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14. Vaccine hesitancy in pregnant Women: A narrative review.

Author

Mitchell, Stephanie L., Schulkin, Jay, and Power, Michael L.

Subjects
*VACCINE hesitancy, *PREMATURE labor, *MISCARRIAGE, *PREGNANT women, *VACCINE safety, *PREGNANCY outcomes, *INFLUENZA vaccines
Abstract

• Vaccine hesitancy is not homogenous requiring attention from all health communities. • Pregnant women may move between a continuum of vaccine hesitancy. • A framework is available to approach pregnant patient's vaccine hesitations. Pregnant women are often at higher risk for morbidity and mortality due to contracting vaccine-preventable diseases that result in adverse pregnancy outcomes such as spontaneous abortion, preterm births, and congenital fetal defects. For example, health care provider recommendation is correlated with maternal acceptance of influenza vaccination, however, up to 33 % of pregnant women remain unvaccinated irrespective of provider recommendation. Vaccine hesitancy is a multifactorial problem that both the medical and public health systems need to address synergistically. Vaccine education should incorporate balanced perspectives to deliver vaccine education. This narrative review addresses four questions: 1) what are the primary concerns of pregnant women that lead them to be hesitant about receiving vaccinations; 2) to what extent does the source (e.g. provider, friend, family) of vaccine advice and information influence a pregnant person's decision to accept a vaccine; 3) how does the delivery method of vaccine education influence their decision; 4) how can categorizing patients into four distinct groups based on their opinions and behavior regarding vaccines be used to improve provider-patient communication and increase vaccine acceptance. Results from the literature show that the three most common reasons for vaccine hesitancy include: i.) fear of side effects or adverse events; ii.) lack of confidence in vaccine safety; iii.) low perception of being at high risk of infection during pregnancy and/or not having previously received the vaccination when not pregnant. We conclude that vaccine hesitancy is dynamic therefore people do not always hold a static level of vaccine hesitancy. People may move between a continuum of vaccine hesitancy for a multifactorial reasons. A framework, characterized by levels of vaccine hesitancy before and during pregnancy, was constructed to help providers find balance between promoting individual health and public health while providing vaccine education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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20. SARS-CoV-2 Viremia is Associated with COVID-19 Severity and Predicts Clinical Outcomes

Author

Jacobs, Jana L., Bain, William, Naqvi, Asma, Staines, Brittany, Castanha, Priscila M. S., Yang, Haopu, Boltz, Valerie F., Barratt-Boyes, Simon, Marques, Ernesto T. A., Mitchell, Stephanie L., Methé, Barbara, Olonisakin, Tolani F., Haidar, Ghady, Burke, Thomas W., Petzold, Elizabeth, Denny, Thomas, Woods, Chris W., McVerry, Bryan J., Lee, Janet S., Watkins, Simon C., St. Croix, Claudette M., Morris, Alison, Kearney, Mary F., Ladinsky, Mark S., Bjorkman, Pamela J., Kitsios, Georgios, and Mellors, John W.

Subjects
viruses, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition
Abstract

Background: SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA (vRNA) is detected in the bloodstream of some patients with COVID-19 (“RNAemia”) but it is not clear whether this RNAemia reflects viremia (i.e., virus particles) and how RNAemia/viremia is related to host immune responses and outcomes. Methods: SARS-CoV-2 vRNA was quantified by ultra-sensitive RT-PCR in plasma samples (0.5-1.0 ml) from observational cohorts of 51 COVID-19 patients including 9 outpatients, 19 hospitalized (non-ICU), and 23 ICU patients, and vRNA levels compared with cross-sectional indices of COVID-19 severity and prospective clinical outcomes. We used multiple imaging methods to visualize virions in pelleted plasma. Results: SARS-CoV-2 vRNA was detected in plasma of 100%, 52.6% and 11.1% of ICU, non-ICU, and outpatients respectively. Virions were detected in plasma pellets by electron tomography and immunostaining. Plasma vRNA levels were significantly higher in ICU > non-ICU > outpatients (p6,000 copies/ml was strongly associated with mortality (HR: 10.7). Levels of vRNA were significantly associated with several inflammatory biomarkers (p

