos mejoran las características de los puestos de trabajo obtenidos en relación aquellos trabajadores contratados que no tienen ningún contacto en la empresa. El último capítulo estudia diferencias en el ajuste a lo largo del ciclo económico entre empresas convencionales y empresas cuyos propietarios son sus trabajadores. En el capítulo se documenta que ambos tipos de empresas reaccionan a cambios en las condiciones macroeconómicas ajustando empleo, horas trabajadas, y salarios. Sin embargo, en empresas cuyos propietarios son sus trabajadores el empleo es menos volátil comparado con empresas convencionales. Por su parte, las horas trabajadas y los salarios exhiben un ajuste similar a lo largo del ciclo económico en los dos tipos de organizaciones.

Es cada vez más evidente que el creciente consumo de combustibles fósiles a nivel mundial es actualmente el mayor responsable de la contaminación atmosférica en todo el planeta y, como consecuencia, de la alteración del clima por las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y del aumento de problemas respiratorios en la población. Uno de los sectores en los que ese consumo es importante y, además, tiene mayores tasas de crecimiento en los próximos años es el transporte, y en particular, el uso del vehículo con motor de combustión interna (VCI). Es por dicho motivo que recientemente varios países, entre ellos España, se están planteando prohibir la circulación de VCI en un futuro cercano (año 2040) y sustituirlos paulatinamente por vehículos de emisión cero, especialmente vehículos eléctricos (VE). Para colaborar en reducir las emisiones contaminantes de VCI, algunas empresas están incentivando económicamente la reducción del uso de VCI de los trabajadores para desplazarse hacia/desde sus lugares de trabajo. Estas medidas tienen sin duda un triple impacto a nivel ambiental, socioeconómico, y también en la salud. Este trabajo pretende analizar esas medidas y evaluar su impacto, estudiando los casos de tres tamaños de empresa: pequeña (250 trabajadores).

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to examine the relationship between external job mobility and occupational job mobility on earnings among engineers in Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach: Using curricular vitae data from a job agency, this paper tracks job mobility through job histories and examine how it affects earnings. Findings: Results obtained from regression analysis indicate that higher external job mobility will contribute to higher earnings, but occupational mobility will have adverse effect on earnings. Research limitations/implications: Limitation of the study is that the results are extrapolated from a self-report dataset. Practical implications: Nonetheless, the results give important implications to the Malaysian job market on how firm-specific skills and occupational specific skills are rewarded among engineers who actively seek for alternative employment online, and a guide to job applicants in career planning. Originality/value: The findings has also revealed important variables to be included in explaining high skill labor earnings in the context of Malaysian engineers, it serves as an important reference for future in modeling earnings.

We provide a comprehensive assessment of the effects of new imported inputs on wage dynamics, on the skill-composition of the labor force, on worker mobility, and on the efficiency of matching between firms and workers. We employ matched employer-employee data for Italy, over 1995-2007. We complement these data with information on the arrival of new imported inputs at the industry level. We find new imported inputs to have a positive effect on average wage growth at the firm level. This effect is driven by two factors: (1) an increase in the white-collar/blue-collar ratio; and (2) an increase in the average wage growth of blue-collar workers, while the wage growth of white collars is not significantly affected. The individual-level analysis reveals that the increase in the average wage of blue collars is driven by the displacement of the lowest paid workers, while continuously employed individuals are not affected. We estimate the unobserved skills of workers following Abowd et al. (1999). We find evidence that new imported inputs lead to a positive selection of higher-skilled workers, and to an improvement in positive assortative matching between firms and workers.

[eng] The dissertation deals with the analysis of informality in developing countries considering both the worker’s and the firm’s perspective. Within a context of a strong presence of this phenomenon in the majority of South and Central America countries, the main goal of this research is to explore the factors that may influence the prevalence and the consequences of informality in this region. The analysis focuses in two dimensions of the informal labor market: the firms and the workforce, divided in three main topics. The initial point of analysis intends to provide evidence of the presence of informal firms and its differences between the South and Central America countries. Therefore, we evaluate which are the cross-national factors that account for the prevalence of informality and we try to identify the reason influencing the decision to run a business in the borderlines of the formal or informal sector in this region. It is worth mentioning that with these objectives in mind, this study is the first analysis using firm-level data covering a wide sample of South and Central America countries. In this sense, we found three main results on firms’ informality. Firstly, it sheds light on the association between informality and the characteristics of firms. In this sense, small firms, less productive firms, older firms, one proprietor firms, less technological firms and manufacturing firms are more likely to operate informally. As second result, it reveals that entrepreneurs face obstacles in their operations, such as the presence of informal competitors, financial and tax administration obstacles, which positively influence informality. Thirdly, it analyses the effect of cross-country determinants of the likelihood of being informal firm. These factors are associated with the average GDP growth and the governance performance of the country. While the previous analysis addresses informality as a challenge issue to deal with in developing countries, the next two analyses focus their attention in Ecuador. The next tòpic explains the determinants of the job placement process in the Ecuadorian formal and informal labor market. In this regard, it seeks to answer weather being part of an informal job is a worker’s voluntary decision, or it is because there are restrictions on the number of job placements in the formal sector. In order to consider both workers’ preferences and employers’ hiring decisions, we apply a bivariate binomial probit model with partial observability since we can only observe the joint decision of both actors of the market. The study supports the presence of a restriction in the number of formal jobs in the economy and therefore existence of both, voluntary and involuntary informal employment. Nonetheless, these results lead directly to a next question, explicitly, how are the dynamics of the formal and informal sectors and which paterns affected the transitions within the labor sectors. Therefore, the next topic provides an overview of the dynamics of the formal and informal sectors and some specific patterns of the transitions within the labor sectors. We specify a transition matrix and a multinomial logit model to identify the movements across the sectors and the effect of each worker’s characteristics on the probability of moving to a given a sector. The transition matrix results suggest an important dynamics not only in and out of the labor market but also across the sectors; and as well that individuals are searching for job opportunities in both formal and informal sectors.

