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2. Genotypes and population genetics of cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii species complexes in Europe and the mediterranean area

Author

Cogliati, M. Desnos-Ollivier, M. McCormick-Smith, I. Rickerts, V. Ferreira-Paim, K. Meyer, W. Boekhout, T. Hagen, F. Theelen, B. Inácio, J. Alonso, B. Colom, M.F. Trilles, L. Montagna, M.T. De Donno, A. Susever, S. Ergin, C. Velegraki, A. Ellabib, M.S. Nardoni, S. Macci, C. Trovato, L. Dipineto, L. Akcaglar, S. Mlinaric-Missoni, E. Bertout, S. Vencá, A.C.F. Sampaio, A.C. Criseo, G. Ranque, S. Çerikçioğlu, N. Marchese, A. Vezzulli, L. Ilkit, M. Pasquale, V. Polacheck, I. Lockhart, S.R.

Abstract

A total of 476 European isolates (310 Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii, 150 C. neoformans var. neoformans, and 16 C. gattii species complex) from both clinical and environmental sources were analyzed by multi-locus sequence typing. Phylogenetic and population genetic analyses were performed. Sequence analysis identified 74 sequence types among C. neoformans var. neoformans (VNIV), 65 among C. neoformans var. grubii (56 VNI, 8 VNII, 1 VNB), and 5 among the C. gattii species complex (4 VGI and 1 VGIV) isolates. ST23 was the most frequent genotype (22%) among VNI isolates which were mostly grouped in a large clonal cluster including 50% of isolates. Among VNIV isolates, a predominant genotype was not identified. A high percentage of autochthonous STs were identified in both VNI (71%) and VNIV (96%) group of isolates. The 16 European C. gattii species complex isolates analyzed in the present study originated all from the environment and all belonged to a large cluster endemic in the Mediterranean area. Population genetic analysis confirmed that VNI group of isolates were characterized by low variability and clonal expansion while VNIV by a higher variability and a number of recombination events. However, when VNI and VNIV environmental isolates were compared, they showed a similar population structure with a high percentage of shared mutations and the absence of fixed mutations. Also linkage disequilibrium analysis reveals differences between clinical and environmental isolates showing a key role of PLB1 allele combinations in host infection as well as the key role of LAC1 allele combinations for survival of the fungus in the environment. The present study shows that genetic comparison of clinical and environmental isolates represents a first step to understand the genetic characteristics that cause the shift of some genotypes from a saprophytic to a parasitic life style. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Published
2019

3. Genotypes and population genetics of cryptococcus neoformans and

Author

Cogliati, M, Desnos-Ollivier, M, McCormick-Smith, I, Rickerts, V, Ferreira-Paim, K, Meyer, W, Boekhout, T, Hagen, F, Theelen, B, Inacio, J, Alonso, B, Colom, MF, Trilles, L, Montagna, MT, De Donno, A, Susever, S, Ergin, C, Velegraki, A, Ellabib, MS, Nardoni, S, Macci, C, Trovato, L, Dipineto, L, Akcaglar, S, Mlinaric-Missoni, E, Bertout, S, Venca, ACF, Sampaio, AC, Criseoa, G, Ranque, S, Cerikcioglu, N, Marchese, A, Vezzulli, L, Ilkit, M, Pasquale, V, Polacheck, I, and Lockhart, SR

Subjects
Europe, Cryptococcus neoformans, Cryptococcus gattii, MLST, Population genetics
Abstract

