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The subareolar Sappey's plexus was studied using color lymphography and immunohistochemical methods with a panel of antibodies to podoplanin, smooth muscle actin, low molecular weight cytokeratin AE1/AE3, and GATA3 on archival material obtained during radical mastectomies and sectoral resections with lymph node dissection from 86 patients diagnosed with non-special type breast cancer. At the macro- and microscopic levels, the connection between the subareolar lymphatic plexus and the lymphatic system of the breast parenchyma has been demonstrated. In triple negative breast cancer with metastases to the axillary lymph nodes, the involvement of subareolar lymphatic plexus into lymphogenous metastasis to the lymph nodes of the axillary lymphatic collector was shown., (© 2024. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Ippolit Vasilyevich Davydovsky was born in 1887 in Danilov, Yaroslavl province, into the family of a clergyman. He received his primary education in a parochial church school. After I.V. Davydovsky's family moved to Yaroslavl, he continued his education in a men's gymnasium. Having successfully graduated from the gymnasium, I.V. Davydovsky in 1905 entered the medical faculty of Moscow State University, where he studied and was influenced by Acad. A.I. Abrikosov formed his first scientific interests. After graduating from the university in 1910, I.V. Davydovsky worked as a sanitary doctor and then as a zemstvo doctor. In 1912. I.V. Davydovsky received the title of Doctor of Medicine and a year later became a prozektor of the Yauza Hospital, which today bears his name. At this time, under the influence of Prof. M.N. Nikiforov, I.V. Davydovsky began to be interested in infectious pathology, which was later reflected in a number of his scientific works on typhus, paratyphus, dysentery and other infectious diseases.

Structural and functional parameters of mast cells (MC) in rat mammary glands during experimentally provoked breast cancer were studied by the cytogram, index of cell saturation with secretory products, and degranulation index. The cytogram was calculated in histological sections stained with toluidine blue. The functional conditions of MC were determined by electron microscopy. The study revealed expansion of MC population and activation of their functional state evidenced by significant prevalence of cells with high degranulation degree and reduced saturation index. At the ultrastructural level, MC were characterized by deformation, polymorphism, paleness of secretory granules, and elevation of the number of lacunae in the cytoplasm. The study showed that MC are active players in tumor microenvironment. Remembering heteromorphism of MC, further study of their role in pathogenesis of various tumor diseases seems promising., (© 2023. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Invasive ductal carcinoma of no special type is the most common type of breast cancer. In light of the above, many authors have reported the histological and electron microscopic characteristics of these tumors. On the other hand, a limited number of works exist where the authors have concentrated on investigating the extracellular matrix. This article presents data received as the results of light and electron microscopic examination of the extracellular matrix, angiogenesis, and cellular microenvironment of invasive breast ductal carcinoma of no special type. The authors have shown that the processes of stroma formation in the IDC NOS type are associated with the presence of fibroblasts, macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphocytes, and other cells. It was also shown the detailed interaction of the above cells with each other, as well as with vessels and fibrillar proteins such as collagen and elastin. The microcirculatory component is characterized by histophysiological heterogeneity, which manifests as the activation of angiogenesis, relative vascular differentiation, and regression of individual microcirculation components.

A study of the morphofunctional condition of mice with transplantable melanoma B16 under the influence of a normal daylight regime, constant lighting and constant darkness was conducted. It was shown that exposure to constant lighting leads to intensification of the proliferation of melanoma cells, more significant growth and spread of the tumor, the development of more pronounced secondary changes, the presence of perivascular growth and an increase in perineural invasion. At the same time, keeping of animals in constant darkness significantly reduced the intensity of the proliferative process in the tumor and lead to tumor regression in the absence of signs of lympho-, intravascular and intraneural invasion. Intergroup differences in tumor cell status were confirmed by the results of micromorphometric studies. It was also shown that the expression of clock genes was suppressed by an exposure to constant light, while an influence of constant darkness, on contrary, led to its intensification.