Aim To reveal correlates of the decrease of Spanish nurse migration (1999-2007). Background Nursing outmigration is a concern for countries. Nurse migration from Spain began in the 1990s. Introduction From 1999 to 2007, the yearly number of migrations dropped significantly. We ask what social, economic and policy factors could be related to this drop. Methods We used publicly available statistics to confirm hypothesis (1) The drop in nursing migration coincided with a drop in nursing unemployment. Then we hypothesized that this coincided with (1a) a decrease in the number of graduates, (1b) an increase in the number of hospitals and/or beds functioning, and/or (1c) an increase in the ratio of part-time contracts. Results Our analysis confirms hypotheses (1) and (1c) and disconfirms (1a) and (1b). Conclusion The greater availability of part-time contracts seems to have encouraged nurses to remain in Spain. Implications for nursing management The strategy to reduce nursing unemployment with more part-time contracts, while temporarily successful in Spain, brings with it major challenges for patient care and the working life of nurses. We suggest that nurse leaders and health policymakers consider proactive policies to adjust the balance between supply and demand without decreasing the quality of available positions.

This paper analyses the effect of job accessibility on job-education mismatch in the metropolitan area of Barcelona with regard to both public and private transport. Transit accessibility is defined in terms of the spatial distribution of employment relative to travel time by public transport, whereas accessibility by private transport is approximated by car availability. The results obtained from a joint model for car ownership, employment selectivity and mismatch confirm that car availability matters for job-education mismatch. Moreover, public transport connectivity to job locations favours the matching between schooling and occupation in the urban labour market.

Aquest treball ha aprofundit en la recerca sobre l'adaptació cultural i la mobilitat laboral internacional amb l'estudi dels expatriats catalans que treballen per organitzacions a l'estranger. This research has examined the cultural adaptation of the labor mobility at an international level, by studying the Catalan expatriates who work for organizations abroad. Este trabajo ha profundizado en la investigación sobre la adaptación cultural y la movilidad laboral internacional con el estudio de los expatriados catalanes que trabajan por organizaciones al extranjero.

En este artículo, se analizan los factores determinantes de los tipos de movilidad más significativos que afectan a los trabajadores: los desplazamientos cotidianos entre la residencia y el lugar de empleo, y los cambios de domicilio. También se explora la influencia que cada uno de estos fenómenos ejerce en el otro. Para ello, se estiman dos modelos alternativos mediante la técnica del logit multinomial. Los datos individuales utilizados se refieren al caso español y proceden del Censo de Población de 2011, con lo que se actualizan estudios previos realizados antes de la gran recesión. Una aportación significativa del artículo es el uso de los mercados locales de trabajo (MLT) españoles como unidad territorial de referencia. Cada uno de dichos mercados agrupa a municipios estrechamente ligados entre sí en términos de movilidad entre la residencia y el lugar de empleo, y están delimitados por fronteras que son cruzadas con poca frecuencia en el curso de dichos desplazamientos, lo que los convierte en unidades funcionales relevantes frente a la alternativa de utilizar referencias geográficas de naturaleza administrativa. El uso de los MLT permite distinguir, a partir de los microdatos censales recodificados por el INE, entre movimientos migratorios (variaciones de lugar de residencia entre MLT distintos) y simples movimientos residenciales dentro de un mismo MLT (que, por tanto, no hacen imprescindible un cambio de ubicación laboral en términos de accesibilidad). Los resultados corroboran que existe una relación significativa entre los dos tipos de movilidad considerados y que las mudanzas a una nueva vivienda tienden a alejar a los empleados de su lugar de trabajo, en vez de acortar dichos desplazamientos. This article discusses the determinants of two of the most significant types of workers' mobility: travel-to-work commuting and changes in the place of residence. It explores, in particular, the extent to which these phenomena influence each other. Accordingly, two alternative models are estimated using the multinomial logit technique. The individual data used come from the Spanish Population Census of 2011, which allows updating previous works that did not take into account the effects of the Great Recession. A significant contribution of the paper is the use of labour market areas (LMAs) as territorial reference units. Each of these areas brings together closely linked municipalities in terms of commuting flows and are delimited by boundaries that are infrequently crossed in the course of such trips; two features which make them relevant for this analysis in contrast with the alternative of using administrative territorial units as the reference geography. The recodification of the census microdata by the INE according to this territorial reference makes it possible to differentiate between migrations (change of residence involving different LMAs) and simple residential moves within a given LMA (which therefore make a change of workplace unnecessary due to the specific accessibility conditions in the LMA). The results confirm that there is a significant link between both types of mobility (commuting and migration/ residential mobility) and, in particular, that changes of residence seem to move workers away from their places of work rather than shortening their commuting trips. En aquest article s'analitzen els factors determinants dels tipus de mobilitat més significatius que afecten els treballadors: els desplaçaments quotidians entre la residència i el lloc de treball, i els canvis de domicili. També s'explora la influència que cadascun d'aquests fenòmens exerceix en l'altre. Per fer-ho, s'estimen dos models alternatius mitjançant la tècnica del lògit multinomial. Les dades individuals utilitzades es refereixen al cas espanyol i procedeixen del Cens de Població de 2011, amb la qual cosa s'actualitzen estudis previs fets abans de la gran recessió. Una aportació significativa de l'article és l'ús dels mercats locals de treball (MLT) espanyols com a unitat territorial de referència. Cada un d'aquests mercats agrupa municipis estretament lligats entre si en termes de mobilitat entre la residència i el lloc de treball, i estan delimitats per fronteres que són creuades amb poca freqüència en el curs d'aquests desplaçaments, cosa que els converteix en unitats funcionals rellevants davant l'alternativa d'utilitzar referències geogràfiques de naturalesa administrativa. L'ús dels MLT permet distingir, a partir de les microdades censals recodificades per l'INE, entre moviments migratoris (variacions de lloc de residència entre MLT diferents) i simples moviments residencials dins d'un mateix MLT (que, per tant, no fan imprescindible un canvi d'ubicació laboral en termes d'accessibilitat). Els resultats corroboren que existeix una relació significativa entre els dos tipus de mobilitat considerats i que les mudances a un nou habitatge tendeixen a allunyar els empleats del seu lloc de treball, en lloc d'escurçar aquests desplaçaments.