A total of 476 European isolates (310 Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii, 150 C. neoformans var. neoformans, and 16 C. gattii species complex) from both clinical and environmental sources were analyzed by multi-locus sequence typing. Phylogenetic and population genetic analyses were performed. Sequence analysis identified 74 sequence types among C. neoformans var. neoformans (VNIV), 65 among C. neoformans var. grubii (56 VNI, 8 VNII, 1 VNB), and 5 among the C. gattii species complex (4 VGI and 1 VGIV) isolates. ST23 was the most frequent genotype (22%) among VNI isolates which were mostly grouped in a large clonal cluster including 50% of isolates. Among VNIV isolates, a predominant genotype was not identified. A high percentage of autochthonous STs were identified in both VNI (71%) and VNIV (96%) group of isolates. The 16 European C. gattii species complex isolates analyzed in the present study originated all from the environment and all belonged to a large cluster endemic in the Mediterranean area. Population genetic analysis confirmed that VNI group of isolates were characterized by low variability and clonal expansion while VNIV by a higher variability and a number of recombination events. However, when VNI and VNIV environmental isolates were compared, they showed a similar population structure with a high percentage of shared mutations and the absence of fixed mutations. Also linkage disequilibrium analysis reveals differences between clinical and environmental isolates showing a key role of PLB1 allele combinations in host infection as well as the key role of LAC1 allele combinations for survival of the fungus in the environment. The present study shows that genetic comparison of clinical and environmental isolates represents a first step to understand the genetic characteristics that cause the shift of some genotypes from a saprophytic to a parasitic life style. C1 [Cogliati, Massimo] Univ Milan, Dip Sci Biomed Sallee, Via Pascal 36, I-20133 Milan, Italy. [Desnos-Ollivier, Marie] CNRS, UMR2000, Natl Reference Ctr Invas Mycoses & Antifungal, Inst Pasteur,Mol Mycol Unit, Paris, France. [McCormick-Smith, Ilka; Rickerts, Volker] Robert Koch Inst, Berlin, Germany. [Ferreira-Paim, Kennio; Meyer, Wieland] Univ Sydney, Marie Bashier Inst Emerging Infect Dis & Biosecur, Westmead Inst Med Res,Sydney Med Sch,Westmead Cli, Mol Mycol Res Lab,Ctr Infect Dis,Fac Med & Hlth,W, Westmead, NSW, Australia. [Ferreira-Paim, Kennio] Univ Fed Triangulo Mineiro, Dept Microbiol, Uberaba, MG, Brazil. [Boekhout, Teun; Hagen, Ferry; Theelen, Bart] Westerdijk Fungal Biodivers Inst, Utrecht, Netherlands. [Boekhout, Teun] Univ Amsterdam, IBED, Amsterdam, Netherlands. [Inacio, Joao; Alonso, Beatriz] Univ Brighton, Sch Pharm & Biomol Sci, Brighton, E Sussex, England. [Alonso, Beatriz] Hosp Gegorio Maranon, Inst Invest Sanitaria Gregorio Maranon IisGM, Madrid, Spain. [Colom, Maria F.] Univ Miguel Hernandez, Alicante, Spain. [Trilles, Luciana] Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. [Montagna, Maria Teresa] Univ Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy. [De Donno, Antonella] Univ Salento, DiSTeBA, Lecce, Italy. [Susever, Serdar] Cyprus Near East Univ, Nicosia, Cyprus. [Ergin, Cagri] Pamukkale Univ, Denizli, Turkey. [Velegraki, Aristea] Univ Athens, Med Sch, Athens, Greece. [Ellabib, Mohamed S.] Univ Tripoli, Med Coll, Tripoli, Libya. [Nardoni, Simona] Univ Pisa, Pisa, Italy. [Macci, Cristina] CNR, Res Inst Terr Ecosystems IRET, Pisa, Italy. [Trovato, Laura] Univ Catania, Catania, Italy. [Dipineto, Ludovico] Univ Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy. [Akcaglar, Sevim] Uludag Univ, Sch Med, Bursa, Turkey. [Mlinaric-Missoni, Emilija] Croatian Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Zagreb, Croatia. [Bertout, Sebastien] Univ Montpellier, Unite Mixte Int Rech Translat Infect VIH & Malad, Montpellier, France. [Venca, Ana C. F.] Inst Higiene & Med Trop, Lisbon, Portugal. [Sampaio, Ana C.] Univ Tras os Montes & Alto Douro, CITAB, Quinta Prados, Vila Real, Portugal. [Criseoa, Giuseppe] Univ Messina, Dept Chem Biol Pharmaceut & Environm Sci, Messina, Italy. [Ranque, Stephane] Aix Marseille Univ, IHU Mediterranee Infect, AP HM, IRD,SSA,VITROME, Marseille, France. [Cerikcioglu, Nilgun] Marmara Univ, Sch Med, Istanbul, Turkey. [Marchese, Anna] Univ Genoa, IRCCS Policlin San Martino Genova, Sez Microbiol DISC, Genoa, Italy. [Vezzulli, Luigi] Univ Genoa, Dipartimento Sci Terra Ambiente & Vita DISTAV, Genoa, Italy. [Ilkit, Macit] Univ Cukurova Saricam, Adana, Turkey. [Pasquale, Vincenzo] Univ Napoli Parthenope, Naples, Italy. [Polacheck, Itzhack] Hadassah Hebrew Univ, Med Ctr, Jerusalem, Israel. [Lockhart, Shawn R.] Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA.

