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Four experiments were designed to investigate the possible effect of orthographic neighborhood frequency (NF) on Chinese character recognition. Orthographic neighbors were operated under two conditions: stroke based and radical based. With the lexical decision and repeated-matching tasks adopted, the results showed an inhibitory NF effect on character recognition with priming by both stroke-based and radical-based neighbors. Targets with higher-frequency neighbors had longer response latencies (and lower accuracies). This study confirmed that the orthographic NF effect exists in Chinese compound characters. Additionally, different definitions of neighbors cause varied patterns of the NF effect in the condition of high-frequency targets. The findings were explained in terms of activation and inhibition processes in the interactive activation framework.

As one of the most effective privacy protection mechanisms,differential privacy has been widely used in many fields.The existing histogram publishing methods for either static data set or dynamic data set mainly protect the privacy of sliding windows in data streams by adding unified noise.This leads to low data availability,high time complexity and weak privacy protection in their practical applications.In this paper,we tackle this problem by integrating the approximate counting techniques into the differential privacy and proposing an adaptive histogram publishing method for sliding window(APS).Firstly,the proposed APS predicates the distributional information of the sliding windows in the data stream by using an approximate counting method.Secondly,it computes an appropriate value suitable for publishing by checking the difference between estimated values and actual values.Finally,it reduces statistical errors within each interval by clustering.Theoretical analysis shows that the APS algorithm can effectively improve data availability and reduce running time while reducing the privacy budget.Experimental results on two different real data sets also verify the superiority of APS algorithm over existing grouping-based histogram publishing algorithms in terms of data availability and running time.

The visual perception system of humans is susceptible to cognitive influence, which implies the existence of cognitive perception. However, the specifical trigger for cognitive penetration is still a matter of controversy. The current study proposed that the cognitive processing priority over perceptual processing might be critical for inducing cognitive penetration. We tested this hypothesis by manipulating the processing priority between cognition and perception across three experiments where participants were asked to complete a size-judging task under different competing conditions between cognition and perception. To sum up, we proved that the cognitive processing priority over perceptual processing is critical for cognitive penetration. This study provided empirical evidence for the critical trigger for cognitive penetration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) could induce apoptosis and dysfunction of endothelial cells. We aimed to reveal the effects of macrophages on cell proliferation and apoptosis in LPS induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). THP-1 derived macrophages and HUVECs were co-cultured in the presence of LPS. Cell viability was measured by Cell Counting Kit-8 and apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. Expression of Ang1, the NF-κB component p65 was evaluated by western blot and quantitative PCR. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were used to knockdown the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and p65 in HUVECs. Plasmid transfection-mediated overexpression of Ang1 was employed to see its effects on cell proliferation and apoptosis in HUVECs. Macrophages enhanced LPS-induced proliferation impairments and apoptosis in HUVECs, which could be attenuated by siRNA-mediated knockdown of cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-12p70 in macrophages. The dysfunction of HUVECs was tightly associated with reduced Ang1 expression and increased phosphorylated p65 (p-65). Overexpression of Ang1 in HUVECs significantly decreased p-p65, suggesting negatively regulation of p-p65 by Ang1. Overexpression of Ang1, adding recombinant Ang1 or silencing of p65 substantially attenuated the dysfunction of HUVECs in terms of cell proliferation and apoptosis. In conclusions, THP-1-derived macrophages enhance LPS induced dysfunction of HUVECs via Ang1 and NF-κB pathways, suggesting new therapeutic targets for sepsis.

Assertion is the use of declarative sentences to convey information, which necessitates meeting the "justified-belief norm" as a prerequisite. However, a significant amount of misinformation that did not meet these conditions was spread during COVID-19, leading to a reintroduction of the assertion norm. One possible hypothesis is that the threatening content of the misinformation influenced the perception of the norm. However, this remains unclear to researchers. Therefore, we conducted two experiments to investigate the effect of threatening content in information on individuals' perceptions of norms. In all the experiments, participants read backstories with and without threatening content, followed by answering assertion questions. It was observed that people do follow a looser assertion norm for information that contains threatening content. Additionally, further exploration revealed that threatening factors also lead individuals to more easily perceive the related content as truth and reduce the probability of being blamed. These two outcomes provide some explanation for the underlying mechanism of threatening factors' influence. The research results further refined the theory of assertion norms, offering a certain basis for information management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When simultaneously confronted with multiple attentional targets, visual system employs a time‐multiplexing approach in which each target alternates for prioritized access, a mechanism broadly known as rhythmic attentional sampling. For the past decade, rhythmic attentional sampling has received mounting support from converging behavioral and neural findings. However, so compelling are these findings that a critical test ground has been long overshadowed, namely the 3‐D visual space where attention is complicated by extraction of the spatial layout of surfaces extending beyond 2‐D planes. It remains unknown how attentional deployment to multiple targets is accomplished in the 3‐D space. Here, we provided a time‐resolved portrait of the behavioral and neural dynamics when participants concurrently attended to two surfaces defined by motion–depth conjunctions. To characterize the moment‐to‐moment attentional modulation effects, we measured perceptual sensitivity to the hetero‐depth surface motions on a fine temporal scale and reconstructed their neural representations using a time‐resolved multivariate inverted encoding model. We found that the perceptual sensitivity to the two surface motions rhythmically fluctuated over time at ~4 Hz, with one's enhancement closely tracked by the other's diminishment. Moreover, the behavioral pattern was coupled with an ongoing periodic alternation in strength between the two surface motion representations in the same frequency. Together, our findings provide the first converging evidence of an attentional "pendulum" that rhythmically traverses different stereoscopic depth planes and are indicative of a ubiquitous attentional time multiplexor based on theta rhythm in the 3‐D visual space. The rhythmic theory of attention posits a time‐multiplexing machinery that samples each attentional target in alternation. Here, we show that attention traverses hetero‐depth surfaces in the same manner as for coplanar targets. These findings demonstrate, for the first time, the ubiquity of rhythmic attentional sampling beyond 2‐D visual scenes and extend the elegant concept of 'attentional spotlight' in a broader context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Storybook reading is the major source of literacy exposure for beginning readers. The present study tracked 4-year-old Chinese children's eye movements while they were reading simulated storybook pages. Their eye-movement patterns were examined in relation to their word learning gains. The same reading list, consisting of 20 two-character Chinese words, was used in the pretest, 5-min eye-tracking learning session, and posttest. Additionally, visual spatial skill and phonological awareness were assessed in the pretest as cognitive controls. The results showed that the children's attention was attracted quickly by pictures, on which their attention was focused most, with only 13% of the time looking at words. Moreover, significant learning gains in word reading were observed, from the pretest to posttest, from 5-min exposure to simulated storybook pages with words, picture and pronunciation of two-character words present. Furthermore, the children's attention to words significantly predicted posttest reading beyond socioeconomic status, age, visual spatial skill, phonological awareness and pretest reading performance. This eye-movement evidence of storybook reading by children as young as four years, reading a non-alphabetic script (i.e., Chinese), has demonstrated exciting findings that children can learn words effectively with minimal exposure and little instruction; these findings suggest that learning to read requires attention to the basic words itself. The study contributes to our understanding of early reading acquisition with eye-movement evidence from beginning readers.

