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Pulsars are detected over the whole electromagnetic spectrum, from radio wavelengths up to very high energies, in the GeV-TeV range. Whereas the radio emission site for young pulsars is well constrained to occur at altitudes about several percent of the light-cylinder radius and $\gamma$-ray emission is believed to be produced in the striped wind, outside the light-cylinder, their non-thermal X-ray production site remains unknown. The aim of this letter is to localize the non-thermal X-ray emission region based on multi-wavelength pulse profile fitting for PSR J2229+6114, a particularly good candidate due to its high X-ray brightness. Based on the geometry deduced from the joint radio and $\gamma$-ray pulse profiles, we fix the magnetic axis inclination angle and the line of sight inclination angle but we leave the region of X-ray emission unlocalised, somewhere between the surface and the light-cylinder. We localize this region and its extension by fitting the X-ray pulse profile as observed by the NICER, NuSTAR and RXTE telescopes in the ranges 2-7 keV, 3-10 keV and 9.4-22.4 keV, respectively. We constrain the non-thermal X-ray emission to arise from altitudes between $0.2\,r_L$ and $0.55\,r_L$ where $r_L$ is the light cylinder radius. The magnetic obliquity is approximately $\alpha \approx 45\deg-50\deg$ and the line of sight inclination angle $\zeta \approx 32\deg-48\deg$. This letter is among the first works to tightly constrain the location of the non-thermal X-ray emission from pulsars. We plan to apply this procedure to several other good candidates to confirm this new result., Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A

Liquid scintillators are typically composed from organic compounds dissolved in organic solvents. However, usage of such material is often restricted due to fire safety and environmental reasons. Because of this, R\&D of water-based liquid scintillators is of extreme relevance; yet, no such scintillators have been made commercially available as yet. Here, we investigate an alternative, water-based quantum dots liquid scintillator. Pre-determined and controllable optical properties of the quantum dots, as well as the existence of large libraries of established protocols for their dispersion in aqueous solutions, make them an attractive option for nuclear and particle physics applications. We characterize the optical properties of water-based quantum dots liquid scintillator and find that most of its optical properties are preserved upon quantum dots' phase transfer into water, through the addition of an oleic acid hydrophilic layer. Using the developed scintillator, the time and charge responses from atmospheric muons are measured, highlighting the practical viability of water-based quantum dots liquid scintillators for nuclear and particle physics, special interest on neutrino physics., Comment: 23 pages, 9 figures, 3 tables, v3, accepted by JINST for publication

Multiple ionisation and electron capture are found to be vital mechanisms for K and L x-ray emissions along with the direct coulomb ionisation in heavy ion-atom collisions. Naturally, these two mechanisms may also be significant for M x-ray emissions also. However, these mechanisms associating with the M-shell are highly complex and not yet studied convincingly. We, in this work, have discussed about theoretical techniques to study these mechanisms in more general way, which in turn, almost resolved the wide gap between the theories and experiments regarding M-shell prevalent in literature up to a good extent. We have justified this technique with a few representative cases; for example, the silicon and sulphur projectile ions colliding with the gold and bismuth targets at beam energies ranging from 5 to 10 MeV. Here, we see that the capture contribution is much higher than that coming from the multiple ionisation effect. The combined effects of direct coulomb ionisation associated with simultaneous multiple ionisation and electron capture give a better agreement with the measurements up to a good extent., Comment: will be published after major modification

The extraordinary success in laser cooling, trapping, and coherent manipulation of atoms has energized the efforts in extending this exquisite control to molecules. Not only are molecules ubiquitous in nature, but the control of their quantum states offers unparalleled access to fundamental constants and possible physics beyond the Standard Model. Quantum state manipulation of molecules can enable high-precision measurements including tests of fundamental symmetries and searches for new particles and fields. At the same time, their complex internal structure presents experimental challenges to overcome in order to gain sensitivity to new physics. In this Perspective, we review recent developments in this thriving new field. Moreover, throughout the text we discuss many current and future research directions that have the potential to place molecules at the forefront of fundamental science., Comment: Perspective article