Published
2019

4. Corrigendum: Environmental distribution of Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii around the Mediterranean basin [FEMS, (2016), 16, 4] doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/femsyr/fow045

Author

Cogliati M., D'Amicis R., Zani A., Montagna M. T., Caggiano G., De Giglio O., Balbino S., De Donno A., Serio F., Susever S., Ergin C., Velegraki A., Ellabib M. S., Nardoni S., Macci C., Oliveri S., Trovato L., Dipineto L., Rickerts V., McCormick-Smith I., Akcaglar S., Tore O., Mlinaric-Missoni E., Bertout S., Mallie M., Martins M. L., Venca A. C. F., Vieira M. L., Sampaio A. C., Pereira C., Criseo G., Romeo O., Ranque S., Al-Yasiri M. H. Y., Kaya M., Cerikcioglu N., Marchese A., Vezzulli L., Ilkit M., Desnos-Ollivier M., Pasquale V., Korem M., Polacheck I., Scopa A., Meyer W., Ferreira-Paim K., Hagen F., Theelen B., Boekhout T., Lockhart S. R., Tintelnot K., Tortorano A. M., Dromer F., Varma A., Kwon-Chung K. J., Inacio J., Alonso B., Colom M. F., Cogliati, M., D'Amicis, R., Zani, A., Montagna, M. T., Caggiano, G., De Giglio, O., Balbino, S., De Donno, A., Serio, F., Susever, S., Ergin, C., Velegraki, A., Ellabib, M. S., Nardoni, S., Macci, C., Oliveri, S., Trovato, L., Dipineto, L., Rickerts, V., McCormick-Smith, I., Akcaglar, S., Tore, O., Mlinaric-Missoni, E., Bertout, S., Mallie, M., Martins, M. L., Venca, A. C. F., Vieira, M. L., Sampaio, A. C., Pereira, C., Criseo, G., Romeo, O., Ranque, S., Al-Yasiri, M. H. Y., Kaya, M., Cerikcioglu, N., Marchese, A., Vezzulli, L., Ilkit, M., Desnos-Ollivier, M., Pasquale, V., Korem, M., Polacheck, I., Scopa, A., Meyer, W., Ferreira-Paim, K., Hagen, F., Theelen, B., Boekhout, T., Lockhart, S. R., Tintelnot, K., Tortorano, A. M., Dromer, F., Varma, A., Kwon-Chung, K. J., Inacio, J., Alonso, B., and Colom, M. F.

Abstract

The original article published in FEMS Yeast Research Vol. 16. Iss. 4; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/femsyr/fow045 This paper has been updated to correct a spelling error concerning an author name. It previously showed as Giuseppe Griseo, however the correct spelling is Giuseppe Criseo.

Published
2016

5. Fundamental niche prediction of the pathogenic yeasts Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii in Europe

Author

Cogliati, M. Puccianti, E. Montagna, M.T. De Donno, A. Susever, S. Ergin, C. Velegraki, A. Ellabib, M.S. Nardoni, S. Macci, C. Trovato, L. Dipineto, L. Rickerts, V. Akcaglar, S. Mlinaric-Missoni, E. Bertout, S. Vencà, A.C.F. Sampaio, A.C. Criseo, G. Ranque, S. Çerikçioğlu, N. Marchese, A. Vezzulli, L. Ilkit, M. Desnos-Ollivier, M. Pasquale, V. Polacheck, I. Scopa, A. Meyer, W. Ferreira-Paim, K. Hagen, F. Boekhout, T. Dromer, F. Varma, A. Kwon-Chung, K.J. Inácio, J. Colom, M.F.