[por] Esta investigação analisa o impacto da formação escolar profissionalizante em música na criação de capital cultural e na mobilidade social ascendente dos seus diplomados. Assume-se como caso de estudo os diplomados e as suas famílias, das quatros escolas profissionais de música no Norte de Portugal. De acordo com as teorias da reprodução e da distinção de Bourdieu, o capital cultural é um importante instrumento na reprodução de desigualdades sociais, pelo que as condições socioculturais familiares de origem são determinantes na diferenciação dos resultados escolares dos descendentes, no desenvolvimento das suas carreiras profissionais, na construção de preferências e nos comportamentos de consumo cultural. As mesmas teorias associam a estratificação social à criação de um gosto popular ou erudito, em função da existência, ou não, de capital cultural, condição necessária à compreensão de códigos e apreciação de bens simbólicos. Por seu lado, a investigação educativa produzida, a partir da década de setenta do século XX, tem vindo a reconhecer à escola e ao efeito-escola um importante papel no sucesso escolar e na definição de trajetórias de vida, invertendo o caráter fatalista da reprodução social familiar de origem. Num paradigma de mobilidade cultural, o atual debate sobre o omnivorismo cultural reconhece, nas sociedades atual, a existência de um novo perfil de participação cultural omnívora, que se traduz num leque alargado de preferências e de consumos, desde a arte erudita a manifestações próprias de subculturas populares. A análise sociológica do consumo acrescenta as trajetórias escolares, ocupações profissionais e estilos de vida como importantes fatores de estruturação do gosto em dialética com os fenómenos do consumo e das hierarquias culturais. Na investigação empírica realizada aplicam-se indicadores que permitem analisar o processo de criação de capital musical, através da socialização escolar, e os comportamentos de consumo cultural, desde a infância à idade adulta. Utilizam-se o questionário aplicado aos diplomados das EPM, complementado com entrevistas aos diretores e quadros pedagógicos intermédios das escolas como instrumentos. Constata-se que a ocupação profissional dos diplomados, o nível máximo de escolaridade atingido e os consumos musicais eruditos estão associados à trajetória escolar na EPM e são independentes das condições sociais familiares de origem, num modelo de mobilidade social ascendente intergeracional. Concluiu-se que a ampliação de capital musical construído na socialização escolar aumentou o processo de mobilidade social dos alunos, viabilizando o posterior acesso a ocupações profissionais de maior prestígio. Simultaneamente, assistiu-se a uma mudança dos padrões de consumo musical popular, através da incorporação de preferências pelo reportório musical de tradição europeia ocidental, num modelo de translação cultural independente da estratificação social de classe de origem familiar. No entanto, concluiu-se que o capital musical construído e refletido no gosto e nos comportamentos de consumo em adulto não conduziu os diplomados a um padrão de participação cultural omnívoro, comportamento que atualmente a sociologia de consumo reconhece como atributo das sociedades contemporâneas desenvolvidas., [eng] This dissertation presents an analysis of the impact of musical education in a professional context on the creation of cultural capital and the upward social mobility of its graduates. The case studies here presented include the graduates and their families from four “Professional Schools” located in the North of Portugal. According to Bourdieu’s theories of “reproduction” and “distinction”, cultural capital is an important instrument in the reproduction of social inequality, and the specificities of family sociocultural origins are considered essential to the differentiation of the children school results, their access to professional careers, the construction of their cultural “choices” and their behavior as cultural consumers. The same theories associate social stratification with the creation of “popular” versus high culture taste, as a result of the existence or absence of cultural capital, and as a condition for the understanding and fruition of symbolic codes and goods. Moreover, the educational research produced after the 70s in the XX century, has been recognizing an important role to schooling and to the “schooling-effect” in the success of education and the positive definition of individual life trajectories, as well as it inverts the fatalist character of the reproduction of family sociocultural conditions. Within a paradigm of cultural mobility, the contemporary debate on cultural omnivorism recognizes in today’s society the existence of a new profile of omnivorous cultural participation, which is translated in a wide range of consume preferences, from high art to specific demonstrations of popular subcultures. The sociological analysis of consumption reinforces schooling trajectories, professional occupations and life styles as fundamental factors in the structuring of “taste” within a dialectic process with consumption issues and cultural hierarchies. In the empirical research carried out throughout this work were used indicators which allowed us to analyze the process of the creation of musical capital through the process of schooling socialization and the behaviors of cultural consumption, from childhood to adult age. The graduates from EPM were asked to answer questionnaires, which were complemented with interviews to the directors and intermediate pedagogic management of the schools, as empirical instruments. One realizes that the professional occupation of graduates, the maximum level of schooling reached and their high art musical choices are distinctively associated with the individual schooling trajectory in EPM and, independently of the family social origins, they are inscribed within a model of intergenerational upward social mobility. The conclusion of our analysis is that the widening of the musical capital built within the schooling socializing has increased the process of the students social mobility, enabling the ulterior access to a more prestigious professional occupation. In tandem with this, one recognizes the change and transformation of the patterns of popular musical consumption, via the incorporation of a “preference” for a musical repertoire within the Western European tradition, as a model of cultural translation which is independent from the social stratification of family origin. Notwithstanding, our conclusion is that the acquired musical capital reflected in the “taste” and the consume behavior of the adult individual has not led the graduates to a pattern of cultural omnivorous consumption, which today’s sociology of culture recognizes as an attribute of contemporary developed societies.

