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Background: Leisure as an occupation plays an important role in people's daily lives. This study aimed to translate and culturally adapt the original Nottingham Leisure Questionnaire to Persian and assess the psychometric properties of the Persian version.Method: One hundred and forty healthy individuals participated in this cross-sectional study. Face and content validity were assessed by determining the impact score of the item, content validity ratio, and content validity index methods. Convergent validity was assessed using the correlation method between the Nottingham Leisure Questionnaire and the Occupational Balance Questionnaire-11, Meaningful Activity Participation Assessment, 36-item short-form health survey, and Satisfaction with Life Scale. The reliability of the Persian version of the Nottingham Leisure Questionnaire was assessed by internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS. v. 23.0 software at a significance level of 0.05.Results: Face and content validity demonstrated an acceptable range (impact score: 2.2 to 4, content validity ratio: 0.57 to 1, and content validity index: 0.87 to 1). Significant correlations between assessment tools supported Convergent Validity. There was moderate internal consistency (α = 0.77) and excellent test-retest reliability for the number of leisure scores (interclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.894) and frequency of leisure participation scores (ICC = 0.883).Conclusions: The Persian version of the Nottingham Leisure Questionnaire is a psychometrically valid, reliable, and useful instrument to assess leisure in healthy Persian-speaking participants.

Purpose – Female adults diagnosed with myalgia encephalomyelitis (ME) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) often are marginalised because their condition is not fully recognised by medical and health-care systems. The purpose of this small-scale study was to explore the lived experiences of adult females with ME/CFS in England in relation to contributing factors that impact their occupational participation. Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative study design using semi-structured interviews was used with nine female adult participants who were selected using a purposive sampling method. A Thematic Networks tool was used to analyse data. Findings – Four organising themes were identified: impairment-, person-, environment- and society-related factors. Two global themes, invisibility and diagnosis stigma, were identified as the overarching issues that female adults with ME/CFS face in occupational participation. Originality/value – Many of the issues that contribute to lack of participation by this population are associated with environmental factors which are secondary to their illness.

Conclusion: The electronic version of the IAPAT-C was valid and reliable. COVID-19 significantly affected various aspects of Iranian adolescents’ daily lives. Accordingly, it is necessary to provide appropriate interventions and policies for this sensitive class.

Background and Objectives: Time management is an essential skill that enables individuals to participate in daily activities effectively. The assessment of time management skills (ATMS) is a widely used instrument to evaluate time management skills, but its psychometric properties have not been examined in Persian-speaking populations. This study aimed to assess the cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the Persian version of the ATMS (ATMS-P). Methods: A convenience sample of 144 healthy adults aged 18-55 years completed the ATMS-P, along with several other questionnaires. Face and content validity were determined using the impact score of each item, content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) methods. The construct validity was evaluated using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and convergent validity was assessed by correlating the ATMS-P with other related measures. The reliability was assessed using internal consistency and test re-test methods. Results: Face validity impact scores ranged from 2.2 to 4 and the CVR was in an acceptable range of 0.57 to 1, with a CVI of 0.87 to 1. The EFA identified three factors for the Persian version of the ATMS: Time management, organization and planning and emotion regulation. The convergent validity of the ATMS-P was supported by significant correlations with other related measures. The internal consistency of the ATMS-P was excellent (Cronbach’s α coefficient=0.926) and it demonstrated good test re-test reliability (ICC=0.903). Conclusion: The ATMS-P has demonstrated good psychometric properties, making it a reliable and valid instrument for evaluating time management skills in Persian-speaking individuals.

Background and Purpose. Leisure, as an occupation, played a crucial role in promoting individuals’ health and well-being. However, the specific impact of leisure as an intervention for individuals with substance use disorder remains unclear. This pilot study was aimed at investigating the effect of a leisure intervention on occupational performance and occupational balance in individuals with substance use disorder. Methods. The sample for this quasiexperimental pretest–posttest with a two-month follow-up design comprised nine individuals aged between 18 and 55 years, selected using a convenience sampling method. The intervention consisted of a 2-month group leisure participation program, conducted twice a week, followed by a 2-month follow-up period. Primary outcome measures included occupational performance and occupational balance, and secondary outcome measures were leisure participation, quality of life, and drug craving. Outcome measures were assessed three times: preintervention, postintervention, and after the follow-up period. The outcome measures included the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM), Occupational Balance Questionnaire-11 (OBQ11), Nottingham Leisure Questionnaire (NLQ), 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), and Desire to Drug Questionnaire (DDQ). Data analysis was performed using the Friedman test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test as a post hoc procedure, with a significance level set at 5%. Results. The findings showed significant improvements in participants’ occupational performance in postintervention and follow-up assessments (p