Stanley et al. (2018) found that the consideration of reasons rarely induced people to change their moral decisions. We challenged this article by assuming what caused such a null or weak effect was that the persuasiveness of reasons provided to oppose the initial decisions was not strong enough. To verify our assumption, this study used Stanley et al.'s (2018) experimental paradigm and manipulated the levels of persuasiveness of reasons. The results revealed (1) that not only strong opposing reasons but also weak affirming reasons could induce changes in moral decision‐making and increase decision confidence after altering the decisions; (2) that people with a weak decision confidence tended to change their initial decisions after evaluation of reasons; and (3) that people who maintained their decisions after considering weak opposing reasons enhanced rather than reduced their decision confidence. Overall, these findings demonstrated that moral decision change was a composite outcome of the interaction among reason type, reason persuasiveness and initial decision confidence and that low‐quality argumentation had a boomerang effect on moral persuasion. This study re‐lifted the role of rational reasoning in moral decision‐making and revising, thus posing important amendments to Stanley et al.'s (2018) findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time perception has been known to depend on the temporal frequency of the stimulus. Previously, the effect of temporal frequency modulation was assumed to be monotonically lengthening or shortening. However, this study shows that temporal frequency affects time perception in a non-monotonic and modality-dependent manner. Four experiments investigated the time distortion effects induced by modulation of temporal frequency across auditory and visual modalities. Critically, the temporal frequency was parametrically manipulated across four levels (steady stimulus, 10-, 20-, and 30/40-Hz intermittent auditory/visual stimulus). Experiment 1, 2, and 3 consistently showed that a 10-Hz auditory stimulus was perceived as shorter than a steady auditory stimulus. Meanwhile, as the temporal frequency increased, the perceived duration of the intermittent auditory stimulus was lengthened. A 40-Hz auditory stimulus was perceived as longer than a 10- Hz auditory stimulus, but did not differ significantly from a steady one. Experiment 4 showed that, for the visual modality, a 10-Hz visual stimulus was perceived as longer than a steady stimulus, and the perceived duration was lengthened as temporal frequency increased. This study demonstrated that within the scope of the temporal frequencies examined in this study, there were differential distortion effects observed across sensory modalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Although sodium bicarbonate (SB) solution has been widely used in clinical practice, its effect on mortality when administered to a large population of patients with acidosis is not known. The study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of SB infusion in septic patients with metabolic acidosis. Methods Septic patients with metabolic acidosis were identified from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC)-III database. Propensity score (PS) was used to account for the baseline differences in the probability to receive SB or not. The marginal structural Cox model (MSCM) was employed to adjust for both baseline and time-varying confounding factors. Main results A total of 1718 septic patients with metabolic acidosis were enrolled in the study, including 500 in the SB group and 1218 in the non-SB group. Both pH [7.16 (standard deviation (SD): 0.10) vs. 7.22 (SD: 0.07); p < 0.001] and bicarbonate concentration (BC) [11.84 (SD: 3.63) vs. 14.88 (SD: 3.36) mmol/l; p < 0.001] were significantly lower in the SB than that in the non-SB group. While there was no significant mortality effect in the overall population [hazard ratio (HR): 1.04; 95% CI 0.86-1.26; p = 0.67], SB was observed to be beneficial in patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) stage 2 or 3 and pH < 7.2 (HR 0.74; 95% CI 0.51-0.86; p = 0.021). Similar results were replicated with the MSCM. Conclusion Our study observed that SB infusion was not associated with improved outcome in septic patients with metabolic acidosis, but it was associated with improved survival in septic patients with AKI stage 2 or 3 and severe acidosis. The results need to be verified in randomized controlled trials., Author(s): Zhongheng Zhang [sup.1], Carlie Zhu [sup.2], Lei Mo [sup.3], Yucai Hong [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) 0000 0004 1759 700X, grid.13402.34, Department of Emergency Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, [...]