Subjects
parasitic diseases, bacterial infections and mycoses
Abstract

Fundamental niche prediction of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii in Europe is an important tool to understand where these pathogenic yeasts have a high probability to survive in the environment and therefore to identify the areas with high risk of infection. In this study, occurrence data for C. neoformans and C. gattii were compared by MaxEnt software with several bioclimatic conditions as well as with soil characteristics and land use. The results showed that C. gattii distribution can be predicted with high probability along the Mediterranean coast. The analysis of variables showed that its distribution is limited by low temperatures during the coldest season, and by heavy precipitations in the driest season. C. neoformans var. grubii is able to colonize the same areas of C. gattii but is more tolerant to cold winter temperatures and summer precipitations. In contrast, the C. neoformans var. neoformans map was completely different. The best conditions for its survival were displayed in sub-continental areas and not along the Mediterranean coasts. In conclusion, we produced for the first time detailed prediction maps of the species and varieties of the C. neoformans and C. gattii species complex in Europe and Mediterranean area. © 2017 Society for Applied Microbiology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd

Published
2017

6. Fundamental niche prediction of the pathogenic yeasts Cryptococcus

Author

Cogliati, M, Puccianti, E, Montagna, MT, De Donno, A, Susever, S, Ergin, C, Velegraki, A, Ellabib, MS, Nardoni, S, Macci, C, Trovato, L, Dipineto, L, Rickerts, V, Akcaglar, S, Mlinaric-Missoni, E, Bertout, S, Venca, ACF, Sampaio, AC, Criseo, G, Ranque, S, Cerikcioglu, N, Marchese, A, Vezzulli, L, Ilkit, M, Desnos-Ollivier, M, Pasquale, V, Polacheck, I, Scopa, A, Meyer, W, Ferreira-Paim, K, Hagen, F, Boekhout, T, Dromer, F, Varma, A, Kwon-Chung, KJ, Inacio, J, and Colom, MF

Subjects
parasitic diseases, bacterial infections and mycoses
Abstract

Fundamental niche prediction of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii in Europe is an important tool to understand where these pathogenic yeasts have a high probability to survive in the environment and therefore to identify the areas with high risk of infection. In this study, occurrence data for C. neoformans and C. gattii were compared by MaxEnt software with several bioclimatic conditions as well as with soil characteristics and land use. The results showed that C. gattii distribution can be predicted with high probability along the Mediterranean coast. The analysis of variables showed that its distribution is limited by low temperatures during the coldest season, and by heavy precipitations in the driest season. C. neoformans var. grubii is able to colonize the same areas of C. gattii but is more tolerant to cold winter temperatures and summer precipitations. In contrast, the C. neoformans var. neoformans map was completely different. The best conditions for its survival were displayed in sub-continental areas and not along the Mediterranean coasts. In conclusion, we produced for the first time detailed prediction maps of the species and varieties of the C. neoformans and C. gattii species complex in Europe and Mediterranean area.

Published
2017

7. Environmental distribution of Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii around the Mediterranean basin

Author

Cogliati M, D'Amicis R, Zani A, Montagna MT, Caggiano G, De Giglio O, Balbino S, De Donno A, Serio F, Susever S, Ergin C, Velegraki A, Ellabib MS, Nardoni S, Macci C, Oliveri S, Trovato L, Dipineto L, Rickerts V, McCormick-Smith I, Akcaglar S, Tore O, Mlinaric-Missoni E, Bertout S, Mallié M, Martins MD, Vencà AC, Vieira ML, Sampaio AC, Pereira C, Criseo G, Romeo O, Ranque S, Al-Yasiri MH, Kaya M, Cerikcioglu N, Marchese A, Vezzulli L, Ilkit M, Desnos-Ollivier M, Pasquale V, Korem M, and Polacheck I

Subjects
Cryptococcus gattii/classification/genetics/*isolation & purification, Cryptococcus neoformans/classification/genetics/*isolation & purification, Environmental Microbiology, Genotype, Mediterranean Region, Molecular Typing, Mycological Typing Techniques, Trees/*microbiology
Abstract