This work studies the impact that the Great Recession has had on the migration of graduates in Spain, a country with low international mobility for graduates but where push factors associated to the crisis have probably changed their mobility patterns. Our empirical analysis first adopts a macro approach by estimating a gravity model taking advantage of the recent publication of the IAB brain-drain data. This dataset covers information for 20 OECD destination countries by gender, country of origin and educational level, for the period 1980-2010. Next, we use individual data from different surveys addressed to Catalan graduates and recent Ph.D. holders carried out by AQU in order to provide new evidence on the drivers and impacts of changing trends in their migration behaviour. Our hypothesis is that internal mobility has been replaced by international migration for recent graduates for two reasons: first, due to the generalized increased in unemployment across the whole country (push factor), and second, due to the better skill and educational matches in other European labour markets (pull factor) than in the Spanish one, where the incidence of overeducation is among the highest of OECD countries.

In the last decades, the Spanish legislature has expressed its concern regarding the negative impact of the existing duality in its national labour market. Many of the employment Acts adopted in the last few years specifically mention this problem in their preambles. In order to analyse the effectiveness of the measures adopted about this question it is necessary to highlight the two different ways to approach the problem of duality. On the one hand, the existing dual- ity could be reduced by making the access to temporary contacts of employment harder (reducing the number and the possibilities of temporary contracts and increasing the labour cost of these contracts) On the other hand, protection to open-ended contracts could be loosened so that differences of protection in both kind of contracts would be shortened. For some years the focus was on reducing hiring flexibility. Since the economic crisis of 2008, and in accordance with the recommendations of the European Coun- cil, initiatives to combat the duality of the Spanish labour market have affected firing flexibility. This paper studies the effectiveness and consequences of those policies. Keywords: duality and segmentation, hiring flexibility, firing flexibility, labour law reforms.

There is evidence that experience premium differs across industries. We propose a theoretical model for explaining these differences. We assume that labor mobility brings external knowledge to the firm, which increases its productivity. We find that industry experience premium is decreasing in inter-firm mobility costs, while increasing in the learning-by-doing and the technological level of the industry. Moreover, it has a U-shape relationship with the level of learning-by-hiring, the substitutability between different types of experienced workers and the variety of knowledge in the industry. Results are consistent with the empirical findings that R&D-intensive industries have steeper wage profiles.

Aquest article estudia la mobilitat laboral de les dones immigrants a través de l'anàlisi de les seves estratègies de conciliació de la vida laboral i familiar. Els resultats obtinguts assenyalen que el grau de suport més baix a la conciliació que tenen aquestes dones representa un fre a la seva mobilitat. Tanmateix, cal tenir molt present l'estructura segmentada del mercat de treball., This paper studies the occupational mobility of immigrant women through the analysis of their reconciliation strategies. Results point out that a lower level of support to balance work and family life is an obstacle to the upward mobility of these women. However, the labourmarket structure must be considered in the analysis.

