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1. Long term measurements from the M\'atra Gravitational and Geophysical Laboratory

Author

Ván, P., Barnaföldi, G. G., Bulik, T., Biró, T., Czellár, S., Cieślar, M., Czanik, Cs., Dávid, E., Debreceni, E., Denys, M., Dobróka, M., Fenyvesi, E., Gondek-Rosińska, D., Gráczer, Z., Hamar, G., Huba, G., Kacskovics, B., Kis, Á., Kovács, I., Kovács, R., Lemperger, I., Lévai, P., Lökös, S., Mlynarczyk, J., Molnár, J., Singh, N., Novák, A., Oláh, L., Starecki, T., Suchenek, M., Surányi, G., Szalai, S., Tringali, M. C., Varga, D., Vasúth, M., Vásárhelyi, B., Wesztergom, V., Wéber, Z., Zimborás, Z., and Somlai, L.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Physics - Geophysics
Abstract

Summary of the long term data taking, related to one of the proposed next generation ground-based gravitational detector's location is presented here. Results of seismic and infrasound noise, electromagnetic attenuation and cosmic muon radiation measurements are reported in the underground Matra Gravitational and Geophysical Laboratory near Gy\"ongy\"osoroszi, Hungary. The collected seismic data of more than two years is evaluated from the point of view of the Einstein Telescope, a proposed third generation underground gravitational wave observatory. Applying our results for the site selection will significantly improve the signal to nose ratio of the multi-messenger astrophysics era, especially at the low frequency regime., Comment: 47 pages, 37 figures

Published
2018
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3. Effects of a Solar Flare on Global Propagation of Extremely Low Frequency Waves.

Author

Ostrowski, M., Gołkowski, M., Kubisz, J., Nieckarz, Z., Michalec, A., Mlynarczyk, J., Lichtenberger, J., and Maxworth, A.

Subjects
SOLAR flares, SPACE environment, UPPER atmosphere, ELECTRON density, ATMOSPHERE
Abstract

Solar flares have profound impacts on the lower ionosphere and long‐distance radio propagation. Extremely low frequency (ELF: 3–3,000 Hz) waves are challenging to observe and experience unique interactions with the lower ionosphere. The primary natural sources of ELF waves are thunderstorm lightnings across the globe. Using a newly developed azimuth determination technique and improved observation hardware we show that ELF attenuation in the Earth‐Ionosphere spherical cavity decreases and propagation velocity increases under the influence of an M‐class solar flare. Using a two‐parameter model of the lower ionosphere, the observations are shown to be consistent with increased electron density and sharper gradients in the D‐region resulting from X‐ray radiation. The sharper electron density gradient is primarily responsible for the propagation velocity increase, suggesting a unique capability that ELF observations can bring to global remote sensing of the lower ionosphere under space weather perturbations. Plain Language Summary: Solar flares are large emissions of energy from the Sun that hit the Earth with X‐rays and ultraviolet emissions. A solar flare has significant effects on the upper atmosphere of the Earth, known as the ionosphere. The solar flare X‐ray radiation leads to an increase in free electron density in the lower ionosphere by ionizing more of the neutral atmosphere. This increase in electron density can in turn have profound effects on long range radio wave propagation. In this study we focus on observations of Extremely Low Frequency (ELF: 3–3,000 Hz) waves and how they are affected by a solar flare. ELF waves are challenging to observe and generate. The primary source of ELF radiation on Earth is thunderstorm lighting. We use a new analysis technique and improved observation hardware to show that ELF waves propagate more effectively and faster under the influence of a solar flare. The unique response of ELF waves to solar flares can be leveraged in global monitoring of the lower ionosphere which is important for a wide range of communication technologies. Key Points: Applying new data analysis, we show solar flare effects on the extremely low frequency emissions from global lightningAn M‐class solar flare causes decreased attenuation and increased group velocity in ELF bandThe measured propagation parameters agree with theoretical modeling and suggest global remote sensing capabilities using ELF observations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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4. Refraction of ELF Electromagnetic Waves by the Ionospheric Gradients at the Day/Night Terminator Measured at the Hylaty Station.

Author

Ostrowski, M., Gołkowski, M., Kubisz, J., Michalec, A., Mlynarczyk, J., and Nieckarz, Z.

Subjects
RADIO wave propagation, SHORTWAVE radio, ELECTROMAGNETIC waves, THEORY of wave motion, SPHERICAL waves, THUNDERSTORMS
Abstract

