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Jangoux, Michel (2022): The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris. Zoosystema 44 (11): 259-334, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11

clavigera Lamarck, 1816, Asterias Asterias clavigera Lamarck, 1816: 562 Mithrodia clavigera ‒ Clark 1993: 324. — Jangoux 2021: 223. CURRENT STATUS. — Mithrodia clavigera (Lamarck, 1816). TYPE MATERIAL. — Mauritius • 2 syntypes; Baudin expedition, 1800-1804; Péron & Lesueur leg.; MNHN-IE-2014-71. REMARK Photographs of A. clavigera syntype is presented in Jangoux (2021: 223, fig. 9)., Published as part of Jangoux, Michel, 2022, The type specimens of extant asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle of Paris, pp. 259-334 in Zoosystema 44 (11) on page 276, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a11, http://zenodo.org/record/6616817, {"references":["LAMARCK J. B. DE 1816. - Histoire naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres 2. Verdiere, Paris.: 547 - 568. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 13299321","CLARK A. M. 1993. - An index of recent Asteroidea. Part 2: Valvatida, in JANGOUX M. & LAWRENCE J. M. (eds) Echinoderm Studies, vol. 4, Balkema, Rotterdam: 187 - 366.","JANGOUX M. 2021. - The asteroid species of Lamarck (Echinodermata: Asteroidea). Zoosystema 43 (13): 213 - 252. https: // doi. org / 10.5252 / zoosystema 2021 v 43 a 13. http: // zoosystema. com / 43 / 13"]}

A new species of the genus Henricia Gray, 1840 that belongs to the family Echinasteridae is described from South Korea. Henricia epiphysialis sp. nov. has epiphyseal ossicles at the ends of the abactinal and lateral plates, and the abactinal and lateral spines form a hooked crown. The partial sequence of the mitochondrial COXI gene (537 bp) of H. epiphysialis sp. nov. was obtained, and the new species was morphologically and genetically compared with other related Henricia species.

Zoologist Peron and artist Lesueur, both members of the scientific staff of the Baudin expedition to the Southern Lands (September 1800-March 1804), collected during their voyage 36 different species of asteroids. This is what wrote Lamarck in a report made in June 1804. This number was clearly reduced by Lamarck himself who, in his 1816 publication, listed only 15 species from the South Seas in the Paris Museum collection. However, the different asteroids collected during the expedition were drawn by Lesueur (water colours and pencil drawings) who thus realised a real pictorial register. Lesueur's drawings are housed in the Le Havre Museum. Due to their realism and precision, the drawings make it easy to identify the species. Confrontation of Lamarck's report (1804) and publication (1816) with Lesueur's drawings (done between 1802 and 1804) gives a new, more precise idea of the importance of the collection of South Seas asteroids brought back to France and allows to reliably count the number of new species that it contained. Also, this makes it possible to complete the often too brief descriptions of some Lamarckian species and to clarify their status. Eleven taxonomic changes are thus proposed here: Asterias calcar var. quinqueangula is synonymized with Parvulastra exigua (Lamarck, 1816), Asterias calcitrapa var. 1 with Bollonaster pectinatus (Sladen, 1883), Asterias calcitrapa var. 2 with Astropecten vappaMuller & Troschel, 1843, Asterias nodosa var. 3 with Protoreaster lincki (Blainville, 1830), Asterias pentagonula with Tosia australisGray, 1840, Asterias pleyadella with Protoreaster sp., Asterias punctata with Asteropsis carinifera (Lamarck, 1816), Asterias rosacea var. lobis senis with Anseropoda sp., Asteriscus setaceus with Paranepanthia grandis (H. L. Clark, 1928), Astrogonium lamarckiiMuller & Troschel, 1842 with Goniaster tessellatus (Lamarck, 1816) and Asterias cuspidata is moved to the genus Mediaster Stimpson, 1857 as Mediaster cuspidatus (Lamarck, 1816) n. comb.