Paget's disease of the breast is a rare type of cancer that affects the skin of the nipple and usually the areola. At the same time, most patients also have one or more tumors in the immediate vicinity of the focus of mammary Paget's disease. This tumor must be distinguished from normal or atypical Toker cells, and also differentiated from diseases such as Bowen's disease of the nipple and melanocytic lesions of the nipple and areola region, including nipple melanoma and BAP1-inactivated nevus (Wiesner nevus). Currently, there is no routine pathological diagnostic algorithm for these conditions. The aim of the work is to formulate a clear clinical and morphological algorithm for diagnosing Paget's disease of the breast and Toker cells, Bowen's disease of the nipple and areola, as well as melanoma and BAP1-inactivated nevi of the above localizations. Surgical material obtained from patients with Paget's disease of the breast (18), Toker cells of the nipple (2), Bowen's disease of the nipple (6), melanoma of the nipple (1), BAP1-inactivated nevus (1) was studied. The material was examined histologically with hematoxylin and eosin staining, Alcian blue and PAS reaction, as well as immunohistochemically with the following panel of antibodies: CD138, p53, CK8, CK7, HER2/neu, EMA, HMB-45, Melan A, S-100, p63, p16 and BAP1. An easy-to-learn pathoanatomical algorithm for diagnosing Paget's cancer has been developed, which will be especially useful for pathologists who encounter pathology of the nipple and areola in their work.

The article presents a case of primary liver choriocarcinoma in a 36-year-old man. The patient was admitted to the hospital with signs of rapidly developing multiple organ failure, in connection with which the diagnosis was verified at autopsy according to histological and immunohistochemical studies. Diagnostic criteria and treatment options for this disease are insufficiently developed due to its rarity. To date, 11 clinical cases of primary choriocarcinoma of the liver in males have been described in the international literature. The article presents a review of the literature, as well as describes all published clinical observations of the disease.

The morphometric study examined the cell profile of lymphoid structures and leukocytic infiltrates in mammary glands of women with different molecular-biological subtypes of invasive breast cancer (BC). A high degree of lymphoid infiltration with the formation of lymphoid nodules was typical of luminal B (LumB) subtype of BC characterized by high tumor proliferation index (Ki-67≥30%) and in triple negative BC with Ki-67 ranging 33-35%. In these BC subtypes, extensive necrotic foci and pronounced stromal fibrosis of the mammary glands were observed. Lymphoid clusters and nodules predominantly consisted of B cells (CD20 + ) and T helper cells (CD4 + ). Cytotoxic lymphocytes (CD8 + ) were mostly observed in interstitial infiltrates. Macrophages and plasma cells were primarily located near the tumor cells. The presence of lymphoid clusters in the form of lymphoid nodules and dense lymphoid infiltrates can be viewed as unfavorable sign during diagnosis of BC and prediction of the course of the tumor process.

Morphometric analysis of structural and functional changes in the human mesenteric lymph nodes during aging revealed the development of fibrous connective tissue, fragmentation of the lymphoid parenchyma, the absence of follicles with germinal centers, and a decrease in the level of lymphocyte proliferation, which was confirmed by the absence of Ki-67 + cells. The paracortical zone lacked CD4 + T helpers that regulate both cellular and humoral immunity. High content of plasma cells and eosinophilic granulocytes in the medullary cords and sinuses reflects the development of autoimmune processes associated with a decrease in the number of regulatory T lymphocytes. The development of fibrous connective tissue in the sinus system complicates lymph flow through the lymph node and impairs lymph filtration.

Aim: to study a correlation between clinical stage of pelvic organ prolapse (POP), a histological structure and results of immunohistochemical study of the vaginal wall were evaluated., Materials and Methods: A total of 60 peri- and postmenopausal women (average age 61.9+/-8.4 years) with POP of stage II-IV, according to the POP-Q classification, or with stress urinary incontinence and cystocele of stage I-II, who undergone to surgical treatment, were included in the study. During a procedure, a biopsy from the anterior vaginal wall was taken. Depending on the stage of POP, patients was divided into two groups. In the group 1, 30 patients with stage I and II of POP were included, while group 2 included 30 women with POP of stage III and more. The control group (group 3) consisted of 20 patients without POP (mean age 63.4+/-11.0 years) who underwent a hysterectomy due to to other indications. A histological and immunohistochemical studies of vaginal wall tissue was performed in order to determine the tissue content of collagen type I and III; matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 2 (MMP-1 and MMP-2), a tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1), vimentin and smooth muscle actin., Results: In contrast to two other groups, in group 2 there were significant changes in the connective tissue. Collagen has a form of fibrous mass with areas of reduced content. In addition, scarring areas with an increase in the content of type III collagen, a decrease in the amount of type I collagen and elastic fibers with significant fragmentation, were seen. Moreover, in patients with severe POP (III-IV), degradation of collagen fibers with a decrease in connective tissue strength and elasticity was detected. Women with POP had a low ratio of type I:III collagen. Analysis of the collagen content in the vaginal wall in patients with mild POP (I-II) revealed a significant increase in the level of collagen type I (p=0.0003) and a decrease in the content of type III (p=0.045), compared to patients with more severe POP (III-IV). The level of MMP-1 and MMP-2 in women with POP was higher, than in control group by 1.7 times (p<0.05). The content of TIMP-1 in the group 1 was significantly lower by 1.5 and 2.2 times, compared to group 2 and 3, respectively. An analysis of MMP-1 and MMP-2 concentration in patients of groups 1 and 2 revealed a significant (p=0.04) decrease in their activity in severe POP (III-IV). In women of the group 2, biopsy of the vaginal wall showed that expression of vimentin and smooth muscle actin in the connective tissue was significantly higher, than in group 1 and 3 (p<0.05). Vimentin expression in the group 2 was 1.4 and 2.6 times higher than in the group 1 and 3, respectively. In the control group, the expression of these markers in the vaginal wall was minimal and focal., Conclusion: Our data indicate that fibrosis and degradation of the connective tissue in the vaginal wall predominate in POP, and these changes are a consequence, but not a cause of PG. The aggravation of degenerative changes in the connective tissue leads to the progression of POP.