We perform azimuth time tracking of multiple thunderstorm centers on the globe, which are sources of extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic waves propagating in the spherical Earth‐ionosphere cavity. For observations made in September 2023 we identify azimuths of numerous global emission centers using our data sampled at 3 kHz at the Hylaty station in Poland. We confirm significant and relatively regular thunderstorm azimuth variation during the solar terminator passage over the observation site. The magnitude and duration of the azimuth deviations depend on the observed azimuths but are also varying between successive days and changing detailed thunderstorm activity patterns. The measured maximum positive (preferentially at the sunrise time) and negative (preferentially at the sunset time) azimuth deviations reach even above 20° $\mathit{{}^{\circ}}$ for waves propagating close to the terminator. We discovered also particular composite deviation structures, with the negative azimuth deviation directly preceding a larger positive one, sometimes occurring near the morning terminator passage 100 km above the surface. It is possibly the first detection of the ELF equivalent of the "greyline" transmission known in the HF radio propagation. At azimuths distant from the terminator one can observe decreasing of the regular deviation magnitude and occasionally lower magnitude deviations with opposite sign. The variations between successive days are expected to result from varying thunderstorm activity on Earth as well variability of ionospheric parameters, in particular of ionization gradients and nonuniformities occurring along the terminator. We postulate that the observed deviations result from a signal refraction at the varying ionospheric gradients. Plain Language Summary: Extremely low frequency (ELF; below 1 kHz) electromagnetic waves are generated by thunderstorm lightning discharges in the atmosphere. Such waves can propagate several times around the Earth within the spherical Earth‐ionosphere resonance cavity. Our study of directions of arriving ELF signals shows regular azimuth refraction effects at the ionosphere day‐night (a solar terminator) gradients as well as varying azimuth perturbations due to local non‐uniformities. The effects are well visible at the period of terminator transition above our Hylaty measuring station, with ∼1–2 hr characteristic time scales. For the first time we also identify the low damped ELF equivalent of the "greyline" transmission known in the HF radio wave propagation along the terminator. The azimuth deviations can reach even above 20° for the waves propagating close to the terminator and decrease for larger angles, or even can change sign for large angles. Comparing the azimuth deviation pattern changing in following days proves a significant role of (local) fluctuations of the ionosphere ionization structure. This study proves efficiency of our proposed approach for the ELF wave azimuth derivation for the described studies of the terminator influence and varying daily azimuth structures, as compared to studies of individual high‐amplitude impulses. Key Points: We present observations of ELF electromagnetic waves refracted on the ionospheric gradients at the day/night terminatorPositive and negative azimuth variations can reach above 20°, with an occasional negative to positive variation at the sunriseSignificant variations are observed in daily azimuth distributions resulting from varying ionosphere irregularities along the terminator [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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5. New Method for Determining Azimuths of ELF Signals Associated With the Global Thunderstorm Activity and the Hunga Tonga Volcano Eruption.

Author

Kubisz, J., Gołkowski, M., Mlynarczyk, J., Ostrowski, M., and Michalec, A.

Subjects
THUNDERSTORMS, VOLCANIC eruptions, AZIMUTH, ELECTRIC power distribution grids, ELECTROMAGNETIC waves, ELECTRIC networks, MAGNETIC sensors, SOLAR stills
Abstract

A new method is proposed for deriving extremely low frequency (ELF) wave arrival azimuths using the wide range of signal amplitudes, contrary to previously applied high amplitude impulses only. The method is applied to observations from our new magnetic sensor in the Hylaty station with an 18 bit dynamic range and a 3 kHz sampling frequency. We analyzed a day of 15 January 2022, to test the procedure against the ability to extract ELF signals generated during the Hunga Tonga volcano eruption. With complementary filtering of power line 50 Hz signatures, precise azimuth information can be extracted for waves from a multitude of thunderstorms on Earth varying during the day at different azimuths. A phenomenon of successive regular variation—decay or activation—of thunderstorms activity with varying azimuth is observed, possibly due to passing over the solar (day/night) terminator, and signatures of azimuth direction change during this passage can be noted. We also show that the erupting Hunga Tonga volcano associated impulses dispersed due to a long propagation path are clearly revealed in the azimuth distribution with analysis using parameters fitted to measure slowly varying signals, but not for fast varying impulses. We show that the Hunga Tonga related signals arrive from the azimuth ≈10° smaller than the geographic great circle path. The discrepancy is believed to be due to propagation through the polar region and in the vicinity of the solar terminator. Plain Language Summary: Thunderstorm lightnings generate electromagnetic emission involving extremely low frequency (ELF) waves which can propagate several times around the Earth in the spherical resonance cavity formed between the Earth surface and the ionosphere and forming the Schumann resonances at 8 Hz, 14 Hz, etc. As a result, a single ELF measurement station can monitor thunderstorm activity over whole Earth by separating different thunderstorm regions with registered waves' azimuths. Such measurements were usually done by analyzing strong individual impulses. Here we propose a novel method involving ELF magnetic signals in a full available amplitude range. We show how to filter the 50 Hz electric grid network signal perturbations to allow usage of low amplitude impulses for azimuth determination. The method is applied to 3 kHz ELA11 measurements from our Hylaty station in Poland and allows for continues monitoring thunderstorm activities in main centers on Earth. A strong point‐like ELF signal from the Hunga Tonga volcano eruption in January 2022 allowed us to measure deviation of the signal azimuth when propagating in the polar region, close to the solar terminator, and demonstrate how the method allows for separate analysis of the much‐dispersed long propagating Tonga signals from nearby thunderstorm signals at the same azimuth. Key Points: A new method for deriving wave arrival azimuths with parametric temporal filtering of electromagnetic waves in the ELF band is introducedA multitude of thunderstorms on Earth varying during the day at different azimuths are resolvedThe Hunga Tonga volcano eruption signals are diffracted by ∼10° when propagating in the Earth‐ionosphere cavity over the polar regions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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6. Day‐to‐day Quantification of Changes in Global Lightning Activity Based on Schumann Resonances

Author

Bozóki, T., primary, Sátori, G., additional, Williams, E., additional, Guha, A., additional, Liu, Y., additional, Steinbach, P., additional, Leal, A., additional, Herein, M., additional, Atkinson, M., additional, Beggan, C. D., additional, DiGangi, E., additional, Koloskov, A., additional, Kulak, A., additional, LaPierre, J., additional, Milling, D.K., additional, Mlynarczyk, J., additional, Neska, A., additional, Potapov, A., additional, Raita, T., additional, Rawat, R., additional, Said, R., additional, Sinha, A.K., additional, and Yampolski, Y., additional

Published
2023
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8. First observations of elves and their causative very strong lightning discharges in an unusual small‐scale continental spring‐time thunderstorm