We demonstrate optical cycling and sub-Doppler laser cooling of a cryogenic buffer-gas beam of calcium monohydride (CaH) molecules. We measure vibrational branching ratios for laser cooling transitions for both excited electronic states A and B. We measure further that repeated photon scattering via the $A\leftarrow X$ transition is achievable at a rate of $\sim$ $1.6\times10^6$ photons/s and demonstrate the interaction-time limited scattering of $\sim$ $200$ photons by repumping the largest vibrational decay channel. We also demonstrate the ability to sub-Doppler cool a molecular beam of CaH through the magnetically assisted Sisyphus effect. Using a standing wave of light, we lower the molecular beam's transverse temperature from $12.2(1.2)$ mK to $5.7(1.1)$ mK. We compare these results to sub-Doppler forces modeled using optical Bloch equations and Monte Carlo simulations of the molecular beam trajectories. This work establishes a clear pathway for creating a magneto-optical trap (MOT) of CaH molecules. Such a MOT could serve as a starting point for production of ultracold hydrogen gas via dissociation of a trapped CaH cloud., Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures, 3 tables

Photon exchange due to nuclear bremsstrahlung during nuclear collisions can cause Coulomb excitation in the projectile and the target nuclei. The corresponding process originated in nuclear timescales can also be observed in atomic phenomenon experimentally if it delayed by at least with an attosecond or longer timescales. We have found that this happens due to a mechanism involving the Eisenbud-Wigner-Smith time delay process. We have estimated photoionization time delays in atomic collisions utilizing the nonrelativistic version of random phase approximation with exchange and Hartree-Fock methods. We present three representative processes in which we can observe the phenomena in attosecond timescales even though they originate from excitations in the zeptosecond timescales. Thus the work represents an investigation of parallels between two neighboring areas of physics. Furthermore the present work suggests new possibilities for atomic physics research near the Coulomb barrier energy, where the laser is replaced by nuclear bremsstrahlung., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures

Observing simultaneously pulsed radio and gamma-ray emission from these stars helps to constrain the geometry and radiation mechanisms within their magnetosphere and to localize the multiple photon production sites. In this paper, we fit the time-aligned gamma-ray light-curves of young radio-loud gamma-ray pulsars. We assume a dipole force-free magnetosphere where radio photons emanate from high altitude above the polar caps and gamma-rays originate from outside the light-cylinder, within the striped wind current sheet. We compute a full atlas of radio and gamma-ray pulse profiles depending on the magnetic axis obliquity and line of sight inclination with respect to the neutron star rotation axis. By applying a $\rchi^2$ fitting technique, we are able to pin down accurately the magnetosphere geometry. Further constrains are obtained from radio polarization measurement following the rotating vector model, including aberration and retardation effects. We found a good agreement between our model and the time-aligned single or double peaked gamma-ray pulsar observations. We deduce the magnetic inclination angle and the observer line of sight with respect to the rotation axis within a small error bar. The distinction between radio-loud or radio-quiet gamma-ray pulsars or only radio pulsars can entirely be related to the geometry of the associated emitting regions. The high altitude polar cap model combined with the striped wind represents a minimalistic approach able to reproduce a wealth of gamma-ray pulse profiles for young radio pulsars. Based on self-consistent force-free simulations, it gives a full geometrical picture of the emission properties without resorting to detailed knowledge of the individual particle dynamics and energetics., Comment: Recommended for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

