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Compares paths of development in Japan (symbiotic harmony) and the United States (generative tension) of parent-child and adult mate relationships, challenging assumptions that certain processes are central in all relationships or that U.S. relationships are less valued or weaker than Japan's. Suggests need to investigate processes underlying, and adaptive consequences of, these two paths. (Author/KB)

Provided in this annual report, the 10th of a series, are the texts of four papers presented at a preconference workshop on new directions for infancy research. The papers focus on the middle European contribution to infancy research, main themes in European research on infant perception and cognition, an innovative therapeutic approach to establishing emotional mutuality in Japanese cases of interactional failure in early infancy, and new directions for infancy research. Also included in the report are three related articles focusing on a dynamic systems approach to the development of the organization of infant crying, expressive behavior of Japanese mothers in response to their 5-month-old infants' negative and positive expression of emotion, and behavioral inhibition and social experience of 12-month-old infants. Also provided are the preconference's opening statement by Kazuo Miyake, Director of the Research and Clinical Center for Child Development, Faculty of Education, Hokkaido University, the workshop schedule, and reflections on the workshop by Sing-jen Chen, also of Hokkaido University's Faculty of Education. (RH)

Maternal and infant interactional characteristics in early infancy were investigated in order to examine their causal relationship with later attachment as assessed in the Strange Situation. Although the results of rating for maternal variables at four months of age exhibited significant differences between the set (S1) composed of attachment type B subgroups one through three and the set (S2) composed of B subgroup four and group C, no significant differences were discovered between types B and C. As for infant variables, only negative reactions to the stranger showed significant differences between S1 and S2. Individual differences in temperament-related reactions were found between B and C. In addition, several mother-infant "meshing" patterns were discovered. Interaction of S1 mothers and infants meshed very well, whereas S2 mothers and infants tended to show "out of tune" patterns due to mother's inadequacy in interacting, or infant's negative affect and behavior. Results are interpreted as suggesting that later attachment may be determined not by maternal variables but by "meshing" or "the compensative function in each partner." Infant temperamental disposition, it is thought, especially may function during interaction with the mother; the temperamental tendency then becomes apparent in a critical or stressful situation. (Author/RH)

The seven articles in this annual report concern aspects of attachment, social interaction among parents and children, temperament, affective behavior, and/or research methodology. Aspects of attachment and temperament are addressed in Kazuo Miyake's study of the "Relation of Temperamental Disposition to Classification of Attachment," and Yuko Kanaya's exploration of "The Relation between Mother-Infant Interactional Characteristics in Early Infancy and Later Attachment as Assessed in the Strange Situation." Social interactions in American families are the focus of Michael E. Lamb's "Comparison of 'Second Order Effects' Involving Parents and Siblings." Communicative behavior and emotional expression are the topics of Shing-jen Chen's investigation of "Maternal Affective Expression and Infant's Mood in a Laboratory Situation." Affective behavior and behavioral inhibition were investigated in "Individual Differences in Responses to Unfamiliar Objects at Twenty-Three Months of Age," by Shigeru Nakano et al. Keiko Takahashi investigated "Life-Span Development of Affective Relationships." Research methodology and attachment are the topics of Tatsuo Ujiie's "Is the Strange Situation Too Strange for Japanese Infants?" (RH)

In a longitudinal study of 29 middle-class Japanese infants, an attempt was made to identify early temperamental dispositions that predict later attachment classification. Specifically, Ainsworth Strange Situation observations at 12 months of age were preceded by, among others, observation of distress evident in newborns when a nipple was removed; and, at 7.5 months, observations of separation distress, reaction to a stranger, and mother-infant interaction. Assessments were administered to two cohorts. Analysis of the data revealed the following results: (1) A total of 22 Cohort 2 infants were coded Type-B, 8 were coded Type-C, and none was coded Type-A. This distribution across attachment categories replicated the one found in Cohort 1. (2) In both cohorts a marginally significant trend toward crying was found among a majority of Type-C babies in the response to interruption to sucking task. (3) In both cohorts observation of the infants' response to the entry of a male stranger and temporary separation from their mothers at 7.5 months revealed more signs of fear behavior among Type-C than Type-B infants. It was concluded that the findings reported previously for Cohort 1 were replicated by results obtained for Cohort 2. (Author/RH)

This document consists of four research reports and one research note focusing on several aspects of the cognitive and emotional development of young children. The first article explores two theories of the relationship between cognition and emotion, reporting on an investigation of that relationship in a simple learning task involving 60 Japanese infants under 7 months of age. The second article presents results of a longitudinal study of 29 firstborn Japanese infants growing up in urban middle-class nuclear families. Infants followed from birth through 23 months were observed in a standard Ainsworth strange situation; their behaviors in other situations were also analyzed. The third article proposes a conceptual model of the process by which children acquire knowledge through peer interaction in daily situations. The fourth article reports a study, of 4- to 6-year-old Japanese children, designed to test the hypothesis that information about social-cognitive ability and person orientation is required to predict whether or not children will show altruistic behavior in natural situations. Finally, the research note reports a study investigating 1- to 6-year-old Japanese children's ability to discriminate images of themselves from those of other people. (RH)