Author

Kolmašová, I. (Ivana), Santolík, O. (Ondřej), Kašpar, P. (Petr), Popek, M. (Martin), Pizzuti, A. (Andrea), Spurný, P. (Pavel), Borovička, J. (Jiří), Mlynarczyk, J. (Janusz), Manninen, J. (Jyrki), Macotela, E. L. (Edith L.), Zacharov, P. (Petr), Lán, R. (Radek), Uhlíř, L. (Luděk), Diendorfer, G. (Gerhard), Bennett, A. (Alec), Füllekrug, M. (Martin), and Slošiar, R. (Rudolf)

Subjects
elves, extra strong strokes, thunderstorm
Abstract

We show for the first time that elves can be produced by an unusual small‐scale continental spring‐time thunderstorm. The storm occurred in Central Europe, covered a very small area of ∼50 × ∼30 km and lasted only for ∼4 h on April 2, 2017. The fraction of intense positive cloud‐to‐ground lightning strokes was unusually high, reaching 55%, with a mean peak current of 64 kA. The peak currents of return strokes (RS) associated with elves exceeded ∼300 kA. Elves and their causative RS have been observed with different optical and electromagnetic recordings. Signatures of ionospheric disturbances indicating the presence of elves were found in measurements of displacement currents, ionospheric reflections of sferics and man‐made narrow‐band transmissions. All these electromagnetic observations coincide with four optical detections of elves and strongly suggest the occurrence of two more elves later in the decaying phase of the storm. Surprisingly, the same electromagnetic measurements indicate that other strong strokes did not produce any elves. Our simulation results show that the formation of an elve is not only determined by the high‐peak current of their causative strokes but that it is also controlled by the conductivity of the lightning channels and velocity of the current wavefront. We hypothesize that because of a lower conductivity of RS lightning channels and/or slower current waves only very strong strokes with peak currents above ∼300 kA might have been capable to produce observable elves during this thunderstorm.

Published
2021

9. Estimating the electron energy and the strength of the electric field within sprites using ground-based optical data observed over South African storms

Author

Nnadih, S., Kosch, M., Mlynarczyk, J., Nnadih, S., Kosch, M., and Mlynarczyk, J.

Abstract

We present a new simplified method to estimate the characteristic electron energy and electric field within a mesospheric transient luminous event using ground-based calibrated and filtered optical data. We assume non-relativistic motion, a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, a model of the electron-neutral collision frequency, elastic electron collisions, that the collisional excitation cross-section can be assigned to a single value, and that each electron-neutral collision produces one photon on average. Example observations of carrot sprites over South Africa give estimated electron energy of 4.6–4.9 ± 0.03 eV, which compares favourably with previous similar results using more sophisticated methods. Ideally, two wavelengths should be observed simultaneously but we show a good estimate is possible with only the bright N2(1 PG) red emission.

Published
2021

10. Converging Luminosity in Column‐Sprite Filaments

Author

Kuri, Z. Gomez, Soula, S., Neubert, T., Mlynarczyk, J., Köhn, C., Kuri, Z. Gomez, Soula, S., Neubert, T., Mlynarczyk, J., and Köhn, C.

Abstract

Sprites are electrical discharges in the mesosphere powered by the quasi‐electrostatic field following a cloud‐to‐ground lightning stroke. They are luminous structures with tendrils formed by a space charge wave with high electric fields that ionizes the atmosphere, excites optical emissions and leaves a trail of enhanced densities of electrons, and negative and positive ions. The duration of the luminous streamers in sprites is usually ∼1‐10 milliseconds. In this work, we present observations of sprite streamer filaments where the upper and lower ends continue to glow for more than 80 milliseconds while the two ends slowly converge and fade. Simultaneous magnetic observations suggest that the field in the mesosphere is maintained at a high value by the long‐lasting continuing current of the causative stroke. We propose that the observation is a signature of currents in the filaments fed by electrons detached from negative ions at the lower origin.

Published
2021

14. Inferring global lightning activity based on multi-station Schumann Resonance measurements – the Nelson-Pracser approach

Author

Prácser, -e., Bozóki, T., Sátori, G., Bór, J., Williams, E., Liu, Y., Guha, A., Yu, H., Boldi, R., Atkinson, M., Beggan, C., Cummer, S., Lyu, F., Fain, B., Hobara, Y., Koloskov, A., Kulak12, A., Mccraty, R., Mlynarczyk, J., Montanya, J., Moore, R., Neska, M., Ortega, Pascal, Price, C., Rawat, R., Said, R., Sato, M., Sinha, A., Yampolski, Y., Université de la Polynésie Française (UPF), Géopôle du Pacifique Sud (GePaSUD), International Union of Geodesy and Geophysic, and Delcambre-Maillard, Elodie

Subjects
[PHYS]Physics [physics], [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], [SPI] Engineering Sciences [physics], [PHYS] Physics [physics]
Abstract

International audience; Lightning activity is now recognized as a climate variable indicating the changing climate of the Earth, however its continuous monitoring on global scale is still a challenging issue. In the lowest part of the ELF band (< 100 Hz) lightning-radiated electromagnetic waves travel several times around the globe before losing most of their energy. Therefore all individual lightning discharges (intracloud and cloud-to ground alike) contribute to the measured electromagnetic field, which enables the investigation of global lightning activity with only a few (1-20) receiver stations. The global interference of such waves is known as the Schumann resonances (SR), characterized by the peak frequencies of ~8, ~14, ~20 Hz.Here, we present a new inversion algorithm designed to reconstruct the distribution and the average charge moment change of global lightning activity in absolute units (C2 km2/ s) from the SR electromagnetic field components measured at two sets of distant observation sites (6 stations with identical instrumentation and 18 with different characteristics) on the globe. Forward modeling is based on the analytical solution of the two-dimensional telegraph equation for a uniform but lossy Earth-ionosphere cavity while a linearized inversion algorithm has been implemented for the inverse calculation which is based on the singular value decomposition of the Jacobian. Lightning activity is determined for guess locations which are selected based on GLD360 lightning stroke locations. The reliability of our algorithm will be demonstrated via synthetic tests and inversion results based on real observations for a few days will be presented, too.