Trindade and Martin Vaz (TMV) is a highly isolated, oceanic volcanic archipelago located approximately 1200 km off the Brazilian coast and about 4200 km away from the nearest African coast. It has been almost 70 years since the first sea star, “Astropecten sp.”, was recorded from Trindade in 1951. In the following years (1955–1971; 2006) six sea star species were added to the archipelago’s fauna. After that period, however, research on shallow water echinoderms has not been conducted in TMV and no further sea star species have been recorded from there since. From 2012 to 2019, 263 daytime SCUBA diving and intertidal samplings conducted at TMV yielded 91 lots of sea stars in 7 species: Linckia guildingi Gray, 1840; Oreaster reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758); Astropecten aff. antillensis Lütken, 1859; Copidaster lymani A. H. Clark, 1948; Luidia alternata alternata (Say, 1825); Mithrodia clavigera (Lamarck, 1816); and Ophidiaster guildingi Gray, 1840. The last five species in this list represent new records to the archipelago, with C. lymani also being the first record of the species in the southwestern Atlantic. Five shallow water species previously known from TMV have not been observed in the present survey: Asterinides folium (Lütken, 1860), Astropecten brasiliensis Müller & Troschel, 1842, Astropecten cingulatus Sladen, 1883, Linckia nodosa Perrier, 1875, and Ophidiaster alexandri Verrill, 1915. Twelve sea star species are currently known from shallow waters of TMV. A list of all sea star species known from shallow waters (intertidal down to 100 meters) of the tropical southern-central Atlantic oceanic archipelagoes and islands (Ascension, Cape Verde, Fernando de Noronha, Gulf of Guinea, Rocas Atoll, Saint Helena, Trindade and Martin Vaz) with their gross distribution in the Atlantic Ocean was compiled in order to explore the existence of patterns of geographic distribution for the shallow water sea star species in the tropical southern-central Atlantic oceanic islands. It has been found that 44% of the species from TMV are of western Atlantic affinity, 33% amphi-Atlantic, and 22% circumtropical in distribution. No endemic sea star species are known from TMV to date. The even more remote Ascension (ASC) and Saint Helena (STH) are more of a mosaic than TMV. The ASC and STH fauna consist of 8 and 11 sea star species, respectively. Their endemic component totals to 25% and 27%, respectively. STH has more amphi-Atlantic and eastern Atlantic sea star species (27% each) than ASC (25% and 12.5%, respectively). Twenty-five percent of the sea star species in ASC are circumtropical in distribution, whereas no circumtropical species have been found in STH. The western Atlantic (WA) component comparatively to the eastern Atlantic (EA) one is of minor significance in STH (18% versus 27%, respectively), whereas the WA and EA components contribute equally to the taxonomic composition in ASC (12.5% each). However, patterns of faunal affinities in both islands are actually taxon-dependent.

