Search

The Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) is the basis for numerous methods for soil trafficability research. Since USCS data are not always available, various other data and methods are used to correlate and predict the USCS soil group. This paper describes two methods used for the purpose of mapping Continental Croatia (CCro) according to USCS to a depth of 50 cm. In the first method, the possibility of transfer of 308 profile samples according to the International Soil Science Society (ISSS) classification system into USCS was examined. The results show that it is impossible to directly transform ISSS data into USCS. In the second method 414 USCS profiles were used to analyse the weights of factors in the spatial analysis with inverse distance weighting (IDW). The analysis included layers of dominant and associated soil units of the Basic Soil Map of Croatia (BSM), Geological Map of Croatia (GM), drainage and catchment areas. The obtained weights were as follows: BSM 47,12%, catchment area 27,12%, GM 17,67% and drainage 8%. The results showed that CCro is covered with fine-grained soils, with clay covering almost the entire area and silt dominating in the western and north-western parts of the country.

This paper analyses the structural characteristics ( shape, position and condition) of landscape patches in Central Lika according to landscape types and for the landscape of Central Lika as a whole. A set of indicators for the landscape structure was used along with GIS technology. Interrelation of the structural characteristics of landscape patches were determined using regression analysis. When determining the landscape types of Central Lika, a method based on land cover/land use was applied. For this purpose, data from the CORINE database for the year 2012 were used. At the level of the landscape type in Central Lika and the landscape of Central Lika as a whole, a set of indicators for the landscape structure were used, based on a variety of spatial analysis methods: Mean Shape Index – for the landscape patch shapes; Core Area Index – for the condition of the landscape patches, and Average Nearest Neighbour– for the position of the landscape patches. The most important result of this paper was to confirm the correlation between the shape and condition, and between the shape and position of the landscape patches of Central Lika, while no correlation between the condition and position of the landscape patches of Central Lika was found., U ovom radu analiziraju se strukturna obilježja (oblik, položaj i stanje) uzoraka krajolika Srednje Like za tipove krajolika i krajolik Srednje Like u cjelini. Pri tome se koristi skup pokazatelja za strukturu krajolika i GIS tehnologija. Međuodnos strukturnih obilježja uzoraka krajolika utvrđen je linearno-regresijskom analizom. Pristup utvrđivanju tipova krajolika Srednje Like temelji se na zemljišnom pokrovu/načinu korištenja zemljišta. U tu svrhu korišteni su podatci baze podataka CORINE za 2012. godinu. Na razini tipa krajolika Srednje Like i krajolik Srednje Like u cjelini upotrijebljen je skup pokazatelja za strukturu krajolika koji se temelji na različitim metodama prostorne analize: Mean Shape Index − za oblik uzoraka krajolika; Core Area Index – za stanje uzoraka krajolika; Average Nearest Neighbor – za položaj uzoraka krajolika. Najvažniji je rezultat ovog rada da je regresijskom analizom ustanovljena povezanost za oblik i stanje, te za oblik i položaj uzoraka krajolika Srednje Like, dok nije utvrđena povezanost za stanje i položaj uzoraka krajolika Srednje Like.

Dolines are considered to be among the most prominent karst formations, which is why they can serve as diagnostic forms of karst. Their spatial distribution and density are important indicators of an area’s degree of karstification, as well as of an overall geomorphological development. The aim of this paper is to determine the spatial distribution and the density of dolines, and also to analyse the influence of geological structure and morphometric features of the terrain (hypsometry, slope inclination, relative relief) on the spatial distribution of dolines in the area of southeastern Velebit. Moreover, for the first time with regards to the Croatian karst, the spatial distribution of dolines was compared with the spatial distribution of entrances into caves in the southeastern Velebit’s area of Crnopac. The data on the dolines’ position were adopted from 1:25,000 scaled topographic maps. All data were digitalised and analysed with ArcGIS 10.1 software in the GIS laboratory of the Geographic Department of the Faculty of Science in Zagreb. The research showed a strong influence of morphometric parameters of the relief on dolines’ density. The most prominent occurrence of dolines is linked with the areas ranging from 1000 to 1200 meters of altitude, slope inclination lower than 2° and the relative relief of 100 – 200 m per km2. Furthermore, the highest density of dolines was recorded in the Jurassic carbonate layers, while it was determined that the zones of main faults do not have a significant influence on the increase of dolines’ density. A high degree of correlation was determined by comparing spatial distributions and density of dolines and entrances into caves.