The L-subshell ionization mechanism is studied in an ultra-thin osmium target bombarded by 4-6 MeV/u fluorine ions. Multiple ionization effects in the collisions are considered through the change of fluorescence and Coster-Kronig yields while determining L-subshell ionization cross sections from L-line x-ray production cross sections. The L-subshell ionization, as well as L-shell x-ray production cross sections so obtained, are compared with various theoretical approximations. The Coulomb direct ionization contributions is studied by (i) the relativistic semi-classical approximations (RSCA), (ii) the shellwise local plasma approximation (SLPA), and (iii) the ECUSAR theory, along with the inclusion of the vacancy sharing among the subshells by the coupled-states model (CSM) and the electron capture (EC) by a standard formalism. We find that the ECUSAR-CSM-EC describes the measured excitation function curves the best. However, the theoretical calculations are still about a factor of two smaller than the measured values. Such differences are resolved by re-evaluating the fluorescence and the Coster-Kronig yields. This work demonstrates that, in the present energy range, the heavy-ion induced inner-shell ionization of heavy atoms can be understood by combining the basic mechanisms of the direct Coulomb ionization, the electron capture, the multiple ionization, and the vacancy sharing among subshells, together with optimized atomic parameters., Comment: 11 pages, 10 figures

The K x-ray spectra of different targets (Cu, Zn, and Ge) induced by 3 to 5 MeV/u Si projectile ions have been measured to determine the K-shell ionization cross-section. A significant difference is observed between the measurements and theoretical estimates, where the theoretical ones are about 28-35% of the experimental results. Such difference is reduced to a good extent 51-56% if multiple ionization effects are taken into account. Remaining discrepancy may be attributed to the electron capture contribution., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2103.08299

The radio emission in many pulsars show sudden changes, usually within a period, that cannot be related to the steady state processes within the inner acceleration region (IAR) above the polar cap. These changes are often quasi-periodic in nature, where regular transitions between two or more stable emission states are seen. The durations of these states show a wide variety ranging from several seconds to hours at a time. There are strong, small scale magnetic field structures and huge temperature gradients present at the polar cap surface. We have considered several processes that can cause temporal modifications of the local magnetic field structure and strength at the surface of the polar cap. Using different magnetic field strengths and scales, and also assuming realistic scales of the temperature gradients, the evolutionary timescales of different phenomena affecting the surface magnetic field was estimated. We find that the Hall drift results in faster changes in comparison to both Ohmic decay and thermoelectric effects. A mechanism based on the Partially Screened Gap (PSG) model of the IAR has been proposed, where the Hall and thermoelectric oscillations perturb the polar cap magnetic field to alter the sparking process in the PSG. This is likely to affect the observed radio emission resulting in the observed state changes., Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS

For the first time, we report a theoretical methodology to predict charge state distribution of projectile ions inside a solid-target. The method utilizes either a simple Fermi gas model or an ab initio theoretical method and a certain parameterization of width for the Lorentzian charge state distributions. Results obtained from the two approaches are comparable, but the former has a certain edge over the latter. The projectile charge state distribution inside a solid-target plays a significant role in estimating electron capture cross-sections and then to describe the observed K-shell ionization dynamics. The electron capture process plays a certain role in L-shell ionization dynamics too, but in a test case of Si on Au target the subshell charge sharing contributes a more vital role than the electron capture. Thus, we have validated the present model as a reliable as well as useful for many solid-target based applications viz. tumour therapy, biophysics, accelerators, material science etc., Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2103.08299

The K x-ray spectra of different targets (Cu, Zn, and Ge) induced by 3 to 5 MeV/u Si projectile ions have been measured to determine the K-shell ionization cross-section. A significant difference is observed between the measurements and theoretical estimates, with the latter being about 50% below the experimental results. This underestimation} is attributed to the charge-exchange from target K-shell to projectile K- and L-shells. Such observation can only be possible if the projectile ions attain up to H- and He-like charge states. Corresponding projectile charge state fractions have been evaluated from the Lorentzian charge state distribution, where mean charge state is taken from the Fermi gas model [Phys. Rev. Lett. 30, 358 (1973)] and width from the Novikov and Teplova approach [Phys. Lett. A378, 1286-1289 (2014)]. The sum of the direct ionization cross-section and K-K + K-L capture cross-sections gives a good agreement with the measured cross-sections. Furthermore, we have validated this methodology with available data for Si-ion on Ti target. Such results may be useful in many solid target based applications., Comment: 13 pages, 12 figures