Màster Oficial d'Internacionalització, Facultat d'Economia i Empresa, Universitat de Barcelona, Curs: 2014-2015, Tutora: Montserrat Millet, Los mercados de trabajo europeos presentan grandes desequilibrios y deficiencias estructurales que, en los últimos años, se han hecho visibles en las tasas de desempleo. En algunos países europeos, especialmente en Europa del Sur y del Este, las tasas de desempleo son muy altas, incluso por encima del 20 % en el caso de España y Grecia. Al mismo tiempo, recientemente ha surgido una escasez de mano de obra cualificada en algunos países de Europa Central, que tienen tasas de desempleo históricamente bajas. Todo ello apunta a unos importantes desequilibrios entre la oferta y la demanda de mano de obra dentro de la Unión Europea. La movilidad de los trabajadores podría ser un buen mecanismo de ajuste. Sin embargo, a pesar de la instauración del mercado único y el derecho a la libre circulación de trabajadores, la movilidad entre los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea permanece baja. Es por ello por lo que me planteé la siguiente pregunta: ¿Se dan todas las condiciones para que haya movilidad laboral en la Unión Europea? En segundo lugar, a raíz de la crisis económica en la actualidad se debate mucho sobre la inmigración y sus consecuencias para los países emisores y receptores de mano de obra. En el contexto de las Elecciones al Parlamento Europeo de 2014 se debatió sobre el ‘turismo social’ y la ‘inmigración de la pobreza’, que aparentemente han surgido tras el levantamiento de las restricciones transitorias a la movilidad de los trabajadores de los países de Europa del Este. Por ello, el presente trabajo intenta dar una respuesta a una segunda pregunta: ¿En qué medida la crisis económica y/o las ampliaciones de la Unión Europea de 2004 y 2007 han afectado la movilidad laboral?

This paper develops a two-sector growth model in which the process of structural change in the sectoral composition of employment and GDP is jointly determined by non-homothetic preferences and labor mobility cost. This cost, paid by workers moving to another sector, limits structural change. Our model can explain the following patterns of development of the US economy throughout the period 1880-2000: (i) balanced growth of the aggregate variables in the second half of the last century; (ii) structural change in the sectoral composition of employment between agriculture and non-agriculture sectors; (iii) structural change process in the sectoral composition of GDP between these sectors; and (iv) wage convergence between the two sectors. We outline that the last two patterns can only be explained if labor mobility cost is introduced. Results reveal that mobility cost generates a misallocation of production factors. This implies a loss of GDP which amounts to over 30% of the GDP throughout initial periods according to the calibrated model. During the transition, the loss of GDP decreases and eventually vanishes. Thus, the elimination of the misallocation explains part of the increase in the GDP. Additionally, this study points out that misallocation introduces a mechanism through which cross-country differences in sectoral composition may account for cross-country income differences.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo la realización de un análisis de las transiciones laborales de la población extranjera que ha accedido a un contrato indefinido. El estudio se centrará en el periodo 2006-2010, tomando en consideración los últimos años del ciclo de bonanza económica más reciente en España y los primeros de la crisis. Se emplearán las versiones transversal y longitudinal de la Encuesta de Población Activa, facilitada por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística.Los resultados dan cuenta de las dificultades de acceso a los empleos estables que las personas extranjeras experimentan en el mercado de trabajo. Asimismo, muestran una mayor propensión que la población española a realizar trayectorias descendentes. Ser mujer, joven, emplearse en la construcción, tener un empleo no cualificado y un contrato de poca duración son factores de riesgo a la hora de entender el paso de personas no nacionales hacia la temporalidad o el desempleo desde un contrato indefinido. Sin embargo, encontramos también resistencias en el empleo estable entre la población extranjera, así como pautas de convergencia con la población española en indicadores positivos. En un momento de conmoción en el mercado de trabajo, aumenta el número de personas extranjeras que continúan empleadas con un contrato indefinido., This paper analyzes labor market transitions among foreigners with permanent contracts over the period 2006-2010, taking into account the last years of the economic boom in Spain and the initial years of the crisis. The study uses data from the cross-sectional and longitudinal versions of the Labor Force Survey conducted by the National Statistics Institute of Spain. The results show that foreigners face challenges in finding stable jobs in the labor market and have a greater propensity for downward trajectories than the Spanish. Being female, young, employed in the construction sector, having an unskilled job and a short-term contract are risk factors that explain the passage of non-nationals from permanent to temporary employment or unemployment. However, we find that foreigners remain in stable employment as well as patterns that converge with the Spanish population in positive indicators. In the midst of a labor market crisis, there is an increasing number of foreigners who remain in permanent employment., Aquest article té com a objectiu l’elaboració d’una anàlisi de les transicions laborals de la població estrangera que ha accedit a un contracte indefinit. L’estudi se centrarà en el període 2006–2010, prenent en consideració els darrers anys del cicle de bonança econòmica més recent a Espanya i els primers de la crisi. Es faran servir les versions transversal i longitudinal de l’Enquesta de Població Activa, facilitada per l’Institut Nacional d’Estadística. Els resultats expliquen les dificultats d’accés a les feines estables que les persones estrangeres experimenten en el mercat de treball. Així mateix, aquestes mostren una propensió més gran que la població espanyola a realitzar trajectòries descendents. Ser dona, ser jove, col·locar-se a la construcció, tenir una feina no qualificada i un contracte de poca durada són factors de risc a l’hora d’entendre el pas de persones no nacionals cap a la temporalitat o la desocupació des d’un contracte indefinit. No obstant això, també trobem resistències en l’ocupació estable entre la població estrangera, així com pautes de convergència amb la població espanyola en indicadors positius. En un moment de commoció al mercat de treball, augmenta el nombre de persones estrangeres que continuen treballant amb un contracte indefinit.