Primjenom metoda GIS-a temeljenih na analizi susjedstva promatran je prostorni raspored i gustoća ponikava u SZ dijelu Velike Kapele. Rezultati dobiveni analizom formiranih prostornih baza podataka ukazuju na prostorni raspored pukotina odnosno rasjeda, ali i intenzitet veze između pružanja i gustoće ponikava, te utvrđenih lineamenata. Usporedbom rasjeda određenih temeljem analize ponikava, sa rasjedima vidljivih na digitalnom modelu reljefa (DEM), te rasjedima uočenim terenskim kartiranjem određene su temeljne tektonske cjeline, odnosno tektonski blokovi unutar istraživanog područja. Veći regionalni i lokalni rasjedi determinirani na digitalnom modelu reljefa odvajaju pojedine tektonske cjeline, dok manji lokalni rasjedi izvedeni na temelju linearno razvijenih ponikava, uglavnom razdvajaju manje tektonske blokove, te ukazuju na deformacije i ispucanost pojedinog bloka., GIS based buffer analysis methods were applied for analysing spatial distribution and density of dolinas in the NW part of Velika Kapela. Results extracted from existing spatial databases indicated spatial distribution of faults, as well as a degree of relationship between direction and density of dolinas with identified lineaments. By comparing faults identified from dolina analysis, with faults identified during on-situ mapping, major tectonic blocks or units within researched area were identified. Bigger regional and local faults identified from digital elevation model are dividing larger tectonic units, while smaller local faults derived from linearly developed dolina are mostly dividing smaller tectonic blocks and can indicate their degree of faultness and deformities.

U članku se prikazuju geomorfološka obilježja područja sjevernog Velebita s posebnim naglaskom na Nacionalni park Sjeverni Velebit. Temeljne morfometrijske i morfogenetske analize nekad rađene analogno, načinjene su korištenjem digitalnih tehnologija te nadopunjene novim analizama i terenskim radom. Od općih morfometrijskih metoda korištene su hipsometrija, analiza nagiba padina, analiza vertikalne raščlanjenosti te ekspozicije padina. Morfogenetska analiza temelji se na specifičnim morfometrijskim te terenskim istraživanjima. U okviru morfogeneze analiziran je morfostrukturni reljef, a od egzogenih utjecaja najveća je pažnja posvećena krškim, glaciokrškim i fluviokrškim reljefnim oblicima. Analiza krškog reljefa na području Nacionalnog parka Sjeverni Velebit, jednog od temeljnog fenomena Parka, pokazala je da je više od polovice njegove površine (50,66%) predstavljeno krškim depresijama (ponikve i uvale), što govori o izuzetno jakoj i dugotrajnoj denudaciji. Uz krške procese, pojačanoj denudaciji značajno su pridonijeli glacijalni procesi koji su u vrijeme posljednjeg glacijalnog maksimuma znatno preoblikovali krške reljefne oblike i generalno utjecali na geomorfološku evoluciju Sjevernog Velebita. Oledba Sjevernog Velebita, osim na krške reljefne oblike, utjecala je povremeno na intenziviranje fluvijalnih te postojanje limničkih procesa, stoga je poznavanje geomorfoloških obilježja Sjevernog Velebita i Nacionalnog parka Sjeverni Velebit od iznimnog značenja, kako za očuvanje georaznolikosti, tako i za njegovu daljnju turističku valorizaciju i promociju., In the article are presented the geomorphological features of the region of Northern Velebit with a special emphasis on the Northern Velebit National Park. The fundamental morphometric and morphogenetic analyses once done analogously were made with the use of digital technologies and supplemented with new analyses and fieldwork. Of the general morphometric methods, hypsometry, the analysis of the gradient of the slopes, the analysis of the vertical division and the exposure of the slopes were used. The morphogenetic analysis is based on specific morphometric and field investigations. Within the framework of the morphogenesis the morphostructural relief was analysed, and of the exogenous influences, the greatest attention was dedicated to the karstic, glacio-karstic and fluvio-karstic relief forms. The analysis of the karst relief in the Northern Velebit National Park region, one of the fundamental phenomena of the park, showed that more than half of its surface area (50.6%) is represented by karst depressions (sinkholes and valleys) which speaks of an exceptionally powerful and long-lasting denudation. Along with the karst processes, glacial processes which at that time of the last glacial maximum considerably reshaped the karst relief forms and generally influenced the geomorphological evolution of Northern Velebit contributed significantly to the increased denudation. The glaciation of Northern Velebit, apart from the karst reliefs occasionally influenced the intensification of fluvial and the existence of limnic processes. Therefore, the knowledge of the geomorphological features of Northern Velebit and the Northern Velebit National Park is of extreme significance both for the preservation of geodiversity and for its further touristic valorisation and promotion.