Published
2019

15. The Ranking of Africa in Daily Global Lightning Activity

Author

Williams, E., Guha, A., Liu, Y., Boldi, R., Pracser, E., Said, R., Sátori, G., Bozoki, T., Bor, J., Atkinson, M., Beggan, C., Cummer, S., Lyu, F., Fain, B., Hobara, Y., Koloskov, A., Kulak, A., McCraty, R., Mlynarczyk, J., Montanya, J., Moore, R., Neska, M., ortega, pascal, Price, C., Rawat, R., Sato, M., Sinha, A., Yampolski, Y., Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), Geodetic and Geophysical Research Institute (GGRI), Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences [Budapest], Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA)-Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Electrical Engineering Departement, Technical University of Catalogna, emlyon business school, Géopôle du Pacifique Sud (GePaSUD), Université de la Polynésie Française (UPF), Indian Institute of Geomagnetism [Navi Mumbai, India] (IIG), AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Benson-Rumiz, Alicia, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, and PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)

Subjects
Daily global lightning activity, Africa, [SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2018

16. Long term measurements from the Mátra Gravitational and Geophysical Laboratory

Author

Ván, P., primary, Barnaföldi, G. G., additional, Bulik, T., additional, Biró, T., additional, Czellár, S., additional, Cieślar, M., additional, Czanik, Cs., additional, Dávid, E., additional, Debreceni, E., additional, Denys, M., additional, Dobróka, M., additional, Fenyvesi, E., additional, Gondek-Rosińska, D., additional, Gráczer, Z., additional, Hamar, G., additional, Huba, G., additional, Kacskovics, B., additional, Kis, Á., additional, Kovács, I., additional, Kovács, R., additional, Lemperger, I., additional, Lévai, P., additional, Lökös, S., additional, Mlynarczyk, J., additional, Molnár, J., additional, Singh, N., additional, Novák, A., additional, Oláh, L., additional, Starecki, T., additional, Suchenek, M., additional, Surányi, G., additional, Szalai, S., additional, Tringali, M. C., additional, Varga, D., additional, Vasúth, M., additional, Vásárhelyi, B., additional, Wesztergom, V., additional, Wéber, Z., additional, Zimborás, Z., additional, and Somlai, L., additional

Published
2019
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17. Long term measurements from the M��tra Gravitational and Geophysical Laboratory

Author

V��n, P., Barnaf��ldi, G. G., Bulik, T., Bir��, T., Czell��r, S., Cie��lar, M., Czanik, Cs., D��vid, E., Debreceni, E., Denys, M., Dobr��ka, M., Fenyvesi, E., Gondek-Rosi��ska, D., Gr��czer, Z., Hamar, G., Huba, G., Kacskovics, B., Kis, ��., Kov��cs, I., Kov��cs, R., Lemperger, I., L��vai, P., L��k��s, S., Mlynarczyk, J., Moln��r, J., Singh, N., Nov��k, A., Ol��h, L., Starecki, T., Suchenek, M., Sur��nyi, G., Szalai, S., Tringali, M. C., Varga, D., Vas��th, M., V��s��rhelyi, B., Wesztergom, V., W��ber, Z., Zimbor��s, Z., and Somlai, L.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Physics::Geophysics, Geophysics (physics.geo-ph)
Abstract

Summary of the long term data taking, related to one of the proposed next generation ground-based gravitational detector's location is presented here. Results of seismic and infrasound noise, electromagnetic attenuation and cosmic muon radiation measurements are reported in the underground Matra Gravitational and Geophysical Laboratory near Gy��ngy��soroszi, Hungary. The collected seismic data of more than two years is evaluated from the point of view of the Einstein Telescope, a proposed third generation underground gravitational wave observatory. Applying our results for the site selection will significantly improve the signal to nose ratio of the multi-messenger astrophysics era, especially at the low frequency regime., 47 pages, 37 figures

Published
2018
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20. Time and space correlation between sprites and their parent lightning flashes for a thunderstorm observed during the HyMeX campaign

Author

Soula, S., Defer, E., Füllekrug, M., van Der Velde, O., Montanyà, J., Bousquet, Olivier, Mlynarczyk, J., Coquillat, S., Pinty, Jean-Pierre, Rison, W., Krehbiel, R., Thomas, R., Pedeboy, S., Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, National Observatory of Athens (NOA), Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering [Bath], University of Bath [Bath], Electrical Engineering Departement, Technical University of Catalogna, Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones (LACy), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology [New Mexico Tech] (NMT), METEORAGE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'Enginyeria Elèctrica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. LRG - Lightning Research Group, Laboratoire d'aérologie (LA), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Météo France-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France

Subjects
Energies::Energia elèctrica [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], TLE, Geophysics, storms, Geofísica, [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, lightning, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2015
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21. Analysis of ELF electromagnetic field pulses recorded by the Hylaty station coinciding with terrestrial gamma-ray flashes

Author

Kułak, Andrzej, Mlynarczyk, J., Ostrowski, Michał, Kubisz, Jerzy, and Michalec, Adam

Subjects
guided waves [electromagnetics], charge moment, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, instruments and techniques [mathematical geophysics], radio wave propagation [radio science], earth-ionosphere waveguide, lightning discharge, terrestrial gamma-ray flash, ELF electromagnetic field pulse, ELF wave propagation
Abstract

