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International audience; Compelling evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction leading to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and protein oxidation could represent a critical event in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Pioneering studies have shown that the mitochondrial matrix contains the Lon protease, which degrades oxidized, dysfunctional, and misfolded protein. Using the PD animal model of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) intoxication in mice, we showed that Lon protease expression increased in the ventral mesencephalon of intoxicated animals, concomitantly with the appearance of oxidized proteins and dopaminergic cell loss. In addition, we report that Lon is inactivated by ROS. Moreover, proteomic experiments provide evidence of carbonylation in α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDH), aconitase or subunits of respiratory chain complexes.Lon protease inactivation upon MPTP treatment in mice raises the possibility that Lon protease dysfunction is an early event in the pathogenesis of PD.

International audience; Loss of Parkin, encoded by PARK2 gene, is a major cause of autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease. In Drosophila and mammalian cell models Parkin has been shown in to play a role in various processes essential to maintenance of mitochondrial quality, including mitochondrial dynamics, biogenesis and degradation. However, the relevance of altered mitochondrial quality control mechanisms to neuronal survival in vivo is still under debate. We addressed this issue in the brain of PARK2 2/2 mice using an integrated mitochondrial evaluation, including analysis of respiration by polarography or by fluorescence, respiratory complexes activity by spectrophotometric assays, mitochondrial membrane potential by rhodamine 123 fluorescence, mitochondrial DNA content by real time PCR, and oxidative stress by total glutathione measurement, proteasome activity, SOD2 expression and proteins oxidative damage. Respiration rates were lowered in PARK2 2/2 brain with high resolution but not standard respirometry. This defect was specific to the striatum, where it was prominent in neurons but less severe in astrocytes. It was present in primary embryonic cells and did not worsen in vivo from 9 to 24 months of age. It was not associated with any respiratory complex defect, including complex I. Mitochondrial inner membrane potential in PARK2 2/2 mice was similar to that of wild-type mice but showed increased sensitivity to uncoupling with ageing in striatum. The presence of oxidative stress was suggested in the striatum by increased mitochondrial glutathione content and oxidative adducts but normal proteasome activity showed efficient compensation. SOD2 expression was increased only in the striatum of PARK2 2/2 mice at 24 months of age. Altogether our results show a tissue-specific mitochondrial defect, present early in life of PARK2 2/2 mice, mildly affecting respiration, without prominent impact on mitochondrial membrane potential, whose underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated, as complex I defect and prominent oxidative damage were ruled out. Citation: Damiano M, Gautier CA, Bulteau A-L, Ferrando-Miguel R, Gouarne C, et al. (2014) Tissue-and Cell-Specific Mitochondrial Defect in Parkin-Deficient Mice. PLOS ONE 9(6): e99898.

International audience; The retinoic acid–inducible gene I (RIG-I)–like receptors (RLRs) RIG-I, MDA5, and LGP2 stimulate inflammatory and antiviral responses by sensing nonself RNA molecules produced during viral replication. Here, we investigated how LGP2 regulates the RIG-I– and MDA5-dependent induction of type I interferon (IFN) signaling and showed that LGP2 interacted with different components of the RNA-silencing machinery. We identified a direct protein-protein interaction between LGP2 and the IFN-inducible, double-stranded RNA binding protein PACT. The LGP2-PACT interaction was mediated by the regulatory C-terminal domain of LGP2 and was necessary for inhibiting RIG-I–dependent responses and for amplifying MDA5-dependent responses. We described a point mutation within LGP2 that disrupted the LGP2-PACT interaction and led to the loss of LGP2-mediated regulation of RIG-I and MDA5 signaling. These results suggest a model in which the LGP2-PACT interaction regulates the inflammatory responses mediated by RIG-I and MDA5 and enables the cellular RNA-silencing machinery to coordinate with the innate immune response.