Prikaz skripte

U ovom se radu analizira postojeće stanje, ograničenja i mogućnosti istraživanja fizičko-geografskih čimbenika u kontekstu terenske prohodnosti vojnih vozila u svrhu potpore procesa donošenja vojnih odluka prilikom planiranja pokreta vojnih snaga. Rad prikazuje do sada korištene tipove modela, metodologije i načine prikaza rezultata utjecaja fizičko-geografskih čimbenika na pokretljivost vozila. Provedena istraživanja pokazala su da je u dosadašnjim istraživanjima najčešće korišten parametar nagib padina, potom fizičke osobine tla, hrapavost površine vodotoci, tipovi vegetacije i klimatsko-meteorološki uvjeti. Kvaliteta rezultata dosadašnjih istraživanja određena je kvalitetom i točnošću ulaznih podataka te primjenjivanim metodama korištenima u modelima. U novijim istraživanjima geografski informacijski sustav (GIS) autorima omogućuje sjedinjavanje cjelokupne problematike utvrđivanja terenske prohodnosti vozila jer objedinjuje sve mogućnosti na jedinstvenoj platformi., This paper analyses the existing state, limitations, and possibilities for research of physical-geographic factors in the context of terrain trafficability of military vehicles in order to support the military decision-making process regarding planning movements of military forces. This paper shows which models and research methodologies were used to ascertain how physical-geographical factors influence vehicle cross-country mobility. Research has shown that slope has been used most frequently as a parameter, followed by soil properties, surface roughness, watercourses, vegetation types, and climatic-meteorological conditions. The quality of the results achieved so far has been largely determined by the quality and accuracy of the input data and by the various methods used in the models. Recent studies have shown that the Geographic Information System (GIS) unifies the issues determining vehicle terrain trafficability, as it displays all possibilities in a single platform.

Tijekom 1915. godine britansko-francuske snage na poluotoku Galipolju poduzele su vrlo riskantnu desantnu vojnu operaciju čiji je cilj bio omogućiti britansko-francuskoj mornarici ulazak u Mramorno more, zauzeti Carigrad i time prisiliti Osmansko Carstvo na izlazak iz rata. Cilj je ovog rada temeljem prostornih analiza unutar GIS-a prikazati utjecaj vojno-geografskih i geoloških čimbenika na tijek i ishod vojne operacije na poluotoku Galipolju. Zbog nepovoljnog utjecaja zemljišta na dinamiku iskrcavanja, pokret postrojba i brzo formiranje dubine mostobrana te logističku potporu i utvrđivanje na dostignutim crtama, britansko-francuske postrojbe imale su gubitak raspoloživa borbenog potencijala. S druge strane, turske su postrojbe bile na dominantnim i dobro utvrđenim položajima na povoljnoj geološkoj podlozi za utvrđivanje, a zaštitni faktor reljefa i cestovne komunikacije između ključnog zemljišta koje su držale turske snage i dubina turskog teritorija omogućivao je prikriven i brz dolazak i razvoj pričuvnih turskih snaga te brzu i dostatnu logističku potporu.