Terrestrial gamma-ray flashes (TGFs) were registered the first time by the NASA's Compton Gamma Ray Observatory. The physical mechanism of TGF generation is not fully known, but there is a consensus among researchers that the radiation is produced by bremsstrahlung of relativistic electrons in the thunderstorm regions of the atmosphere. Therefore, TGFs have been linked to positive-polarity intracloud lightning discharges, strong positive cloud-to-ground discharges or upward discharges from a thundercloud top. The currently operating Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope is equipped with a Gamma-ray Burst Monitor that can detect terrestrial gamma-ray flashes. It opens up a new possibility to search for lightning discharges responsible for TGFs. Ground-based lightning monitoring systems in the ELF, LF and VLF ranges can be used for that purpose. The ELF systems are especially useful, since they provide a large monitoring range of several thousand kilometers for strong atmospheric discharges (charge moments above several tens of C km). In this paper we have described the data analysis method for ELF electromagnetic field pulses and applied it to study our first examples of TGFs registered by Fermi GBM coinciding with ELF pulses recorded by the Hylaty ELF station located in the Carpathian Mountains in Poland. Using our ELF electromagnetic wave propagation model we have evaluated charge moments for the two registered events to be 320 and 110 C km and provided upper limits for the remaining events.

Published
2012

28. Converging Luminosity in Column‐Sprite Filaments

Author

Gomez Kuri, Z., Soula, S., Neubert, T., Mlynarczyk, J., and Köhn, C.

Subjects
Physics::Plasma Physics, Physics::Geophysics
Abstract

Sprites are electrical discharges in the mesosphere powered by the quasi‐electrostatic field following a cloud‐to‐ground lightning stroke. They are luminous structures with tendrils formed by a space charge wave with high electric fields that ionizes the atmosphere, excites optical emissions and leaves a trail of enhanced densities of electrons, and negative and positive ions. The duration of the luminous streamers in sprites is usually ∼1‐10 milliseconds. In this work, we present observations of sprite streamer filaments where the upper and lower ends continue to glow for more than 80 milliseconds while the two ends slowly converge and fade. Simultaneous magnetic observations suggest that the field in the mesosphere is maintained at a high value by the long‐lasting continuing current of the causative stroke. We propose that the observation is a signature of currents in the filaments fed by electrons detached from negative ions at the lower origin.

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30. Poster session 6: Saturday 6 December 2014, 08:30-12:30 * Location: Poster area