Mithrodia clavigera (Lamarck, 1816) Figures 4 B���D, 7 Asterias clavigera Lamarck, 1816: 562 [type locality: unknown, viz. Clark & Downey, 1992] Mithrodia clavigera ��� Verrill, 1870: 289; Gondim et al. 2014: 26, figs. 7f���i. Trindade specimens. Brazil, Esp��rito Santo, Trindade Island, Enseada da Cachoeira, Farrilh��es, 20��31���22.4���S, 29��19���52���W, 14.viii.2012, 10 m: 1 spm R=110, r=10 (MZUSP 1175); 4.vii.2012, 18 m: 1 spm R=160, r=15 (MZUSP 1176). Ilha do Sul, 20��31���32���S, 29��19���28���W, 21.x.2014, 18 m: 1 spm R=220, r=25 (MZUSP 1178). Enseada do Pr��ncipe, 20��31���36���S, 29��18���94���W, 21.x.2014, 19 m: 1 spm R=240, r=20 (MZUSP 1177). Comparative material. Brazil, Para��ba, Projeto Algas���PB, 7��04���S��� 38��41���W, 17.ii.1981, 26 m: 1 spm R=10, r=2 (UFPB.ECH.880). Distribution. Circumtropical (Engel et al., 1948; Clark & Rowe, 1971; Marsh, 1977; Jangoux, 1984; Clark & Downey, 1992; Alvarado & Solis-Marin, 2013). Brazil: Paraiba, Fernando de Noronha and Trindade Islands (present study), and Vitoria Trindade Seamounts Chain (Vitoria Bank) (Bell, 1882; Tommasi, 1970; Gondim et al., 2014; present study). Depth range: 0���157 m (Clark & Downey, 1992; present study). Recognition characters. Small disc (20���50 mm). Five long, cylindrical, flat arms, tapering terminally. Seven rows of prominent spines, occasionally five, distributed longitudinally around arm. Abactinal and marginal skeleton similar to each other, composed of well-spaced polygonal primary plates connected by elongate secondary plates arranged in a reticulum. Abactinal plates covered by granules. Papular areas large and triangular. Spines squamous other than ambulacral and oral ones. Actinal plates with row of robust spines reaching to terminal region of arm, forming clusters of 2���3 spines; papular areas between plates. Ambulacral spines seven, rounded tip, connected by membrane; central spine largest, remaining spines decreasing in size towards edge of plate. One row of subambulacral spines similar to actinal ones, but smaller and thinner. Pedicellariae rare (Clark & Downey, 1992; present study). Color in life. Arms boldly banded dark brown or reddish and light, usually gray. Papular areas are brown to black (Clark & Downey, 1992; Marsh, 1977). Trindade specimens (Figures 4 B���D, 7A). Habitats. This species has been found to inhabit hard substrates, such as crevices, reefs gravel, rocky bottoms, and rhodolith banks (Abreu-P��rez et al. 2005; Gondim et al. 2014). More active during the night (Guille et al., 1986). One specimen was observed and photographed in situ by Gabriela C. Zeineddine in Fernando de Noronha (in a rocky tide pool at Boldr�� beach, ix.2019, figure 4D), but released after collection. In Trindade M. clavigera was found in rocky bottoms or sheltered in rocky cavities, between 10 and 19 m (Figures 4 B���D, 7A). Comments. Mithrodia claviger a is the only species of three in the genus to occur in the Atlantic Ocean. Mithrodia victoriae Bell, 1882, described from off the coast of southeastern Brazil (Vitoria Bank, Esp��rito Santo) has been placed by Clark & Downey (1992) under the synonymy of M. clavigera, who also called into question the status of M. bradleyi Verril, 1870 (EP) as a distinct species. Engel et al. (1948), warned that pedicellariae are not easily detected, described and illustrated the pedicellariae of M. clavigera based on specimens from Moluccas, Flores and Java (Indonesia), and Haingsisi (Timor). However, pedicellariae have not been found neither in the specimen from Para��ba (northeastern Brazil) studied by Gondim et al. (2014), nor in the Trindade specimens (present study). These are the first records of M. clavigera from the oceanic islands of Fernando de Noronha and Trindade. Previous to the oceanic insular waters, M. clavigera was known in the southwestern Atlantic from the northeastern Brazilian coast (Para��ba) and the Vit��ria Bank, Esp��rito Santo (Figure 1)., Published as part of Cunha, Rosana, Tavares, Marcos & Jr, Joel Braga De Mendon��a, 2020, Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes, pp. 31-56 in Zootaxa 4742 (1) on pages 43-44, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3674443, {"references":["Lamarck, J. B. P. A. (1816) Stellerides. In: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres. Vol. 2. Verdiere, Paris, pp. 522 - 568.","Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall-Natural History Museum Publications, London, 794 pp., 75 figs, 113 pls.","Gondim, A., Christoffersen, M. & Dias, T. (2014) Taxonomic guide and historical review of starfishes in northeastern Brazil (Echinodermata, Asteroidea). ZooKeys, 449, 1 - 56. [online] https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 449.6813","Engel, H., John, D. D. & Cherbonnier, G. (1948) The genus Mithrodia Gray, 1840. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 2, 1 - 40.","Clark, A. M. & Rowe, F. W. E. (1971) Monograph of Shallow-water Indo-West Pacific Echinoderms. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, 690, 1 - 238, 31 pls.","Marsh, L. M. (1977) Coral reef asteroids of Palau, Caroline Island. Micronesica, 13, 251 - 281.","Jangoux, M. (1984) Les asterides littoraux de Nouvelle-Caledonie. Bulletin du Museum National D'Histoire Naturelle, Zoologie, 6 A (2), 279 - 293.","Alvarado, J. J. & Solis-Marin, F. A. (2013) Echinoderm research and diversity in Latin America. Springer, Berlin, 658 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 20051 - 9","Bell, F. J. (1882) Descriptions of new or rare species of Asteroidea in the collection of the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 121 - 124, 1 pl. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1882. tb 02733. x","Tommasi, L. R. (1970) Lista dos asteroides recentes do Brasil. Contribuicoes Avulsas do Instituto Oceanografico, 18, 1 - 61, 38 pls.","Abreu-Perez, M., Solis-Marin, F. A. & Laguarda-Figueras, A. (2005) Catalogo de los equinodermos (Echinodermata: Asteroidea y Ophiuroidea) neritico-bentonicos del Arquipielago Cubano. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 53, 29 - 52.","Guille, A., Laboute, P. & Menou, J. L. (1986) Guide des etoiles de mer, oursins et autres echinodermes du lagon de Nouvelle- Caledonie. Vol. 25. Edition de l'Orstom, Paris, 238 pp."]}

Presently more than 1900 species of sea stars are recognized, of which 77 are recorded for the coast of Brazil. Although the first starfish record in Brazil was published 363 years ago, our knowledge of this fauna remains unsatisfactory from a systematic and ecological point of view, particularly in the north and northeastern regions of the country. This study provides the first annotated list of sea stars from northeastern Brazil. Material described herein is housed at the collections of the Federal University of Paraíba, Federal University of Sergipe, and the Federal University of Bahia, Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo and Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro. Twenty-one species were identified, belonging to 12 genera, 10 families, and 5 orders. Descriptions of species are provided. Three new occurrences were recorded for northeast Brazil: Astropecten alligator, Luidia ludwigi scotti, and Mithrodia clavigera. Highest diversities of Asteroidea were encountered for the states of Bahia (n = 14 spp), Paraíba (n = 12 spp) and Pernambuco (n = 9 spp). No species were recorded for the states of Maranhão and Sergipe. Sandy substrates and depths below 10 m were the least sampled areas over the continental shelf. Herein we provide a first panorama on the fauna of Asteroidea occurring in the northeast region of Brazil, hopefully to function as a basic reference for biodiversity studies in this poorly studied area.