The paper analyzes morphometric features of the slopes of Rab Island. Based on the digital elevation model, raster layers were calculated for the values of slope angle, aspect and curvature, as well as valley network, which was grouped using the Strahler method. A comparative analysis of the calculated values of morphometric parameters was conducted in the GIS environment. Spatial distribution of the values of each of the morphometric parameters was correlated to the structural and morphogenetic features of Rab Island. Differences between the slopes features within each of the morphogenetic types of the terrain were ascertained by comparing their morphometric features, and by using the valley network analysis.

Karst plateaus often have a complex geological and geomorphological history. It is widely accepted that their development requires a long period of karst denudation. This study reconstructs the palaeodrainage network of a karst plateau, analyses its properties and establishes its geomorphological significance. The main purpose of this research was to deepen our understanding of a key stage in the evolution of karst plateaus — the transition from a fluvial land surface to one dominated by karst surface processes. The study was conducted on a large part of the Una–Korana plateau, the largest plateau in the Dinaric karst. The majority of the plateau is made of carbonate rocks of Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous age that set the conditions for the development of the karst. We have reconstructed the palaeodrainage network based on 1:25,000 topographic maps with 10 m contours. The transition of the surface drainage network to the underground karst drainage network is still in progress, so, depending on the degree of karstification, the drainage network was divided into three categories: active, dry and relict. It was found that 90.5% of the pre-existing drainage network has undergone some degree of karstification. The active surface drainage network gradually shifted to a dry network, then to a relict network. The surface drainage network is gradually replaced by a dense network of dolines. Today, the flat and karstified inter-fluvial area is drained underground towards the main watercourses and these drain the entire region over the surface towards the Pannonian basin. This is the largest known karst palaeodrainage network in the Dinaric karst that has been reconstructed in this way.

GIS based buffer analysis methods were applied for analysing spatial distribution and density of dolinas in the NW part of Velika Kapela. Results extracted from existing spatial databases indicated spatial distribution of faults, as well as a degree of relationship between direction and density of dolinas with identified lineaments. By comparing faults identified from dolina analysis, with faults identified during on-situ mapping, major tectonic blocks or units within researched area were identified. Bigger regional and local faults identified from digital elevation model are dividing larger tectonic units, while smaller local faults derived from linearly developed dolina are mostly dividing smaller tectonic blocks and can indicate their degree of faultness and deformities.

Cilj je ovog rada utvrditi prostornu gustoću ponikava na području krša Hrvatske i provesti korelaciju izračunatih vrijednosti gustoće ponikava s pojedinim geomorfološkim i geološkim čimbenicima njihova nastanka i razvoja. Kako bi se to postiglo, potrebno je izračunati prostornu gustoću ponikava temeljem jedinstvenih GIS metoda prikupljanja i analize podataka unutar čitavoga istraživanog područja. Gustoća ponikava unutar jedinične površne izračunata je na temelju kartiranih dna ponikava. Za potrebe određivanja dna ponikava upotrijebljene su digitalne kartografske podloge u mjerilu 1 : 25.000. Na temelju dobivenih podataka izračunata je prostorna gustoća ponikava jednostavnom kernel metodom unutar površine od 1 km2. Provedenom analizom prostornih razlika u intenzitetu gustoće ponikava, uočene su pojedine veze između njihova razvoja i morfometrijskih parametara reljefa, te litoloških i strukturnih obilježja terena., This paper deals with the spatial density of dolines in the Croatian territory covered by karst. The purpose of this paper is to calculate the spatial density of dolines and show a correlation between calculated doline density values and certain geomorphological and geological factors of their origin and development. Therefore, it has been necessary to calculate the spatial density of dolines applying unique GIS methods of data collection and analysis to the entire study area. Doline density per unit area has been calculated based on the mapped doline bottom. 1:25,000 scale digital cartographic models have been used to determine the doline bottom. The given data have been used to calculate the spatial density of dolines applying a simple kernel method to an area of one square kilometre. The analysis of spatial differences in doline density has revealed that certain connections exist between doline development and relief morphometric parameters as well as lithological and structural terrain features.