Author

Goirigolzarri Artaza, J, Gallego Delgado, M, Jaimes Castellanos, CP, Cavero Gibanel, MA, Pastrana Ledesma, MA, Alonso Pulpon, LA, Gonzalez Mirelis, J, Al Ansi, R Z, Sokolovic, S, Cerin, G, Szychta, W, Popa, B A, Botezatu, D, Benea, D, Manganiello, S, Corlan, A, Jabour, A, Igual Munoz, B, Osaca Asensi, JOA, Andres La Huerta, AALH, Maceira Gonzalez, AMG, Estornell Erill, JEE, Cano Perez, OCP, Sancho-Tello, MJSTDC, Alonso Fernandez, PAF, Sepulveda Sanchez, PSS, Montero Argudo, AMA, Palombo, C, Morizzo, C, Baluci, M, Kozakova, M, Panajotu, A, Karady, J, Szeplaki, G, Horvath, T, Tarnoki, DL, Jermendy, AL, Geller, L, Merkely, B, Maurovich-Horvat, P, Group, MTA-SE "Lendület" Cardiovascular Imaging Research, Moustafa, S, Mookadam, F, Youssef, M, Zuhairy, H, Connelly, M, Prieur, T, Alvarez, N, Ashikhmin, Y, Drapkina, O, Boutsikou, M, Demerouti, E, Leontiadis, E, Petrou, E, Karatasakis, G, Kozakova, M, Morizzo, C, Bianchi, V, Marchi, B, Federico, G, Palombo, C, Chatzistamatiou, E, Moustakas, G, Memo, G, Konstantinidis, D, Mpampatzeva Vagena, I, Manakos, K, Traxanas, K, Vergi, N, Feretou, A, Kallikazaros, I, Goto, M, Uejima, T, Itatani, K, Pedrizzetti, G, Mada, RO, Daraban, AM, Duchenne, J, Voigt, JU, Chiu, D Y Y, Green, D, Johnstone, L, Sinha, S, Kalra, PA, Abidin, N, Group, Salford Vascular Research, Sikora-Frac, M, Zaborska, B, Maciejewski, P, Bednarz, B, Budaj, A, Nemes, A, Sasi, V, Gavaller, H, Kalapos, A, Domsik, P, Katona, A, Szucsborus, T, Ungi, T, Forster, T, Ungi, I, Pluchinotta, FR, Arcidiacono, C, Saracino, A, Carminati, M, Bussadori, C, Dahlslett, T, Karlsen, S, Grenne, B, Sjoli, B, Bendz, B, Skulstad, H, Smiseth, OA, Edvardsen, T, Brunvand, H, Vereckei, A, Szelenyi, ZS, Szenasi, G, Santoro, C, Galderisi, M, Niglio, T, Santoro, M, Stabile, E, Rapacciuolo, A, Spinelli, L, De Simone, G, Esposito, G, Trimarco, B, Hubert, S, Jacquier, A, Fromonot, J, Resseguier, C, Tessier, A, Guieu, R, Renard, S, Haentjiens, J, Lavoute, C, Habib, G, Menting, M E, Koopman, LP, Mcghie, JS, Rebel, B, Gnanam, D, Helbing, WA, Van Den Bosch, AE, Roos-Hesselink, JW, Shiino, K, Yamada, A, Sugimoto, K, Takada, K, Takakuwa, Y, Miyagi, M, Iwase, M, Ozaki, Y, Placido, R, Ramalho, A, Nobre E Menezes, M, Cortez-Dias, N, Goncalves, S, Guimaraes, T, Robalo Martins, S, Francisco, AR, Almeida, AG, Nunes Diogo, A, Hayashi, T, Itatani, K, Inuzuka, R, Shindo, T, Hirata, Y, Shimizu, N, Miyaji, K, Henri, C, Dulgheru, R, Magne, J, Kou, S, Davin, L, Nchimi, A, Oury, C, Pierard, L, Lancellotti, P, Kovalyova, O, Honchar, O, Tengku, WINDA, Ketaren, ANDRE, Mingo Santos, S, Monivas Palomero, V, Restrepo Cordoba, A, Rodriguez Gonzalez, E, Goirigolzarri Artaza, J, Sayago Silva, I, Garcia Lunar, I, Mitroi, C, Cavero Gibanel, M, Segovia Cubero, J, Ryu, SK, Park, JY, Kim, SH, Choi, JW, Goh, CW, Byun, YS, Choi, JH, Westholm, C, Johnson, J, Jernberg, T, Winter, R, Rio, P, Moura Branco, L, Galrinho, A, Pinto Teixeira, P, Viveiros Monteiro, A, Portugal, G, Pereira-Da-Silva, T, Afonso Nogueira, M, Abreu, J, Cruz Ferreira, R, Mazzone, A, Botto, N, Paradossi, U, Chabane, A, Francini, M, Cerone, E, Baroni, M, Maffei, S, Berti, S, Tatu-Chitoiu, G P, Deleanu, D, Macarie, C, Chioncel, O, Dorobantu, M, Udroiu, C, Calmac, L, Diaconeasa, A, Vintila, V, Vinereanu, D, investigators, RO-STEMI, Ghattas, A, Shantsila, E, Griffiths, H, Lip, GY, Galli, E, Guirette, Y, Daudin, M, Auffret, V, Mabo, P, Donal, E, Fabiani, I, Conte, L, Scatena, C, Barletta, V, Pratali, S, De Martino, A, Bortolotti, U, Naccarato, AG, Di Bello, V, Falanga, G, Alati, E, Di Giannuario, G, Zito, C, Cusma' Piccione, M, Carerj, S, Oreto, G, Dattilo, G, Alfieri, O, La Canna, G, Generati, G, Bandera, F, Pellegrino, M, Alfonzetti, E, Labate, V, Guazzi, M, Cho, EJ, Park, S-J, Lim, HJ, Yoon, HR, Chang, S-A, Lee, S-C, Park, SW, Cengiz, B, Sahin, S T, Yurdakul, S, Kahraman, S, Bozkurt, A, Aytekin, S, Borges, I P, Peixoto, ECS, Peixoto, RTS, Peixoto, RTS, Marcolla, VF, Venkateshvaran, A, Sola, S, Dash, P K, Thapa, P, Manouras, A, Winter, R, Brodin, LA, Govind, S C, Mizariene, V, Verseckaite, R, Bieseviciene, M, Karaliute, R, Jonkaitiene, R, Vaskelyte, J, Arzanauskiene, R, Janenaite, J, Jurkevicius, R, Rosner, S, Orban, M, Nadjiri, J, Lesevic, H, Hadamitzky, M, Sonne, C, Manganaro, R, Carerj, S, Cusma-Piccione, MC, Caprino, A, Boretti, I, Todaro, MC, Falanga, G, Oreto, L, D'angelo, MC, Zito, C, Le Tourneau, T, Cueff, C, Richardson, M, Hossein-Foucher, C, Fayad, G, Roussel, JC, Trochu, JN, Vincentelli, A, Obase, K, Weinert, L, Lang, R, Cavalli, G, Muraru, D, Miglioranza, MH, Addetia, K, Veronesi, F, Cucchini, U, Mihaila, S, Tadic, M, Lang, RM, Badano, L, Polizzi, V, Pino, PG, Luzi, G, Bellavia, D, Fiorilli, R, Chialastri, C, Madeo, A, Malouf, J, Buffa, V, Musumeci, F, Gripari, P, Tamborini, G, Bottari, V, Maffessanti, F, Carminati, C, Muratori, M, Vignati, C, Bartorelli, A, Alamanni, F, Pepi, M, Polymeros, S, Dimopoulos, A, Spargias, K, Karatasakis, G, Athanasopoulos, G, Pavlides, G, Dagres, N, Vavouranakis, E, Stefanadis, C, Cokkinos, DV, Pradel, S, Mohty, D, Magne, J, Darodes, N, Lavergne, D, Damy, T, Beaufort, C, Aboyans, V, Jaccard, A, Mzoughi, K, Zairi, I, Jabeur, M, Ben