Published
2021

24. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Viremia Is Associated With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Severity and Predicts Clinical Outcomes

Author

Jacobs, Jana L, primary, Bain, William, additional, Naqvi, Asma, additional, Staines, Brittany, additional, Castanha, Priscila M S, additional, Yang, Haopu, additional, Boltz, Valerie F, additional, Barratt-Boyes, Simon, additional, Marques, Ernesto T A, additional, Mitchell, Stephanie L, additional, Methé, Barbara, additional, Olonisakin, Tolani F, additional, Haidar, Ghady, additional, Burke, Thomas W, additional, Petzold, Elizabeth, additional, Denny, Thomas, additional, Woods, Chris W, additional, McVerry, Bryan J, additional, Lee, Janet S, additional, Watkins, Simon C, additional, St Croix, Claudette M, additional, Morris, Alison, additional, Kearney, Mary F, additional, Ladinsky, Mark S, additional, Bjorkman, Pamela J, additional, Kitsios, Georgios D, additional, and Mellors, John W, additional

Published
2021
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29. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Viremia Is Associated With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Severity and Predicts Clinical Outcomes.

Author

Jacobs, Jana L, Bain, William, Naqvi, Asma, Staines, Brittany, Castanha, Priscila M S, Yang, Haopu, Boltz, Valerie F, Barratt-Boyes, Simon, Marques, Ernesto T A, Mitchell, Stephanie L, Methé, Barbara, Olonisakin, Tolani F, Haidar, Ghady, Burke, Thomas W, Petzold, Elizabeth, Denny, Thomas, Woods, Chris W, McVerry, Bryan J, Lee, Janet S, and Watkins, Simon C

Subjects
INTENSIVE care units, BIOMARKERS, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, SCIENTIFIC observation, STAINS & staining (Microscopy), CROSS-sectional method, RNA, IMMUNE system, SEVERITY of illness index, TREATMENT effectiveness, TOMOGRAPHY, VIREMIA, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, LONGITUDINAL method
Abstract

Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral RNA (vRNA) is detected in the bloodstream of some patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but it is not clear whether this RNAemia reflects viremia (ie, virus particles) and how it relates to host immune responses and outcomes. Methods SARS-CoV-2 vRNA was quantified in plasma samples from observational cohorts of 51 COVID-19 patients including 9 outpatients, 19 hospitalized (non–intensive care unit [ICU]), and 23 ICU patients. vRNA levels were compared with cross-sectional indices of COVID-19 severity and prospective clinical outcomes. We used multiple imaging methods to visualize virions in plasma. Results SARS-CoV-2 vRNA was detected in plasma of 100%, 52.6%, and 11.1% of ICU, non-ICU, and outpatients, respectively. Virions were detected in plasma pellets using electron tomography and immunostaining. Plasma vRNA levels were significantly higher in ICU > non-ICU > outpatients (P  < .0001); for inpatients, plasma vRNA levels were strongly associated with higher World Health Organization (WHO) score at admission (P  = .01), maximum WHO score (P  = .002), and discharge disposition (P  = .004). A plasma vRNA level >6000 copies/mL was strongly associated with mortality (hazard ratio, 10.7). Levels of vRNA were significantly associated with several inflammatory biomarkers (P  < .01) but not with plasma neutralizing antibody titers (P  = .8). Conclusions Visualization of virus particles in plasma indicates that SARS-CoV-2 RNAemia is due, at least in part, to viremia. The levels of SARS-CoV-2 RNAemia correlate strongly with disease severity, patient outcome, and specific inflammatory biomarkers but not with neutralizing antibody titers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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35. Outbreak of Pneumonia in the Setting of Fatal Pneumococcal Meningitis among US Army Trainees: Potential Role of Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection

Author

Mitchell Stephanie L, Rosen Jennifer, Clemmons Nakia S, Weston Emily, McDonough Erin, Warner Agnes K, Soltis Michele A, Thurman Kathleen, Glass Nina, Winchell Jonas M, Hawksworth Anthony W, Russell Bruce P, Ambrose John F, Dawood Fatimah S, Faix Dennis J, Blair Patrick J, Moore Matthew R, and Lowery John