Hereditary porphyrias are a group of metabolic disorders of the haem biosynthesis pathway, the most severe and important porphyria is the Acute Intermittent Porphyria (AIP). Several metabolic links exist between haem biosynthesis and mitochondria, which is an organelle specialized in energy production. The aim of this work was to examine the impact of the acute attack of AIP on the mitochondrial energetic function. We have shown in a mice model of AIP, with deficiency in the hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS), a mitochondrial metabolic dyfunction, an important alteration in the mitochondrial respiratory complexes activity, and those of Krebs cycle. This deficiency concerned the mice at basal state and after induction by phenobarbital in different tissus (liver, skeletal muscle and brain). In vitro, the administration of delta-aminolevulinic acid, a precursor of haem accumulating in AIP caused a dose-dependent impairment of mitochondrial function with an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Our results suggest that acute attack of AIP alters the mitochondrial function in vivo and in vitro. This new data allows to better understand the pathophysiology and the clinical expression of this disease., Les déficits héréditaires de la synthèse de l’hème sont à l’origine de pathologies métaboliques appelées porphyries. La plus sévère est une porphyrie hépatique, la porphyrie aiguë intermittente (PAI). Des liens métaboliques étroits existent entre la synthèse de l’hème et la mitochondrie. L’objectif de ce travail était d’étudier l’impact de la crise aiguë de PAI sur le fonctionnement énergétique mitochondrial. Nous avons montré, dans un modèle murin déficitaire en hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS) mimant biologiquement la crise de PAI, un dysfonctionnement énergétique mitochondrial. L’activité des complexes de la chaîne respiratoire, la respiration mitochondriale et l’activité des enzymes du cycle de Krebs se sont en effet révélées altérées dans ce modèle, tant à l’état basal qu'après induction par le phénobarbital, et ceci dans le foie, le muscle squelettique et le cerveau. Afin d'évaluer les effets d'un excès de précurseurs métaboliques de l'hème, nous analysons, dans un modèle cellulaire, l'effet de l’administration d’acide delta-aminolévulinique (ALA). Cela provoque une altération, dose-dépendante, de la fonction énergétique mitochondriale et une surproduction des espèces réactives de l’oxygène (ROS). Nos résultats suggèrent un impact profond de la crise de PAI sur la fonction mitochondriale in vivo et in vitro, ce qui pourrait expliquer certaines anomalies métaboliques et cliniques de la maladie.

Iron is an essential nutrient, but its accumulation can be highly cytotoxic. Iron homeostasis must be tightly regulated in order to satisfy cell demand without damage. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, this regulation is mediated by two paralogous transcription factors: Aft1p and Aft2p. Under iron starvation conditions, Aft1p activates the transcription of high affinity iron transport related genes by specific binding to the DNA consensus sequence 5'-TGCACCC-3' found in the promoters of these genes. The role of Aft2p remains poorly understood. Aft2p is capable of binding in vitro to the Aft1p DNA consensus sequence and it activates the transcription of some of the Aft1p target gene under specific conditions, such as overexpression, or expression of a gain-of-function allele. We aimed at further understanding the role of Aft2p in a physiological context, by identification of its target genes and characterisation of its mode of action. For this purpose, we performed global transcriptome analyses, Northern blot and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments using wild type and Δaft1 and/or Δaft2 mutant strains grown under iron depleted conditions. We demonstrated that Aft2p directly activates the transcription of genes that are essential for the iron intracellular sub-compartimentalization and use, while Aft1p does not. We discovered that the consensus sequence in the promoter region of genes specifically activated by At2p was not the 5'-TGCACCC-3' sequence, but the shorter 5'-(G/A)CACCC- 3'. Aft2p plays also a direct role in the transcriptional regulation of some genes involved in zinc metabolism, and it could be involved in the regulation of ergosterol and fatty acid metabolism. We also showed that Aft1p and Aft2p proteins amount is iron-regulated. The modulation of Aft1p protein amount can be attributed to its own transcriptional regulation, while the modulation of Aft2p protein amount involves post-transcriptional regulation., Le fer est à la fois indispensable et toxique pour les cellules. Un contrôle strict de son métabolisme est nécessaire pour pourvoir aux besoins des cellules tout en évitant ses effets délétères. Chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ce contrôle est assuré par les activateurs transcriptionnels paralogues Aft1p et Aft2p. En condition de carence en fer, Aft1p active la transcription des gènes du transport à haute affinité du fer extracellulaire en se fixant sur la séquence cis-régulatrice 5'-TGCACCC-3'. Le rôle d'Aft2p est moins bien caractérisé ; il reconnaît in vitro la même séquence consensus qu'Aft1p et active la transcription de plusieurs gènes régulés par Aft1p lorsqu'il est surexprimé ou sous une forme mutée constitutivement active. Nous avons cherché à mieux comprendre le rôle d'Aft2p en condition de carence en fer en identifiant ses gènes cibles et en caractérisant son mode d'action, par une combinaison d'expériences d'analyses globales de transcriptome, de Northern blot et d'immunoprécipitation de la chromatine réalisées avec les souches sauvage et délétées d'AFT1 et/ou d'AFT2. Nous avons montré qu'Aft2p, mais pas Aft1p, active directement la transcription des gènes de l'utilisation et du stockage du fer intracellulaire. Nous avons mis en évidence que la séquence cis-régulatrice des gènes régulés par Aft2p n'est pas 5'-TGCACCC-3', mais une séquence plus courte, 5'-(G/A)CACCC-3'. Aft2p joue également un rôle direct dans la régulation transcriptionnelle de plusieurs gènes du métabolisme du zinc, et il pourrait intervenir dans la régulation des gènes du métabolisme de l'ergostérol et des acides gras. Par ailleurs, nous avons montré l'existence d'une régulation par le fer de la quantité des protéines Aft1p et Aft2p. La variation de quantité d'Aft1p semble résulter de son autorégulation transcriptionnelle, alors que la variation de quantité d'Aft2p implique une régulation post-transcriptionnelle.