The Pencil Code is a highly modular physics-oriented simulation code that can be adapted to a wide range of applications. It is primarily designed to solve partial differential equations (PDEs) of compressible hydrodynamics and has lots of add-ons ranging from astrophysical magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) to meteorological cloud microphysics and engineering applications in combustion. Nevertheless, the framework is general and can also be applied to situations not related to hydrodynamics or even PDEs, for example when just the message passing interface or input/output strategies of the code are to be used. The code can also evolve Lagrangian (inertial and noninertial) particles, their coagulation and condensation, as well as their interaction with the fluid., Comment: 7 pages, submitted to the Journal for Open Source Software (JOSS)

We have demonstrated the use of the bremsstrahlung radiation in energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence technique as a tool to perform non-destructive elemental analysis of solid samples employed in inter-disciplinary science research. The bremsstrahlung radiation can be taken from a small, portable, transmission type x-ray generator. As our knowledge goes, till date, this is the first attempt to generate bremsstrahlung spectrum theoretically from a portable transmission type x-ray generator and compared it with the actual observation. Theoretically generated bremsstrahlung spectra are also found to be in good agreement with the experimentally observed spectra obtained with various operating anode voltages of the x-ray generator. A computer program has been developed utilizing few atomic parameters to obtain the elemental concentrations in the sample by a single run using the whole bremsstrahlung. The knowledge of incoming x-ray flux, geometry of experimental arrangements is not required in this technique. To validate the technique, we have taken two samples: an Indian one rupee coin of the year 2000 and a NIST made brass sample, whose compositions are well known. We used these samples to expose to the bremsstrahlung radiation, produced by the operating anode voltages 20, 25, and 30 KV. The relative concentrations of different elements are determined, which is in good agreement with the earlier results., Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures

Simultaneous observations of PSR B0823+26 with ESA's XMM-Newton, the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope and international stations of the Low Frequency Array revealed synchronous X-ray/radio switching between a radio-bright (B) mode and a radio-quiet (Q) mode. During the B mode we detected PSR B0823+26 in 0.2$-$2 keV X-rays and discovered pulsed emission with a broad sinusoidal pulse, lagging the radio main pulse by 0.208 $\pm$ 0.012 in phase, with high pulsed fraction of 70$-$80%. During the Q mode PSR B0823+26 was not detected in X-rays (2 $\sigma$ upper limit a factor ~9 below the B-mode flux). The total X-ray spectrum, pulse profile and pulsed fraction can globally be reproduced with a magnetized partially ionized hydrogen atmosphere model with three emission components: a primary small hot spot ($T$$\sim$3.6$\times10^6$ K, $R$$\sim$17 m), a larger cooler concentric ring ($T$$\sim$1.1$\times10^6$ K, $R$$\sim$280 m) and an antipodal hot spot ($T$$\sim$1.1$\times10^6 $ K, $R$$\sim$100 m), for the angle between the rotation axis and line of sight direction $\sim66^\circ$. The latter is in conflict with the radio derived value of $(84\pm0.7)^\circ$. The average X-ray flux within hours-long B-mode intervals varied by a factor $\pm$20%, possibly correlated with variations in the frequency and lengths of short radio nulls or short durations of weak emission. The correlated X-ray/radio moding of PSR B0823+26 is compared with the anti-correlated moding of PSR B0943+10, and the lack of X-ray moding of PSR B1822-09. We speculate that the X-ray/radio switches of PSR B0823+26 are due to variations in the rate of accretion of material from the interstellar medium through which it is passing., Comment: 16 pages, 11 figures