In order to elucidate the distribution of Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii in the Mediterranean basin, an extensive environmental survey was carried out during 2012-2015. A total of 302 sites located in 12 countries were sampled, 6436 samples from 3765 trees were collected and 5% of trees were found to be colonized by cryptococcal yeasts. Cryptococcus neoformans was isolated from 177 trees and C. gattii from 13. Cryptococcus neoformans colonized 27% of Ceratonia, 10% of Olea, Platanus and Prunus trees and a lower percentage of other tree genera. The 13 C. gattii isolates were collected from five Eucalyptus, four Ceratonia, two Pinus and two Olea trees. Cryptococcus neoformans was distributed all around the Mediterranean basin, whereas C. gattii was isolated in Greece, Southern Italy and Spain, in agreement with previous findings from both clinical and environmental sources. Among C. neoformans isolates, VNI was the prevalent molecular type but VNII, VNIV and VNIII hybrid strains were also isolated. With the exception of a single VGIV isolate, all C. gattii isolates were VGI. The results confirmed the presence of both Cryptococcus species in the Mediterranean environment, and showed that both carob and olive trees represent an important niche for these yeasts.

Published
2016

8. Environmental distribution of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii around the Mediterranean basin

Author

Cogliati, M, D'Amicis, R, Zani, A, Montagna, Mt, Caggiano, G, De Giglio, O, Balbino, S, De Donno, A, Serio, F, Susever, S, Ergin, C, Velegraki, A, Ellabib, Ms, Nardoni, S, Macci, C, Oliveri, Salvatore, Trovato, L, Dipineto, L, Rickerts, V, McCormick Smith, I, Akcaglar, S, Tore, O, Mlinaric Missoni, E, Bertout, S, Mallié, M, Martins, Md, Vencà, Ac, Vieira, Ml, Sampaio, Ac, Pereira, C, Griseo, G, Romeo, O, Ranque, S, Al Yasiri MH, Kaya, M, Cerikcioglu, N, Marchese, A, Vezzulli, L, Ilkit, M, Desnos Ollivier, M, Pasquale, V, Korem, M, Polacheck, I, Scopa, A, Meyer, W, Ferreira Paim, K, Hagen, F, Theelen, B, Boekhout, T, Lockhart, Sr, Tintelnot, K, Tortorano, Am, Dromer, F, Varma, A, Kwon Chung KJ, Inácio, J, Alonso, B, and Colom, M. F.

Published
2016

9. Epidemiology of candidaemia in burn-injured patients: A Croatian nine-year study

Author

Mlinaric-Missoni, E., Gveric-Grginic, A., Domijan, M., antonio munjiza, Tomicic, H., Loncar, Z., and Missoni, E.

Subjects
candidaemia, burn-injured patients, Croatia
Abstract

The main objective of this study was to determine the annual and the overall incidence of candidaemia in adult patients hospitalized in the Reference Centre for Burns, Zagreb Clinic of Traumatology, Croatia, during a 9-year period.

Published
2015
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10. Environmental survey of Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii in European and Mediterranean area

Author

Cogliati, M., Colom, M. F., Hagen, F., Boekhout, T., Ilkit, M. M., Velegraki, A., Lockhart, S. R., Montagna, M. T., Tintelnot, K., Rickerts, V., Kwon-chung, K. J., Akcaglar, S., Tore, O., Oliveri, S., Trovato, L. C., Susever, S., Ergin, C., Mitchell, T. G., Marchese, A., Vezzulli, L., Kaya, M., Cerikcioglu, N., Korem, M., Polacheck, I., De Donno, A., Ranque, S., Criseo, G., Tortorano, A. M., D’Amicis, R., Bertout, S., Maillé, M., Dipineto, L., Pasquale, V., Dromer, F., Desnosollivier, M., Nardoni, S., Macci, C. P., Scopa, A., Trilles, L., Meyer, W., Firacative, C., Ellabib, M. S., Kronstad, J., and Bartlett, K. H. Mlinaric-missoni E.

Published
2014

12. Hansenula anomalaoutbreak at a surgical intensive care unit: A search for risk factors

Author

Kalenic, S., Jandrlic, M., Vegar, V., Zuech, N., Sekulic, A., and Mlinaric-Missoni, E.

Abstract

During a 5-month period, Hansenula anomala(H. anomala), an opportunistic fungus, caused an outbreak of infections in eight adult patients treated at a surgical intensive care unit (ICU). The source of the infections and route of transmission could not be identified. A case–control study included 32 patients treated simultaneously at the surgical ICU. Univariate analysis pointed to the following significant risk factors: blood alkalosis, reduced urea, duration of hospitalization, bacteremia and colonization with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and an APACHE II score >17 (during bacteremia or fungemia). The stepwise logistic regression multivariate analysis showed only the duration of blood alkalosis to be significant in case patients.