Moussa, F, Ben Chaabene, A, Kamoun, S, Mrabet, K, Fennira, S, Zargouni, A, Kraiem, S, Jovanova, S, Arnaudova-Dezjulovic, F, Correia, C E, Cruz, I, Marques, N, Fernandes, M, Bento, D, Moreira, D, Lopes, L, Azevedo, O, GROUP, SUNSHINE, Keramida, K, Kouris, N, Kostopoulos, V, Psarrou, G, Giannaris, V, Olympios, CD, Marketou, M, Parthenakis, F, Kalyva, N, Pontikoglou, CH, Maragkoudakis, S, Zacharis, E, Patrianakos, A, Roufas, K, Papadaki, H, Vardas, P, Dominguez Rodriguez, F, Monivas Palomero, V, Mingo Santos, S, Arribas Rivero, B, Cuenca Parra, S, Zegri Reiriz, I, Vazquez Lopez-Ibor, J, Garcia-Pavia, P, Szulik, M, Streb, W, Wozniak, A, Lenarczyk, R, Sliwinska, A, Kalarus, Z, Kukulski, T, Nemes, A, Domsik, P, Kalapos, A, Forster, T, Serra, W, Lumetti, FL, Mozzani, FM, Del Sante, GDS, Ariani, AA, Corros, C, Colunga, S, Garcia-Campos, A, Diaz, E, Martin, M, Rodriguez-Suarez, ML, Leon, V, Fidalgo, A, Moris, C, De La Hera, JM, Kylmala, M M, Rosengard-Barlund, M, Groop, P H, Lommi, J, Bruin De- Bon, HACM, Bilt Van Der, IA, Wilde, AA, Brink Van Den, RBA, Teske, AJ, Rinkel, GJ, Bouma, BJ, Teixeira, R, Monteiro, R, Garcia, J, Silva, A, Graca, M, Baptista, R, Ribeiro, M, Cardim, N, Goncalves, L, Duszanska, A, Skoczylas, I, Kukulski, T, Polonski, L, Kalarus, Z, Choi, J-H, Park, JS, Ahn, JH, Lee, JW, Ryu, SK, Ahn, J, Kim, DH, Lee, HO, Przewlocka-Kosmala, M, Mlynarczyk, J, Rojek, A, Mysiak, A, Kosmala, W, Pellissier, A, Larochelle, E, Krsticevic, L, Baron, E, Le, V, Roy, A, Deragon, A, Cote, M, Garcia, D, Tournoux, F, Yiangou, K, Azina, C, Yiangou, A, Zitti, M, Ioannides, M, Ricci, F, Dipace, G, Aquilani, R, Radico, F, Cicchitti, V, Bianco, F, Miniero, E, Petrini, F, De Caterina, R, Gallina, S, Jardim Prista Monteiro, R, Teixeira, R, Garcia, J, Baptista, R, Ribeiro, M, Cardim, N, Goncalves, L, Chung, H, Kim, JY, Joung, B, Uhm, JS, Pak, HN, Lee, MH, Lee, KY, Ragab, AM, Abdelwahab, AMIR, Yazeed, YASER, El Naggar, WAEL, Spahiu, K, Spahiu, E, Doko, A, Liesting, C, Brugts, JJ, Kofflard, MJM, Kitzen, JJEM, Boersma, E, Levin, M-D, Coppola, C, Piscopo, G, Rea, D, Maurea, C, Caronna, A, Capasso, I, Maurea, N, Azevedo, O, Tadeu, I, Lourenco, M, Portugues, J, Pereira, V, Lourenco, A, Nesukay, E, Kovalenko, V, Cherniuk, S, Danylenko, O, Muhammedov, MB, Ahmedova, DM, Hojakuliyev, BG, Atayeva, D, Nemes, A, Domsik, P, Kalapos, A, Lengyel, C, Varkonyi, TT, Orosz, A, Forster, T, Castro, M, Abecasis, J, Dores, H, Madeira, S, Horta, E, Ribeiras, R, Canada, M, Andrade, MJ, Mendes, M, Morosin, M, Piazza, R, Leonelli, V, Leiballi, E, Pecoraro, R, Cinello, M, Dell' Angela, L, Cassin, M, Sinagra, G, Nicolosi, GL, Wierzbowska-Drabik, K, Hamala, P, Kasprzak, JD, O'driscoll, J, Rossato, C, Gargallo-Fernandez, P, Araco, M, Sharma, S, Sharma, R, Jakus, N, Baricevic, Z, Ljubas Macek, J, Skoric, B, Skorak, I, Velagic, V, Separovic Hanzevacki, J, Milicic, D, Cikes, M, Deljanin Ilic, M, Ilic, S, Kocic, G, Pavlovic, R, Stoickov, V, Ilic, V, Nikolic, LJ, Generati, G, Bandera, F, Pellegrino, M, Alfonzetti, E, Labate, V, Guazzi, M, Labate, V, Bandera, F, Generati, G, Pellegrino, M, Donghi, V, Alfonzetti, E, Guazzi, M, Zakarkaite, D, Kramena, R, Aidietiene, S, Janusauskas, V, Rucinskas, K, Samalavicius, R, Norkiene, I, Speciali, G, Aidietis, A, Kemaloglu Oz, T, Ozpamuk Karadeniz, F, Akyuz, S, Unal Dayi, S, Esen Zencirci, A, Atasoy, I, Osken, A, Eren, M, Fazendas, P R, Caldeira, D, Stuart, B, Cruz, I, Rocha Lopes, L, Almeida, A R, Sousa, P, Joao, I, Cotrim, C, Pereira, H, Fazendas, P R, Caldeira, D, Stuart, B, Cruz, I, Rocha Lopes, L, Almeida, A R, Joao, I, Cotrim, C, Pereira, H, Sinem Cakal, SC, Elif Eroglu, EE, Baydar, O, Beytullah Cakal, BC, Mehmet Vefik Yazicioglu, MVY, Mustafa Bulut, MB, Cihan Dundar, CD, Kursat Tigen, KT, Birol Ozkan, BO, Ali Metin Esen, A, Yagasaki, H, Kawasaki, M, Tanaka, R, Minatoguchi, S, Houle, H, Warita, S, Ono, K, Noda, T, Watanabe, S, Minatoguchi, S, Cho, E J, Park, S J, Lim, H J, Chang, S A, Lee, S C, Park, S W, Cho, E J, Park, S J, Lim, H J, Chang, S A, Lee, S C, Park, S W, Mornos, C, Cozma, D, Ionac, A, Mornos, A, Popescu, I, Ionescu, G, Pescariu, S, Melzer, L, Faeh-Gunz, A, Seifert, B, Attenhofer Jost, C H, Storve, S, Haugen, BO, Dalen, H, Grue, JF, Samstad, S, Torp, H, Ferrarotti, L, Maggi, E, Piccinino, C, Sola, D, Pastore, F, Marino, PN, Ranjbar, S, Karvandi, M, Hassantash, SA, Karvandi, M, Ranjbar, S, Tierens, S, Remory, I, Bala, G, Gillis, K, Hernot, S, Droogmans, S, Cosyns, B, Lahoutte, T, Tran, N, Poelaert, J, Al-Mallah, M, Alsaileek, A, Nour, K, Celeng, CS, Horvath, T, Kolossvary, M, Karolyi, M, Panajotu, A, Kitslaar, P, Merkely, B, Maurovich Horvat, P, Group, MTA-SE "Lendület" Cardiovascular Imaging Research, Aguiar Rosa, S, Ramos, R, Marques, H, Portugal, G, Pereira Da Silva, T, Rio, P, Afonso Nogueira, M, Viveiros Monteiro, A, Figueiredo, L, and Cruz Ferreira, R