New simultaneous X-ray and radio observations of the archetypal mode-switching pulsar PSR B0943+10 have been carried out with XMM-Newton and the LOFAR, LWA and Arecibo radio telescopes in November 2014. They allowed us to better constrain the X-ray spectral and variability properties of this pulsar and to detect, for the first time, the X-ray pulsations also during the X-ray-fainter mode. The combined timing and spectral analysis indicates that unpulsed non-thermal emission, likely of magnetospheric origin, and pulsed thermal emission from a small polar cap are present during both radio modes and vary in a correlated way., Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure, 1 table - To appear in the proceedings of "IAUS 337: Pulsar Astrophysics - The Next 50 Years" eds: P. Weltevrede, B.B.P. Perera, L. Levin Preston & S. Sanidas

We report on simultaneous X-ray and radio observations of the radio-mode-switching pulsar PSR B1822-09 with ESA's XMM-Newton and the WSRT, GMRT and Lovell radio telescopes. PSR B1822-09 switches between a radio-bright and radio-quiet mode, and we discovered a relationship between the durations of its modes and a known underlying radio-modulation timescale within the modes. We discovered X-ray (energies 0.2-1.4 keV) pulsations with a broad sinusoidal pulse, slightly lagging the radio main pulse in phase by 0.094 +/- 0.017, with an energy-dependent pulsed fraction varying from ~0.15 at 0.3 keV to ~0.6 at 1 keV. No evidence is found for simultaneous X-ray and radio mode switching. The total X-ray spectrum consists of a cool component (T ~ 0.96 x 10^6 K, hot-spot radius R ~ 2.0 km) and a hot component (T ~ 2.2 x 10^6 K, R ~ 100 m). The hot component can be ascribed to the pulsed emission and the cool component to the unpulsed emission. The high-energy characteristics of PSR B1822-09 resemble those of middle-aged pulsars such as PSR B0656+14, PSR B1055-52 and Geminga, including an indication for pulsed high-energy gamma-ray emission in Fermi LAT data. Explanations for the high pulsed fraction seem to require different temperatures at the two poles of this orthogonal rotator, or magnetic anisotropic beaming effects in its strong magnetic field. In the X-ray skymap we found a harder source at only (5.1+/- 0.5 )arcsec from PSR B1822-09, which might be a pulsar wind nebula., Comment: 22 pages, 16 figures, MNRAS accepted

We report on simultaneous X-ray and radio observations of the mode-switching pulsar PSR B0943+10 obtained with the XMM-Newton satellite and the LOFAR, LWA and Arecibo radio telescopes in November 2014. We confirm the synchronous X-ray/radio switching between a radio-bright (B) and a radio-quiet (Q) mode, in which the X-ray flux is a factor ~2.4 higher than in the B-mode. We discovered X-ray pulsations, with pulsed fraction of 38+/-5% (0.5-2 keV), during the B-mode, and confirm their presence in Q-mode, where the pulsed fraction increases with energy from ~20% up to ~65% at 2 keV. We found marginal evidence for an increase in the X-ray pulsed fraction during B-mode on a timescale of hours. The Q-mode X-ray spectrum requires a fit with a two-component model (either a power-law plus blackbody or the sum of two blackbodies), while the B-mode spectrum is well fit by a single blackbody (a single power-law is rejected). With a maximum likelihood analysis, we found that in Q-mode the pulsed emission has a thermal blackbody spectrum with temperature ~3.4x10^6 K and the unpulsed emission is a power-law with photon index ~2.5, while during B-mode both the pulsed and unpulsed emission can be fit by either a blackbody or a power law with similar values of temperature and photon index. A Chandra image shows no evidence for diffuse X-ray emission. These results support a scenario in which both unpulsed non-thermal emission, likely of magnetospheric origin, and pulsed thermal emission from a small polar cap (~1500 m^2) with a strong non-dipolar magnetic field (~10^{14} G), are present during both radio modes and vary in intensity in a correlated way. This is broadly consistent with the predictions of the partially screened gap model and does not necessarily imply global magnetospheric rearrangements to explain the mode switching., Comment: To be published on The Astrophysical Journal