Published
2001
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13. Corrigendum: Environmental distribution of Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii around the Mediterranean basin [FEMS, (2016), 16, 4] doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/femsyr/fow045

Author

Cogliati, M. D'Amicis, R. Zani, A. Montagna, M.T. Caggiano, G. De Giglio, O. Balbino, S. De Donno, A. Serio, F. Susever, S. Ergin, C. Velegraki, A. Ellabib, M.S. Nardoni, S. Macci, C. Oliveri, S. Trovato, L. Dipineto, L. Rickerts, V. McCormick-Smith, I. Akcaglar, S. Tore, O. Mlinaric-Missoni, E. Bertout, S. Mallié, M. Martins, M.L. Vencà, A.C.F. Vieira, M.L. Sampaio, A.C. Pereira, C. Criseo, G. Romeo, O. Ranque, S. Al-Yasiri, M.H.Y. Kaya, M. Cerikcioglu, N. Marchese, A. Vezzulli, L. Ilkit, M. Desnos-Ollivier, M. Pasquale, V. Korem, M. Polacheck, I. Scopa, A. Meyer, W. Ferreira-Paim, K. Hagen, F. Theelen, B. Boekhout, T. Lockhart, S.R. Tintelnot, K. Tortorano, A.M. Dromer, F. Varma, A. Kwon-Chung, K.J. Inácio, J. Alonso, B. Colom, M.F.

Abstract

The original article published in FEMS Yeast Research Vol. 16. Iss. 4; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/femsyr/fow045 This paper has been updated to correct a spelling error concerning an author name. It previously showed as Giuseppe Griseo, however the correct spelling is Giuseppe Criseo. © FEMS 2016. All rights reserved.

14. Agricultural systems as potential sources of emerging human mycoses caused by Trichoderma: a successful, common phylotype of Trichoderma longibrachiatum in the frontline.

Author

Hatvani L, Homa M, Chenthamara K, Cai F, Kocsubé S, Atanasova L, Mlinaric-Missoni E, Manikandan P, Revathi R, Dóczi I, Bogáts G, Narendran V, Büchner R, Vágvölgyi C, Druzhinina IS, and Kredics L

Subjects
Antifungal Agents pharmacology, Fluconazole pharmacology, Humans, Itraconazole pharmacology, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Multilocus Sequence Typing, Mycological Typing Techniques, Mycoses epidemiology, Phylogeny, Triazoles pharmacology, Trichoderma classification, Trichoderma drug effects, Trichoderma genetics, Agriculture, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Microbiology, Mycoses microbiology, Trichoderma isolation & purification
Abstract

Trichoderma species are abundant in different agricultural habitats, but some representatives of this genus, mainly clade Longibrachiatum members are also emerging as causative agents of various human diseases with even fatal outcome. Strains of these species frequently show resistance to commonly used azole antifungals. Based on previous data it is hypothesized that Trichoderma isolates identified in human infections derive from environmental-including agricultural-origins. We examined Trichoderma longibrachiatum Rifai and Trichoderma bissettii Sandoval-Denis & Guarro strains recovered from four novel cases of human mycoses, along with isolates from previous case reports and different agricultural habitats, using multilocus phylogenetic analysis, BIOLOG Phenotype Microarrays and Etest. Strains attributed to T. bissettii were more abundant in both clinical and agricultural specimens compared to T. longibrachiatum. The majority of the isolates of both taxa could tolerate >256, >32 and >32 μg/ml fluconazole, itraconazole and posaconazole, respectively. None of the obtained results revealed characteristic differences between strains of clinical and agricultural origin, nor between the two taxa, supporting that agricultural environments may be significant sources of infections caused by these emerging human fungal pathogens. Furthermore, based on our findings we propose the re-classification of T. bissettii as T. longibrachiatum f. sp. bissettii., (© FEMS 2019.)

Published
2019
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15. Genotypes and population genetics of cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii species complexes in Europe and the mediterranean area.