Subjects
Pneumonia, pneumococcal, Chlamydophila, pneumoniae, Military Personnel, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

Abstract Background Compared to the civilian population, military trainees are often at increased risk for respiratory infections. We investigated an outbreak of radiologically-confirmed pneumonia that was recognized after 2 fatal cases of serotype 7F pneumococcal meningitis were reported in a 303-person military trainee company (Alpha Company). Methods We reviewed surveillance data on pneumonia and febrile respiratory illness at the training facility; conducted chart reviews for cases of radiologically-confirmed pneumonia; and administered surveys and collected nasopharyngeal swabs from trainees in the outbreak battalion (Alpha and Hotel Companies), associated training staff, and trainees newly joining the battalion. Results Among Alpha and Hotel Company trainees, the average weekly attack rates of radiologically-confirmed pneumonia were 1.4% and 1.2% (most other companies at FLW: 0-0.4%). The pneumococcal carriage rate among all Alpha Company trainees was 15% with a predominance of serotypes 7F and 3. Chlamydia pneumoniae was identified from 31% of specimens collected from Alpha Company trainees with respiratory symptoms. Conclusion Although the etiology of the outbreak remains unclear, the identification of both S. pneumoniae and C. pneumoniae among trainees suggests that both pathogens may have contributed either independently or as cofactors to the observed increased incidence of pneumonia in the outbreak battalion and should be considered as possible etiologies in outbreaks of pneumonia in the military population.

Published
2011
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38. Chronic exposure to complex metal oxide nanoparticles elicits rapid resistance in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

Author

Mitchell, Stephanie L., primary, Hudson-Smith, Natalie V., additional, Cahill, Meghan S., additional, Reynolds, Benjamin N., additional, Frand, Seth D., additional, Green, Curtis M., additional, Wang, Chenyu, additional, Hang, Mimi N., additional, Hernandez, Rodrigo Tapia, additional, Hamers, Robert J., additional, Feng, Z. Vivian, additional, Haynes, Christy L., additional, and Carlson, Erin E., additional

Published
2019
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41. CLSI Methods Development and Standardization Working Group Best Practices for Evaluation of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests

Author

Humphries, Romney M., primary, Ambler, Jane, additional, Mitchell, Stephanie L., additional, Castanheira, Mariana, additional, Dingle, Tanis, additional, Hindler, Janet A., additional, Koeth, Laura, additional, Sei, Katherine, additional, Hardy, Dwight, additional, Zimmer, Barbara, additional, Butler-Wu, Susan, additional, Dien Bard, Jennifer, additional, Brasso, Bill, additional, Shawar, Ribhi, additional, and Humphries, Romney, additional

Published
2018
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49. Outbreak of Pneumonia in the Setting of Fatal Pneumococcal Meningitis among US Army Trainees: Potential Role of Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection

Author

Dawood, Fatimah S, primary, Ambrose, John F, additional, Russell, Bruce P, additional, Hawksworth, Anthony W, additional, Winchell, Jonas M, additional, Glass, Nina, additional, Thurman, Kathleen, additional, Soltis, Michele A, additional, McDonough, Erin, additional, Warner, Agnes K, additional, Weston, Emily, additional, Clemmons, Nakia S, additional, Rosen, Jennifer, additional, Mitchell, Stephanie L, additional, Faix, Dennis J, additional, Blair, Patrick J, additional, Moore, Matthew R, additional, and Lowery, John, additional

Published
2011
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50. Distinguishing Early-Stage Pancreatic Cancer Patients From Disease-Free Individuals Using Serum Profiling

Author

Hocker, James R., primary, Lerner, Megan R., additional, Mitchell, Stephanie L., additional, Lightfoot, Stan A., additional, Lander, Theresa J., additional, Quillet, Aurelien A., additional, Hanas, Rushie J., additional, Peyton, Marvin D., additional, Postier, Russell G., additional, Brackett, Daniel J., additional, and Hanas, Jay S., additional

Published
2011
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