Abstract

Introduction: The increase of left auricular volume (LAV) is a robust cardiovascular event predictor. Despite that echochardiography is more often used, cardiac MRI is considered more accurate. Our objetives are to validate "fast" LAV measures by MRI vs the considered gold standard (GS) and to compare Echo and MRI in a wide spectrum of patients. Methods: In a non-selected popullation with MRI study previously realized, we measured LAV by biplane method (BPMR) and by area-length in 4 chamber view (ALMR) and compared them with biplane (BPe) and discs method (MDDe) in 4 chamber view in echo. To validate MRI measurements, we measured LAV in short axis slices (Simpson Method, SM) in a group of patients and considered it the GS. Results: 186 patients were included (mean age 51 ± 17 age; 123 male; 14 in AF) with clinical indication of cardiac MRI (Philips 1,5 T). In 24 patients SM was calculated. 29% of cardiac MRI were considered normal. Mean underlying pathologies were myocardiopathy (27%), Ischemic myocardiopathy (17%), myopericarditis (10%), prior to AF ablation (4%), valvular disease (6%) and miscellaneous (7%). Excellent correlation was obtained between "fast" MRI measurements and SM in MRI (SM vs BPMR interclass correlation coefficient ICC=0.965 and SM vs ALMR, ICC=0.958; P<0.05) with low interobserver variability (ICC=0.983 for SM; ICC=0.949 for BPMR; ICC=0.931 for ALMR). "Fast" measurements by MRI showed stadistical correlation between them (CCI=0.910) (Figure). Correlation between Echo and MRI measures was only moderate. (BPRM vs BPe CCI=0,469 mean difference -30 ml; ALMR vs MDDe ICC=0,456 mean difference -24 mL). Conclusions: ‘fast’ LAV measures by MRI are comparable with the MRI GS and also between them. Echo values seem to underestimate compared to MRI, so its use may not be suitable.

Published
2014
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32. Assessment of Unusual Gigantic Jets observed during the Monsoon season: First observations from Indian Subcontinent.

Author

Singh R, Maurya AK, Chanrion O, Neubert T, Cummer SA, Mlynarczyk J, Cohen MB, Siingh D, and Kumar S

Abstract

Gigantic Jets are electric discharges from thunderstorm cloud tops to the bottom of ionosphere at ~90 km altitude and electrically connect the troposphere and lower ionosphere. Since their first report in 2002, sporadic observations have been reported from ground and space based observations. Here we report first observations of Gigantic Jets in Indian subcontinent over the Indo-Gangetic plains during the monsoon season. Two storms each produced two jets with characteristics not documented so far. Jets propagated ~37 km up remarkably in ~5 ms with velocity of ~7.4 × 10 6 ms -1 and disappeared within ~40-80 ms, which is faster compared to jets reported earlier. The electromagnetic signatures show that they are of negative polarity, transporting net negative charge of ~17-23 C to the lower ionosphere. One jet had an unusual form observed for the first time, which emerged from the leading edge of a slowly drifting complex convective cloud close to the highest regions at ~17 km altitude. A horizontal displacement of ~10 km developed at ~50 km altitude before connecting to the lower ionosphere. Modeling of these Gigantic jets suggests that Gigantic Jets may bend when initiated at the edge of clouds with misaligned vertical charge distribution.

Published
2017
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33. Proficiency of foot care specialists to place the rearfoot at subtalar neutral.

Author

Pierrynowski MR, Smith SB, and Mlynarczyk JH

Subjects
Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Clinical Competence, Foot, Physical Therapy Modalities, Podiatry
Abstract

The proficiency of clinicians to place a rearfoot at the subtalar neutral position is important for the treatment of patients with lower extremity dysfunctions, and especially for foot orthosis prescription, fabrication, and management. However, the ability of experienced foot care specialists to perform this task has not been statistically compared with an average capacity. In this study, eight experienced chiropodists and eight untrained physiotherapy students placed six rearfeet at the subtalar neutral position five times. Statistically, the foot care specialists were able to find the subtalar neutral position better than the students (mean 0.00 versus 0.99 degrees, SD 1.84 versus 2.97 degrees, range -5.27 degrees to 4.33 degrees versus -6.25 degrees to 9.27 degrees). This can be interpreted as stating that foot care specialists and untrained students place a rearfoot within +/- 1 degree of the subtalar neutral position 41.3% and 25.0% of the time, respectively. Corresponding values within +/- 2 degrees of the subtalar neutral position are 72.3 degrees and 47.6 degrees, respectively. Alternatively, it can be stated that experienced foot care specialists are within +/- 3.0 degrees of the subtalar neutral position 90% of the time. A corresponding value for the students is +/- 4.9 degrees. These results suggest that although experienced foot care specialists position a rearfoot at the subtalar neutral position better than untrained physiotherapy students, there is room for improvement.

Published
1996
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