Author

Cogliati M, Desnos-Ollivier M, McCormick-Smith I, Rickerts V, Ferreira-Paim K, Meyer W, Boekhout T, Hagen F, Theelen B, Inácio J, Alonso B, Colom MF, Trilles L, Montagna MT, De Donno A, Susever S, Ergin C, Velegraki A, Ellabib MS, Nardoni S, Macci C, Trovato L, Dipineto L, Akcaglar S, Mlinaric-Missoni E, Bertout S, Vencá ACF, Sampaio AC, Criseo G, Ranque S, Çerikçioğlu N, Marchese A, Vezzulli L, Ilkit M, Pasquale V, Polacheck I, and Lockhart SR

Subjects
Animals, Environmental Microbiology, Europe, Genetics, Population, Humans, Mediterranean Region, Multilocus Sequence Typing, Mycological Typing Techniques, Cryptococcus gattii genetics, Cryptococcus neoformans genetics, Genotype, Phylogeny
Abstract

A total of 476 European isolates (310 Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii, 150 C. neoformans var. neoformans, and 16 C. gattii species complex) from both clinical and environmental sources were analyzed by multi-locus sequence typing. Phylogenetic and population genetic analyses were performed. Sequence analysis identified 74 sequence types among C. neoformans var. neoformans (VNIV), 65 among C. neoformans var. grubii (56 VNI, 8 VNII, 1 VNB), and 5 among the C. gattii species complex (4 VGI and 1 VGIV) isolates. ST23 was the most frequent genotype (22%) among VNI isolates which were mostly grouped in a large clonal cluster including 50% of isolates. Among VNIV isolates, a predominant genotype was not identified. A high percentage of autochthonous STs were identified in both VNI (71%) and VNIV (96%) group of isolates. The 16 European C. gattii species complex isolates analyzed in the present study originated all from the environment and all belonged to a large cluster endemic in the Mediterranean area. Population genetic analysis confirmed that VNI group of isolates were characterized by low variability and clonal expansion while VNIV by a higher variability and a number of recombination events. However, when VNI and VNIV environmental isolates were compared, they showed a similar population structure with a high percentage of shared mutations and the absence of fixed mutations. Also linkage disequilibrium analysis reveals differences between clinical and environmental isolates showing a key role of PLB1 allele combinations in host infection as well as the key role of LAC1 allele combinations for survival of the fungus in the environment. The present study shows that genetic comparison of clinical and environmental isolates represents a first step to understand the genetic characteristics that cause the shift of some genotypes from a saprophytic to a parasitic life style., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Published
2019
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16. Fundamental niche prediction of the pathogenic yeasts Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii in Europe.

Author

Cogliati M, Puccianti E, Montagna MT, De Donno A, Susever S, Ergin C, Velegraki A, Ellabib MS, Nardoni S, Macci C, Trovato L, Dipineto L, Rickerts V, Akcaglar S, Mlinaric-Missoni E, Bertout S, Vencà ACF, Sampaio AC, Criseo G, Ranque S, Çerikçioğlu N, Marchese A, Vezzulli L, Ilkit M, Desnos-Ollivier M, Pasquale V, Polacheck I, Scopa A, Meyer W, Ferreira-Paim K, Hagen F, Boekhout T, Dromer F, Varma A, Kwon-Chung KJ, Inácio J, and Colom MF

Subjects
Cryptococcosis microbiology, Cryptococcus gattii metabolism, Cryptococcus neoformans metabolism, Europe, Mediterranean Region, Seasons, Soil chemistry, Weather, Cellular Microenvironment physiology, Cryptococcus gattii growth & development, Cryptococcus neoformans growth & development, Environmental Microbiology, Soil Microbiology
Abstract

Fundamental niche prediction of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii in Europe is an important tool to understand where these pathogenic yeasts have a high probability to survive in the environment and therefore to identify the areas with high risk of infection. In this study, occurrence data for C. neoformans and C. gattii were compared by MaxEnt software with several bioclimatic conditions as well as with soil characteristics and land use. The results showed that C. gattii distribution can be predicted with high probability along the Mediterranean coast. The analysis of variables showed that its distribution is limited by low temperatures during the coldest season, and by heavy precipitations in the driest season. C. neoformans var. grubii is able to colonize the same areas of C. gattii but is more tolerant to cold winter temperatures and summer precipitations. In contrast, the C. neoformans var. neoformans map was completely different. The best conditions for its survival were displayed in sub-continental areas and not along the Mediterranean coasts. In conclusion, we produced for the first time detailed prediction maps of the species and varieties of the C. neoformans and C. gattii species complex in Europe and Mediterranean area., (© 2017 Society for Applied Microbiology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Published
2017
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17. Prevalence of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (2010-2013): the first Croatian report.