Aquest treball analitza l’experiència migratòria de persones directives i empresàries en sectors innovadors. L’objectiu consisteix, en primer lloc, a identificar els factors explicatius de la mobilitat internacional del personal altament qualificat. En segon lloc, s’analitza la influència que té la mobilitat internacional en les carreres professionals del personal altament qualificat. Aquesta anàlisi s’abordarà des d’una perspectiva de gènere, és a dir, comparant les diferències existents entre homes i dones en les seves estratègies de mobilitat i de desenvolupament professional. La metodologia està basada en entrevistes fetes a directives i directius i empresàries i empresaris nacionals i estrangers amb una experiència internacional significativa quant a la durada i les funcions acomplertes. Els resultats demostren que les raons de l’anada estan relacionades amb motivacions de millora formativa, tot i que amb un propòsit molt determinat cap a la internacionalització del seu perfil professional. Un cop completat aquest cicle, la majoria decideix tornar per raons personals i/o professionals. L’anàlisi de gènere reflecteix l’agència de les dones en les estratègies de mobilitat, però també que els factors familiars tenen un pes més gran que entre els homes., This work analyses the migration experience of managers and entrepreneurs involved in innovation sectors. The first objective focuses the identification of explanatory factors of the international mobility of highly skilled personnel. Secondly, it analyses the influence of international mobility in the professional careers of highly skilled personnel. This analysis will address from a gender perspective, it means, comparing men and women differences in their mobility strategies and professional development. The methodology is based on interviews carried out to national and international managers and entrepreneurs who had a significant international experience in terms of length and functions. The results show that reasons of migration are related with training purposes although displaying a clear orientation towards their international’s profiles. Once completed the cycle, most of them decide return for personal reasons. The gender analysis reflects agency of women in mobility strategy, but women are more influenced than men for family issues., El presente trabajo analiza la experiencia migratoria de personas directivas y empresarias en sectores innovadores. El objetivo consiste, en primer lugar, en identificar los factores explicativos de la movilidad internacional del personal altamente cualificado. En segundo lugar, se analiza la influencia que tiene la movilidad internacional en las carreras profesionales del personal altamente cualificado. Este análisis será abordado desde una perspectiva de género, es decir, comparando las diferencias existentes entre hombres y mujeres en sus estrategias de movilidad y de desarrollo profesional. La metodología está basada en entrevistas realizadas a directivas y directivos y empresarias y empresarios nacionales y extranjeros con una experiencia internacional significativa en cuanto a su duración y a las funciones cumplidas. Los resultados demuestran que las razones de ida están relacionadas con motivaciones de mejora formativa, aunque con un propósito muy determinado hacia la internacionalización de su perfil profesional. Una vez completado este ciclo, la mayoría decide volver por razones personales y/o profesionales. El análisis de género refleja la agencia de las mujeres en las estrategias de movilidad, pero también que los factores familiares tienen mayor peso que entre los hombres.

This article examines the occupational mobility of immigrants between their countries of origin and Spain on the basis of one of the few surveys available internationally with longitudinal information on immigrant employment in home and host countries. The evidence shows that the occupational status of immigrants in the Spanish labour market is, in general, substantially worse than in their countries of origin. The severe loss of occupational status experienced by immigrants is explained by the combined effect of the intense initial downgrading they experience when entering the Spanish labour market and their very slow occupational progress during their stay in Spain. These findings are more in line with the segmented assimilation theory, which suggests a limited or blocked immigrant occupational mobility, than with the assimilation theory, which predicts a U shaped evolution in the occupational status of immigrants between their home and host countries. As a result, the Spanish case contrasts sharply with previous evidence for other advanced countries, which tends to support the assimilation perspective. Finally, the empirical evidence suggests that one of the elements impeding the occupational mobility of immigrants in Spain is the significant size of the secondary segment of the labour market, which restricts immigrants’ opportunities mainly to low-status occupations. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support received from the Spanish Ministries of Science and of Economy and Competitiveness through the projects ECO2010-16006, ECO2010-16934 and CSO2011-29943-C03-02 and from the Catalan Government through the project 2010 ARF1 00044.

This paper is aimed at presenting a new intergenerational mobility index that (a) combines the intergenerational elasticity and the R-squared of the intergenerational regression and (b) enables the expression of the total degree of mobility as the weighted sum of mobility with respect to both parents. As a case study, we apply our proposal to investigate the intergenerational mobility of education in several European countries and its changes across birth cohorts. The results derived from the proposed index indicate that Nordic countries display higher levels of educational mobility than Southern countries, whereas continental countries are in an intermediate position. Moreover, it appears that the degree of mobility increases over time only in those countries with low initial levels and remains stable for the most mobile countries. Finally, for most of the countries the proposed methodology can prove that the degree of educational mobility with respect to each parent tends to converge to the same level over the course of time.