Cosmic ray electrons (CREs) are a crucial part of the ISM and are observed via synchrotron emission. While much modelling has been carried out on the CRE distribution and propagation of the Milky Way, little has been done on normal external star-forming galaxies. Recent spectral data from a new generation of radio telescopes enable us to find more robust estimations of the CRE propagation. We model the synchrotron spectral index of M 51 using the time-dependent diffusion energy-loss equation and to compare the model results with the observed spectral index determined from recent low-frequency observations with LOFAR. This is the first time that this model for CRE propagation has been solved for a realistic distribution of CRE sources, which we derive from the observed star formation rate, in an external galaxy. The radial variation of the synchrotron spectral index and scale-length produced by the model are compared to recent LOFAR and older VLA observational data and also to new observations of M 51 at 325MHz obtained with the GMRT. We find that propagation of CREs by diffusion alone is sufficient to reproduce the observed spectral index distribution in M 51. An isotropic diffusion coefficient with a value of $6.6\pm0.2\,\times 10^{28}\mathrm{cm}^2\,\mathrm{s}^{-1}$ is found to fit best and is similar to what is seen in the Milky Way. We estimate an escape time of $11\,\mathrm{Myr}$ from the central galaxy to $88\,\mathrm{Myr}$ in the extended disk. It is found that an energy dependence of the diffusion coefficient is not important for CRE energies in the range $0.01\,\mathrm{GeV}$--$3\,\mathrm{GeV}$. We are able to reproduce the dependence of the observed synchrotron scale-lengths on frequency, with $l \propto \nu^{-1/4}$ in the outer disk and $l \propto \nu^{-1/8}$ in the inner disk., Comment: 15 pages, 21 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

The absolute L subshell specific electron impact ionization cross sections near the ionization threshold (16 < E < 45 keV) of Lead and Thorium are obtained from the measured L X-ray production cross sections. Monte Carlo simulation is done to account for the effect of the backscattered electrons and the final experimental results are compared with calculations performed using distorted wave Born approximation and the modified relativistic binary encounter Bethe model.The sensitivity of the results on the atomic parameters is explored. Observed agreements and discrepancies between the experimental results and theoretical estimates, and their dependence on the specific atomic parameters are reported., Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures

The primary objective is to enhance muon-tomographic image reconstruction capability by providing distinctive information in terms of deciding on the properties of regions or voxels within a probed volume "V" during any point of scanning: threat type, non-threat type, or not-sufficient data. An algorithm (MTclear) is being developed to ray-trace muon tracks and count how many straight tracks are passing through a voxel. If a voxel "v" has sufficient number of straight tracks (t), then "v" is a non-threat type voxel, unless there are sufficient number of scattering points (p) in "v" that will make it a threat-type voxel. The algorithm also keeps track of voxels for which not enough information is known: where p and v both fall below their respective threshold parameters. We present preliminary results showing how the algorithm works on data collected with a Muon Tomography station based on gas electron multipliers operated by our group. The MTclear algorithm provides more comprehensive information to a human operator or to a decision algorithm than that provided by conventional muon-tomographic reconstruction algorithms, in terms of qualitatively determining the threat possibility from a probed volume. This is quite important because only low numbers of cosmic ray source muons are typically available in nature for tomography, while a quick determination of threats is essential., Comment: 3 pages, 3 figures, submitted to conf. record of 2014 IEEE Nucl. Sci. Symposium, Seattle

IC443 is a relatively large Galactic (~45 arcmin) SNR with a high radio surface brightness. It has fine scale structure down to arcsec scales, and so is difficult to image on all angular scales with a single instrument. Here observations of IC443 at 151 MHz made with both the GMRT and the CLFST are combined to give a composite image of IC443 on all scales from >45 arcmin down to ~20 arcsec., Comment: 2 pages, to appear in IAU Symposium 296, "Supernova environmental impacts" (eds Ray and McCray)