Background: People with chronic mental illness have long been rejected from society and lost their self-identity and self-efficacy due to individual obstacles, such as continuous negative symptoms, lack of motivation, or social obstacles, like stigma, which reduce their self-confidence and prevent them from engaging in healthy activity patterns. One of the behavioral therapy methods used to increase the motivation of people with severe mental illness is token economy. Objectives: The purpose of this narrative review was to review and investigate the impact of the token economy on people with severe mental illness. Methods: A search for studies published from 2002 to 2022 in PubMed and Google Scholar databases was conducted using the keywords “token economy”, “token reinforcement”, “contingency management”, “severe mental disorder”, “serious mental illness”, “chronic psychiatric disorder”, and “participation”. Results: In the initial search, 92 articles were obtained, and after reviewing and rejecting duplicates, 44 articles related to severe mental illness and token economy remained. Finally, 15 articles met the inclusion criteria and were selected for review. token economy can be an effective method in improving the performance of daily life activities, reducing the symptoms of mental illnesses and avoiding drugs, reducing alcohol consumption, and quitting smoking Conclusion: token economy can be an effective method in improving the performance of daily life activities, reducing the symptoms of mental illnesses, drug abstinence, reducing alcohol use, and quitting smoking, but in reducing violence, the results of the studies were contradictory. It is recommended to carry out wider studies on the impact of the token economy method on the occupational performance and participation of chronic mental patients.

Objectives: Generally, adolescents who are interested in performing activities experience positive emotions and report high levels of well-being. However, adolescents with Cerebral Palsy (CP) encounter various issues affecting their interests. The present research was planned to investigate the predictor factors that affect the interest in performing activities in Iranian adolescents with CP. Methods: In total, 312 adolescents with CP (10-19-year-olds, Mean±SD age: 14.08±2.34 y) participated in this cross-sectional study. Their gross motor function was assessed by the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), and their manual ability was evaluated by the Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) in random order by an occupational therapist. All study participants also completed the Adolescent Interest Inventory-Cerebral Palsy (AII-CP). The predictive model was analyzed using a multiple linear regression model by the enter method. Results: The multiple linear regression analysis data presented that the highest independence in motor performance, personal values, social environment support, and age appeared to be the strongest predictors of interest in performing activities in the explored adolescents with CP (R2: 0.475). Discussion: Interest as a significant factor for participation and motivation in conducting daily living activities is associated with the highest independence in motor performance, personal values, social environment support, and the age of adolescents with CP.

Background: Among working people with serious mental illness (WPSMI), return to work (RTW) is controlled by several factors. Identifying these factors can help prevent long-term sick leave absence and work disability. We aimed to identify facilitators and barriers of RTW in WPSMI admitted to a psychiatric hospital and clinic affiliated with the Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted in 2020 on 27 participants with SMI and their families, supervisors, coworkers, managers, and mental health professionals (MHPs). The participants were selected through purposive sampling and subjected to semi-structured interviews. Forty interviews were conducted and analyzed using conventional content analysis. Results: Nine hundred initial codes were extracted and categorized into 34 subcategories and eight categories. Categories that emerged as facilitators of RTW include emotional availability, information availability and use, practical assistance of others, employment facilitation by the society, and supervisor’s flexibility. Categories identified as barriers are imposed effects of mental illness, poor self-concept, and social obstacles. Conclusion: WPSMI experience some facilitators and barriers in RTW. Therefore, MHPs and politicians are recommended to consider these factors in vocational rehabilitation plans.