Due to ageing population and low birth rates, the European Union (EU) will need to import foreign labour in the next decades. In this context, the EU neighbouring countries (ENC) are the main countries of origin and transit of legal and illegal migration towards Europe. Their economic, cultural and historical links also make them an important potential source of labour force. The objective of this paper is to analyse past and future trends in ENC-EU bilateral migration relationships. With this aim, two different empirical analyses are carried out. First, we specify and estimate a gravity model for nearly 200 countries between 1960 and 2010; and, second, we focus on within EU-27 migration flows before and after the enlargement of the EU. Our results show a clear increase in migratory pressures from ENC to the EU in the near future, but South-South migration will also become more relevant.

International mobility of the highly skilled has become one of the cornerstones of development in the current knowledge society. Correspondingly, highly skilled personnel are impelled to move abroad in order to improve their competences and build influential professional networks. Mobility implies some advantages involving personal, social and family opportunities when movers experience handicaps in their country of origin. For movers, mobility becomes a new challenge beyond the work-family balance, particularly for women who usually take on the lion's share of childcare and domestic tasks within the family. The literature exploring the gender dimension in relation to international mobility points to complex outcomes. Firstly, women are taking on a more active role in international mobility processes, even when they have family. Secondly, family and international mobility are interrelated both for men and for women, although family could become a hindrance, particularly for women. Thirdly, international mobility and women's career development may interfere with family formation or modify traditional family values. Finally, families moving abroad constitute a challenge for public policy, since they present a new area of problems. We aim to analyse the relationship between international mobility and family based on in-depth interviews from a purposive sample of highly skilled personnel in science and technology. The results of our research suggest that international mobility of the highly skilled has effects on the family and vice versa; however, while international mobility and family are compatible, measures and policies to reconcile them are still insufficient.

We investigate the role of complementarities in production and skill mobility across cities. We propose a general equilibrium model of location choice by heterogeneously skilled workers, and consider different degrees of complementarities between the skills of workers. The nature of the complementarities determines the equilibrium skill distribution across cities. We prove that with extreme-skill complementarity, the skill distribution has fatter tails in large cities; with top-skill complementarity, there is first-order stochastic dominance. Using the model to back out skills from wage and housing price data, we find robust evidence of fat tails in large cities. Big cities have big inequality. This pattern of spatial sorting is consistent with extreme-skill complementarity: the productivity of high skilled workers and of the providers of low skilled services is mutually enhanced.

In this paper we analyze the unintended effects on mobility of a national place-based policy (SIPTEA) that provides greater unemployment protection in two lagging regions of southern Spain (namely, Extremadura and Andalucía). Using a border identification strategy and (1981 and 1991) census data at the municipal level, we estimate the effects of SIPTEA on population growth, the probability of staying and in-migration in rural areas that are experiencing high unemployment and significant out-migration flows. The results indicate that the policy mitigated population losses by increasing both the probability of staying and in-migration, although the locational inefficiencies implied are not particularly large. We also explore the effects of greater unemployment protection on labor market outcomes. Here, the results indicate that the policy led to a 10- to 13- percentage point increase in unemployment.

The scholarship on migration in Europe heavily focuses on the integration of economically vulnerable migrants. In the age of commercialization of education, however, the European Union attracts a rising number of highly skilled non-EU migrants that take up studies across the continent. Despite economic downturn, the EU universities experience a rapid growth in the number of Chinese students, many of whom settle in Europe upon graduation. Surprisingly, although the number of Chinese students in the EU increases, scholars largely ignore the labor paths that these highly skilled migrants take upon graduating from European universities. This study aims to fill this gap by exploring the variation in the Chinese graduates’ labor incorporation patterns and in their spatial mobility. In this project, I also examine macro-level hypotheses predicting that the EU and host states’ labor market institutions, changes in the EU policies on the highly skilled and the outburst of economic crisis matter for the Chinese highly skilled social and spatial mobility. Seizing on surveys, interviews and on the bodies of literature on stratification and social mobility, economic incorporation, social capital and human capital, I look at the Chinese students that graduated from universities in Great Britain and Spain. These states differ in the university tuition fees, migration policies towards the highly skilled workers and in the period of the Chinese students’ influx, thus providing an economically and socially diverse sample. My research will contribute to the literature on the relations between migrants’ social mobility, class and status background and spatial mobility, at the same time adding a transnational level perspective to the study of highly skilled Asian migration.