Author

Babic-Erceg A, Vilibic-Cavlek T, Erceg M, Mlinaric-Missoni E, and Begovac J

Subjects
Adult, Aged, Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid microbiology, Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid virology, Child, Preschool, Comorbidity, Croatia epidemiology, Female, HIV Infections epidemiology, HIV Infections microbiology, HIV Infections virology, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Pneumocystis carinii immunology, Pneumonia, Pneumocystis epidemiology, Pneumonia, Pneumocystis microbiology, Pneumonia, Pneumocystis virology, Prevalence, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Retrospective Studies, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome epidemiology, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome microbiology, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome virology, HIV Infections immunology, Immunocompromised Host, Pneumocystis carinii isolation & purification, Pneumonia, Pneumocystis immunology, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome immunology
Abstract

Pneumocystis jirovecii is an important cause of interstitial pneumonia particularly among immunocompromised hosts. We analysed the prevalence of P. jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients presented with interstitial pneumonia or acute respiratory syndrome hospitalized in six Croatian tertiary care hospitals. Over four-year period (2010-2013), a total of 328 lower respiratory tract samples: 253 (77.1%) bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, 43 (13.1%) tracheal aspirates and 32 (9.8%) bronchial aspirates from 290 patients were examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCP was detected in 23 (7.9%) patients. The prevalence of PCP differed significantly among tested groups (χ2 = 95.03; d.f. = 3; p < 0.001). HIV-infected patients were more often positive (56.6%, 95%CI = 37.3-72.4) compared to other groups (patients with malignant disease 7.7%, 95%CI = 2.6-20.3; transplant patients 7.7%, 95%CI = 2.2-24.1; patients with other diagnosis 1.5%, 95%CI = 0.5-4.4). Majority of HIV-positive patients (80%) were newly diagnosed cases. Our results indicate that HIV-infected patients still represents the main risk group for P. jirovecii infection. PCP is responsible for pneumonia in 56.6% HIV-positive patients in Croatia, primarily those who do not know that they are HIV infected.

Published
2014
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18. The use of paleo-imaging and microbiological testing in the analysis of antique cultural material: multislice tomography, and microbial analysis of the Trogir Cathedral cope hood depicting St. Martin and a beggar.

Author

Cavka M, Petaros A, Kavur L, Skrlin J, Mlinaric Missoni E, Jankovic I, and Brkljacic B

Subjects
Colony Count, Microbial, Croatia, History, 15th Century, History, 16th Century, History, Medieval, Clothing history, Environmental Microbiology, Mammography methods, Multidetector Computed Tomography methods
Abstract

Paleoradiology is the study of biological and other materials from archeological settings through the use of various medical imaging techniques. Although it is most often used in the scientific study of ancient human remains, it can also be used to study metals, ceramics, paper, and clothes. The aim of this study was to test two paleoimaging techniques (MSCT and mammography) in the analysis of an important Croatian liturgical vestment: the hood of a bishop's cope from St. Lawrence's Treasury in Trogir depicting St. Martin and a beggar. To ensure a safe environment for scientists participating in the analysis, a preliminary microbiological analysis was performed, which contributed to the database of microbiological flora found on Croatian archeological remains and relics studied to date. Due to a great amount of metal filaments, the paleoradiological analysis did not produce satisfactory results. However, a digitally enhanced image clearly showed fine metal embroidery of the hood that was not so easily perceived by naked eye. This article argues in favor of expanding paleoradiological studies on materials other than human remains and also of publishing unsatisfactory results, as important lessons for future development of techniques and methods to analyze ancient remains and seek answers about human historical and cultural heritage.

Published
2013

19. Fungal infection in diabetic foot ulcers.

Author

Mlinaric Missoni E, Vukelic M, de Soy D, Belicza M, Vazic Babic V, and Missoni E

Subjects
Humans, Incidence, Candidiasis epidemiology, Diabetic Foot epidemiology, Diabetic Neuropathies epidemiology
Published
2005
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