Objectives: Facilitating participation is regarded as the primary goal and outcome of rehabilitation. According to the importance of comprehensive assessment of participation in occupational areas (social participation, work, education, instrumental activities of daily living, activities of daily living, rest and sleep, leisure, and play), all available studies on the development or translation of measures, which assess participation in Persian, were systematically reviewed. Methods: A search for Persian versions of measures, which assess participation in at least one occupational area, was carried out. Eight bibliographic databases, including 4 Iranian (IranDoc, Medlib, Magiran, and SID) and 4 international (Cochran, PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect) databases from 1990-2018 were searched by 2 independent researchers based on the predetermined criteria. Any disagreements during the selection processes were resolved in consultation with the third researcher. Results: Through 3 refining steps, by 2 independent researchers, 68 articles exactly related to this study were selected and studied. A total of 50 measures were extracted. The content of the measures and their psychometric properties were reported; 44 were translated into Persian and 6 developed based on the Iranian population. Discussion: This critical review will help Persian-speaking therapists to select an appropriate measure for assessing participation in different occupational areas. Considering the importance of participation in the outcomes of rehabilitation and since it is mostly cultural and familial-based, developing new scales based on Persian-speaking people culture seems necessary.

Background: The volitional questionnaire is an observational tool to assess motivation, which is based on the MOHO model and completed by an assessor based on the individuals’ observation when performing an occupation or activity. The present study aims to translate and evaluate the validity and reliability of this instrument in individuals with severe mental illnesses and to provide an appropriate tool for volitional assessment. Methods: In this study, the volitional questionnaire was translated into Persian according to the IQOLA protocol. To assess the content validity, an expert panel was held with six experts. The face validity of the test was measured through completing a questionnaire by ten occupational therapists. To investigate the inter-rater reliability of the test, two testers completed the questionnaire for 30 individuals. The internal consistency of the instrument was calculated by performing the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, through completing the questionnaire for 98 individuals. Results: The participants in the expert panel stated that concept of motivation is properly reviewed by the items of questionnaire. All the questionnaire items had a significant important score of 0.7, indicating the suitability of its face validity. Inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.93) was ideal, and the internal consistency of the questionnaire (Cronbach’s α = 0.86) was appropriate. Conclusion: The questionnaire has desirable validity and reliability and can be used by specialists as a suitable tool for clinical evaluation and therapeutic planning of individuals with severe mental illnesses.

Background and Objective: Intellectual disability is a common neurological disorder that involves concomitant impairments in mental and adaptive functioning and begins during the developmental period. Percussion is a rhythmic movement activity and the art of body- slapping to produce a variety of sounds for educational, therapeutic, ethnological and social purposes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of percussion rhythmic exercises on motor skills of mild mentally disabled children. Methods: This is a randomized clinical trial in which 60 children with mild intellectual disability aged 8 to 12 years were selected by convenience sampling and divided into two groups: experimental (n = 31) and control (n = 29). The experimental group received body percussion exercises as a group for 12 weeks, 2 sessions per week and 30 minutes per session and the control group received only the usual school schedule. Both groups were evaluated before and after by Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency. Paired T-test was used for intra-group comparisons and independent T-test was used to compare the two groups. Results: Results indicated that body percussion rhythmic exercises had a significant effect on some motor items including: fine motor skills, bi-lateral coordination, upper-limb coordination, visual-motor control, speed and upper- limbs speed and dexterity. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be stated that group body percussion rhythmic exercises is a good way to improve motor skills in children with mild intellectual disability.

Introduction: Executive function includes a set of cognitive processes that are essential for controlling behaviors. Executive function helps manage and control thoughts and actions and refers to complex cognitive processes that require coordination with other subprojects. Measuring executive functions is associated with challenges, however, the most authoritative way to evaluate executive function is to use the report of executive functionof teenagers in the natural environment of life. The purpose of this study was to provide and validate a Persian Version of Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF-SR) of 11-18 years old normal adolescence. Methods: In this psychometric study, at first English version of the BRIEF-SR questionnaire was translated in Persian and the reliability of each scale was evaluated. The content validity of this questionnaire was determined through a survey of 10 to 15 experienced occupational therapists. The second step was assessing the test-retest reliability of the Persian version of the BRIEF-SR questionnaire. Results: Content validity results showed that almost all items of the BRIEF-SR questionnaire in the Content Validity Index scored above 0.79, and in the content validity ratio, all items except 5 items scored above 49.9. The internal consistency of the Persian version of the BRIEF-SR questionnaire was also obtained by Cronbachchr('39')s alpha of 0.9, which indicates a good reliability. Moreover, the Pearson correlation coefficient was above 0.8, which indicates a high correlation. Conclusion: The Persian version of the BRIEF-SR questionnaire showed that this questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool for assessing executive function in children and adolescents aged 11-18 years old.