This chapter deals with main geomorphological properties of Croatia. The key elements of the geological predispositions are outlined as well as those of geodynamic evolution which, in conjunction with numerous exogenous processes, result in recent landform development. The main points of all important exogenous processes and landforms are presented: coastal, fluvial and fluvio-denudation, slope, aeolian and polygenetic. The main attention has been paid to karst and fluviokarst which cover almost 44% of the territory (the submerged karst excluded) therefore numerous recent research topics are outlined such as the development of structural geomorphological methods in karst, the research on coastal karst, glaciokarst, karst denudation measurements and cave microclimate. All this made a good basis for a detailed geomorphological regionalisation given in the chapter as well.

The rainfall event during the night of 10th–11th September 2007 caused strong erosion in the gully of Potovošća on the Island of Krk. In the main fan, two new gullies and two fans were formed. Those morphological changes have been mapped, measured and explained, across the drainage basin in terms of topography and precipitation intensity. The drainage basin morphology was studied using GIS that allowed comparison of morphological and dynamic relationships within the study area. In order to obtain the relative potential erosion intensity between different points in the basin, as well as to differentiate areas with areal (diffuse) erosion from those with dominant linear erosion, the Stream Power Index (SPI) was calculated. The drainage basin specific properties were further related to the event specific properties, precipitation intensity and hydrologic estimations. The rainfall intensities obtained, allow the calculation of discharge at the gully mouth and the definition of recurrent periods using the rational method. The rainfall-runoff event studied was also influenced by the relatively high Antecedent Precipitation Index (API). This allows explanation of the morphological consequences of the short-term event. Consequently the interrelationship between short-term and long-term events has been discussed. In addition, the physiography of the gully has been recently modified by human interference, which has also influenced the morphological consequences of the aforementioned short-term rainfall event.

Cilj ovog rada jest utvrditi temeljne uvjete i procese oblikovanja i razvoja reljefa te njegove opće geomorfološke značajke na prostoru Slunjske zaravni kao primjera prostrane krške zaravni Dinarskoga krša. Kako je geomorfološko kartiranje jedna od najvažnijih metoda geomorfološkog istraživanja, cilj je bio obaviti detaljno geomorfološko kartiranje te izraditi digitalnu geomorfološku bazu podataka. Na temelju dobivenih podataka provedene su geomorfološka analiza i sinteza te je izrađena detaljna digitalna geomorfološka karta tog područja u izvornome mjerilu 1 : 50.000. Razlučeni su dominantni morfogenetski procesi oblikovanja reljefa (strukturnogeomorfološki i egzogeomorfološki) te su utvrđene osnovne etape geomorfološke evolucije reljefa., The research goal has been to determine the basic conditions and processes of the relief formation and development, and to define its general geomorphologic characteristics on the area of the Slunj karst plateau, as an example of spacious plateaus of the Dinaric karst. Since geomorphological mapping is one of the most important methods of geomorphological research, the aim of this work was detail mapping and production of a digital geomorphologic map of the area. As the basis of the given data, geomorphologic analyses and synthesis were worked out and a detailed geomorphologic map to the scale 1:50,000 was made. The dominant morphogenetic processes of the relief formation (structuralmorphologic and exogeomorphologic) were distinguished, and basic stages of the relief geomorphologic evolution were determined.

Primjena geomorfoloskih istraživanja u vojnoj analizi reljefa, temeljena na GIS me- todama prostorne analize, vezana je u prvom redu za vojno geografsku prosudbu prostora. Pri tom se podrazumijeva vrednovanje reljefa s obzirom na neposredni ucinak, kako na premjestanje snaga, manevar, preglednost, tako i na mogucnost zastite i maskiranja. Pro- vedena analiza vrednovanja zemljista unutar dijela vojnog poligona «Slunj», ukljucila je definiranje boniteta kategorija reljefa s obzirom na mogucnost zastite i prikrivanja u cilju uvrstavanja geomorfoloske osnovice u standardnu vojnu proceduru OCOKA (Observation and fields of fires; Cover and concealment; Obstacles and movement; Key terrain; Avenus of approach). Definirani model prostorne analize terena ukljucio je pet parametara reljefa (vidljivost, konkavne elemente reljefa, ekspoziciju padina, gustocu ponikava i dolina unutar jedinicne povrsine) koji u znatnoj mjeri utjecu na mogucnost zastite i prikrivanja. Morfo- metrijski podaci ukljuceni u pojedine bonitetne kategorije određeni su temeljem analize digitalnog modela reljefa primjenom GIS alata i postavljenih morfometrijskih metoda istraživanja reljefa. Na temelju postavljenog modela izracunati su parametri i izrađena je karta potencijalne zastite i prikrivenosti, unutar pilot podrucja vojnog poligona «Slunj». Kljucne rijeci: GIS metoda, vojna geografija, morfometrija, digitalni model reljefa, geomorfoloska istraživanja, Slunj