[cat] Hi ha evidència que l'experiència es remunera diferentment segons la indústria. Proposem un model teòric que explica aquestes diferències. Suposem que la mobilitat de treballadors aporta coneixement extern a l'empresa i això augmenta la seva productivitat. Els resultats mostren que l'experiència és millor remunerada en les indústries amb costos de mobilitat baixos, amb molt aprenentatge (learning-by-doing) i alt nivell tecnològic. A més, trobem una relació en forma de U entre la remuneració de l'experiència i el nivell d'absorció de coneixement extern, la substitutibilitat entre diferents tipus de treballadors i la varietat de coneixement dins la indústria. Els resultats són consistents amb l'evidència que les indústries intensives en I and D remuneren millor l'experiència. [eng] There is evidence that experience premium differs across industries. We propose a theoretical model for explaining these differences. We assume that labor mobility brings external knowledge to the firm, which increases its productivity. We find that industry experience premium is decreasing in the inter-firm mobility costs, while increasing in the learning-by-doing and the technological level of the industry. Moreover, it has a U-shape relationship with the level of learning-by-hiring, the substitutability between different types of experienced workers and the variety of knowledge in the industry. Results are consistent with the empirical findings that R and D-intensive industries have steeper wage profiles.

Due to ageing population and low birth rates, the European Union (EU) will need to import foreign labour in the next decades. In this context, the EU neighbouring countries (ENC) are the main countries of origin and transit of legal and illegal migration towards Europe. Their economic, cultural and historical links also make them an important potential source of labour force. The objective of this paper is to analyse past and future trends in ENC-EU bilateral migration relationships. With this aim, two different empirical analyses are carried out. First, we specify and estimate a gravity model for nearly 200 countries between 1960 and 2010; and, second, we focus on within EU-27 migration flows before and after the enlargement of the EU. Our results show a clear increase in migratory pressures from ENC to the EU in the near future, but South-South migration will also become more relevant.

Using survey information about characteristics of personal contacts linked withadministrative register information on employment status one year later, I show that unemployed survey respondents with many employed acquaintances have a higher job finding rate. Settlement in a socially deprived neighborhood may, therefore, hamper individual labor market outcomes because of lack of employed contacts. I investigate this hypothesis by exploiting a unique natural experiment that occurred between 1986 and 1998 when refugee immigrants to Denmark were assigned to municipalities quasirandomly, which successfully addresses the methodological problem of endogenous neighborhood selection. Taking account of location sorting, living in a socially deprived neighborhood does not affect labor market outcomes of refugee men. Furthermore, theirlabor market outcomes are not affected by the overall employment rate of men living in the neighborhood, but positively affected by the employment rate of non-Western immigrant men and co-national men living in the neighborhood. This is strong evidence that immigrants find jobs in part through their employed immigrant and co-ethnic contacts in the neighborhood of residence and that a high quality of contacts increases the individual’s employment chances and annual earnings.

The goal of this paper is twofold: first, we aim to assess the role played by inventors' cross-regional mobility and networks of collaboration in fostering knowledge diffusion across regions and subsequent innovation. Second, we intend to evaluate the feasibility of using mobility and networks information to build cross-regional interaction matrices to be used within the spatial econometrics toolbox. To do so, we depart from a knowledge production function where regional innovation intensity is a function not only of the own regional innovation inputs but also external accessible R&D gained through interregional interactions. Differently from much of the previous literature, cross-section gravity models of mobility and networks are estimated to use the fitted values to build our 'spatial' weights matrices, which characterize the intensity of knowledge interactions across a panel of 269 regions covering most European countries over 6 years.

Background of INCASI Project H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015 GA 691004. WP1: Compilation Este trabajo es un análisis de las trayectorias laborales de trabajadores autóctonos y de origen extranjero a partir de la muestra continua de vidas laborales de la seguridad social (en adelante MCVL). Se exploraron dos hipótesis. Por un lado, la antigüedad en el mercado de trabajo y la cualificación producen con el tiempo una "asimilación ocupacional de la inmigración" con los trabajadores autóctonos; por otro, la inserción de la inmigración en determinados nichos del mercado laboral limita la convergencia con los trabajadores autóctonos. Los resultados señalan que la asimilación se produce de forma estratificada en algunas pocas categorías profesionales, mientras persiste la brecha de acuerdo al país de origen del trabajador. Ninguna variable por sí misma tiene suficiente poder explicativo sobre las trayectorias laborales, aunque la antigüedad en el mercado de trabajo aparece como la variable más significativa.

This research examines the occupational mobility of immigrants between their countries of origin and Spain, and its main determinants. It is based on microdata from the Encuesta Nacional de Inmigrantes and the use of an international index of occupational status, the International Socio-Economic Index. The empirical evidence shows that immigrants experience, in general, an intense occupational downgrading in Spain with regard to their countries of origin. This is explained largely by the intense degradation that they often experience when they arrive, since the subsequent occupational recovery during the stay in Spain is limited. Occupational downgrading associated to the entry in the Spanish labour market is usually more severe for women, for better-educated immigrants and those from developing countries. The subsequent recovery confirms the hypothesis of a deep U-shaped occupational mobility for the last two groups, while women have greater difficulties to advance occupationally. Reside in Spain, validating foreign studies, learn Castilian and regularize the documental situation improve occupational status, but, except in the latter case, slowly. Get the first job in Spain through informal networks has a negative effect on occupational attainment. Finally, the more time looking for employment and job search including geographic mobility translates into a better occupational improvement, while unemployment has a negative effect. Support received from the Spanish Ministry of Science through the projects SEJ2007-67767-C04-02, ECO2010-16006, SEJ2007-65086/ECON and from the Catalan Government through the project 2010 ARF1 00044.