Changes in the structure and cell composition of carinal lymph nodes were studied in humans during aging. Replacement of node parenchyma with fibrous connective tissue progressing with age was demonstrated. The medullary matter significantly prevailed over the cortical substance. The lymph nodes in the cortical substance were small and had no light centers; the concentration of mature CD20 + B cells was high; the paracortical area was fragmented and thinned and contained no CD4 + T helpers. Ki-67 + cells were absent in all structural components of the lymph nodes reflecting exhaustion of lymphopoietic function, which was determined by the replacement of the reticular tissue of the microenvironment with the connective tissue and by the absence of CD4 + T cells regulating cellular and humoral immunity. The disintegration of the reticular stroma in the sinus system that acts as a biological filter impairs the function of lymph purification.

Histological methods were used to study popliteal lymph nodes in 10 people in senile age (80-91 years). Deep destructive changes of the reticular stroma were noted. The content of cells in the node is sharply reduced. Zones without cells appear. The mantle disappears in all lymphoid nodules of lymph node. There are no dividing cells. Plasma cells in cords are found in rare cases. All structural elements of the node have a similar cellular composition. The sinus of the node is expanded. Collagen fibers grow in the parenchyma of the node, fat cells appear. Morphological data indicate the loss of node functions of lymphocytopoiesis, humoral and cellular immunity.

The best hepatoprotective effect has combined appointment Essentiale forte N, Heptral and Apilak at rats with chronic alcohol intoxication. Use of these drugs is characterized by minor morphological changes in structure of liver and constant biochemical parameters.

The article deals with the analysis of biochemical and morphological alterations in the functional state of the endothelium of laboratory animals after a reconstructive surgical intervention on the abdominal aorta. These alterations were assessed at various terms following operative treatment in the comparison group and intact control group. The authors carried out of computer-assisted morphometry of the reconstruction zone on histological preparations for correct interpretation of the biochemical alterations and assessment of the correlation between the studied biochemical indices in blood and the arterial wall.

[The paper presents the characteristics of breast parenchyma and stromal morphological changes in non-inbred albino rats exposed to various low-intensity laser irradiation modes]

The authors analyze rare lung diseases and describe a clinicomorphological case of bronioloalveolar carcinoma of the lung as one of rare bronchopulmonary diseases. According to the WHO histological classification (1999), the tumor is adenocarcinoma that is represented solely by bronchioloalveolar vegetations as a monolayer of the cells lining the walls of pre-existing alveoles without invasion of the stroma, vessels, and pleura. In 1876 Mallaser first described this rare disease in cloven-hoofed animals (Artiodactyla) in Scandinavian countries. Subsequently cases of this disease were also described in human beings.

The authors describe a rare case of undiagnosed lifetime malformation of the esophagus as its idiopathic enlargement undiagnosed in a 68-year-old male. The size of the organ was 10 to 20 cm in diameter and up to 25 cm in length. The esophageal mucosa was covered with the papillomatously changed laminated squamous epithelium with chronic inflammation in the mucous stroma. The case is of certain clinical and pathomorphological interest due to its rarity of undiagnosed lifetime malformation.

A rather rare case of melanoma with a rare primary localization in the pia mater is described. The available literature describes as many as 60 cases of melanomatosis at this site. This case is of certain clinical and morphological interest due to its rare localization and great clinical diagnostic difficulties.

A case report of a child of 11 years of age. The patient is in a good condition two years after surgery.