U radu su analizirana morfometrijska obilježja padina otoka Raba. Na temelju formiranog digitalnog modela reljefa izračunati su rasterski slojevi vrijednosti nagiba, ekspozicije i zakrivljenosti padina, te dolinska mreža koja je grupirana prema metodi Strahela. U GIS okružju provedena je međusbna analiza izračunatih vrijednosti morfometrijskih parametara. Prostorni raspored vrijednosti pojedinih morfometrijskih parametara doveden je u vezu sa strukturnim i morfogenetskim obilježjima otoka Raba. Utvrđene su razlike obilježja padina unutar pojedinih morfogenetskih tipova reljefa, kako na temelju samih morfometrijskih obilježja, tako i analizom dolinske mreže.

The nearest neighbour analysis has been applied to dolines of the island of Brac which provide lithological, climatological and relative structural homogeneity, which facilitated the interpretation of observations. The results show that the doline spatial distribution is clustered at the scale of the island, tends to cluster at the medium scale and is dominantly random at the scale of the doline. The spatial distribution of the index R is particularly interesting. Approaching the main faults, which here are reversed, doline density decreases as well as the index R, while the central parts of the blocks are characterized with greater doline density and with increasing of R values. Doline distribution on the island of Brac also shows properties of anisotropy. The azimuths of the closest dolines are mostly N-S oriented, which is concordant with the maximum stress direction. Significant variations in the spatial distribution parameters and property of anisotropy confirm that the development of karstic depressions, in a relatively homogeneous environment, is strongly controlled by the fracture system and tectonic conditions.

Istraživanje intenziteta površinske korozije u području gorske skupine Velike Kapele provedeno je metodom ¨standardnih vapnenačkih tableta¨. Kako spomenuta metoda ukazuje na zavisnost korozije i klimatskih elemenata izračunati su vertikalni gradijenti padalina za privjetrinske i zavjetrinske klimatološke stanice, te temperaturni vertikalni gradijenti u istraživanom prostoru. Eksponencijalnom korelacijskom analizom određena je međuzavisnost intenziteta korozije, kako gole vapnenačke površine, tako i subkutane korozije sa nadmorskom visinom, odnosno količinom prosječnih godišnjih padalina i temperaturom zraka., The research of surface corrosion in the area of Velika Kapela mountain group was performed by the method of standard limestone tablets. Since this method points at interdependence between corrosion and climatic elements, the perticipation vertical gradient for the windward and leeward located meteorological stations and temperature vertical gradient in the research area were calculated. Using the exponential correlation analysis, the interdependence between the corrosion intensity (on bare limestone surface and subcutaneous corrosion) and altitude, respectively the annual precipitation and temperatures was determined.

U prikazanom sustavu vojne izobrazbe u Hrvatskoj vojsci s naglaskom na Dočasničku školu kopnene vojske geografija kao stručan predmet ima važnu ulogu. Vojna izobrazba u drugim rodovima hrvatske vojske (mornarica, zrakoplovstvo) i na višim razinama (Časnička, Zapovjedno-stožerna škola) uključuje širu primjenu geografskih znanja iz hidrogeografije, klimatologije, geomorfologije, geopolitike, regionalne geografije, gdje, prema tome, ima karakter općeg stručnog predmeta. Uvođenjem novih metoda i tehnika (GPS, GIS) u vojnoj izobrazbi otvaraju se nove mogućnosti i potrebe za izučavanjem širih geografskih sadržaja, što podrazumijeva i potrebu uključivanja odgovarajućih stručnih kadrova, između ostalih i geografa.