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3,590 results on '"Mitchell, P. J."'

1. AI-Enhanced Ethical Hacking: A Linux-Focused Experiment

Author

Al-Sinani, Haitham S. and Mitchell, Chris J.

Subjects
Computer Science - Cryptography and Security, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence
Abstract

This technical report investigates the integration of generative AI (GenAI), specifically ChatGPT, into the practice of ethical hacking through a comprehensive experimental study and conceptual analysis. Conducted in a controlled virtual environment, the study evaluates GenAI's effectiveness across the key stages of penetration testing on Linux-based target machines operating within a virtual local area network (LAN), including reconnaissance, scanning and enumeration, gaining access, maintaining access, and covering tracks. The findings confirm that GenAI can significantly enhance and streamline the ethical hacking process while underscoring the importance of balanced human-AI collaboration rather than the complete replacement of human input. The report also critically examines potential risks such as misuse, data biases, hallucination, and over-reliance on AI. This research contributes to the ongoing discussion on the ethical use of AI in cybersecurity and highlights the need for continued innovation to strengthen security defences.

Published
2024

2. Orientable and negative orientable sequences

Author

Mitchell, Chris J and Wild, Peter R

Subjects
Mathematics - Combinatorics, Computer Science - Discrete Mathematics, 94A55, 05C38
Abstract

Analogously to de Bruijn sequences, orientable sequences have application in automatic position-location applications and, until recently, studies of these sequences focused on the binary case. In recent work by Alhakim et al., a range of methods of construction were described for orientable sequences over arbitrary finite alphabets; some of these methods involve using negative orientable sequences as a building block. In this paper we describe three techniques for generating such negative orientable sequences, as well as upper bounds on their period. We then go on to show how these negative orientable sequences can be used to generate orientable sequences with period close to the maximum possible for every non-binary alphabet size and for every tuple length. In doing so we use two closely related approaches described by Alhakim et al., Comment: Minor bugs fixed

Published
2024

3. AI-Enabled sensor fusion of time of flight imaging and mmwave for concealed metal detection

Author

Kaul, Chaitanya, Mitchell, Kevin J., Kassem, Khaled, Tragakis, Athanasios, Kapitany, Valentin, Starshynov, Ilya, Villa, Federica, Murray-Smith, Roderick, and Faccio, Daniele

Subjects
Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Image and Video Processing
Abstract

In the field of detection and ranging, multiple complementary sensing modalities may be used to enrich the information obtained from a dynamic scene. One application of this sensor fusion is in public security and surveillance, whose efficacy and privacy protection measures must be continually evaluated. We present a novel deployment of sensor fusion for the discrete detection of concealed metal objects on persons whilst preserving their privacy. This is achieved by coupling off-the-shelf mmWave radar and depth camera technology with a novel neural network architecture that processes the radar signals using convolutional Long Short-term Memory (LSTM) blocks and the depth signal, using convolutional operations. The combined latent features are then magnified using a deep feature magnification to learn cross-modality dependencies in the data. We further propose a decoder, based on the feature extraction and embedding block, to learn an efficient upsampling of the latent space to learn the location of the concealed object in the spatial domain through radar feature guidance. We demonstrate the detection of presence and inference of 3D location of concealed metal objects with an accuracy of up to 95%, using a technique that is robust to multiple persons. This work provides a demonstration of the potential for cost effective and portable sensor fusion, with strong opportunities for further development.

Published
2024

4. The Genomic Code: The genome instantiates a generative model of the organism

Author

Mitchell, Kevin J. and Cheney, Nick

Subjects
Quantitative Biology - Other Quantitative Biology
Abstract

How does the genome encode the form of the organism? What is the nature of this genomic code? Common metaphors, such as a blueprint or program, fail to capture the complex, indirect, and evolutionarily dynamic relationship between the genome and organismal form, or the constructive, interactive processes that produce it. Such metaphors are also not readily formalised, either to treat empirical data or to simulate genomic encoding of form in silico. Here, we propose a new analogy, inspired by recent work in machine learning and neuroscience: that the genome encodes a generative model of the organism. In this scheme, by analogy with variational autoencoders, the genome does not encode either organismal form or developmental processes directly, but comprises a compressed space of latent variables. These latent variables are the DNA sequences that specify the biochemical properties of encoded proteins and the relative affinities between trans-acting regulatory factors and their target sequence elements. Collectively, these comprise a connectionist network, with weights that get encoded by the learning algorithm of evolution and decoded through the processes of development. The latent variables collectively shape an energy landscape that constrains the self-organising processes of development so as to reliably produce a new individual of a certain type, providing a direct analogy to Waddingtons famous epigenetic landscape. The generative model analogy accounts for the complex, distributed genetic architecture of most traits and the emergent robustness and evolvability of developmental processes. It also provides a new way to explain the independent selectability of specific traits, drawing on the idea of multiplexed disentangled representations observed in artificial and neural systems and lends itself to formalisation., Comment: 31 pages, 4 figures

Published
2024

5. Orientable sequences over non-binary alphabets

Author

Alhakim, Abbas, Mitchell, Chris J., Szmidt, Janusz, and Wild, Peter R.

Subjects
Mathematics - Combinatorics, 94A55
Abstract

We describe new, simple, recursive methods of construction for orientable sequences over an arbitrary finite alphabet, i.e. periodic sequences in which any sub-sequence of n consecutive elements occurs at most once in a period in either direction. In particular we establish how two variants of a generalised Lempel homomorphism can be used to recursively construct such sequences, generalising previous work on the binary case. We also derive an upper bound on the period of an orientable sequence., Comment: Minor bugs fixed

Published
2024

6. The Ballad of the Bots: Sonification Using Cognitive Metaphor to Support Immersed Teleoperation of Robot Teams

Author

Simmons, Joe, Bremner, Paul, Mitchell, Thomas J, Bown, Alison, and McIntosh, Verity

Subjects
Computer Science - Robotics, Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction
Abstract

As an embodied and spatial medium, virtual reality is proving an attractive proposition for robot teleoperation in hazardous environments. This paper examines a nuclear decommissioning scenario in which a simulated team of semi-autonomous robots are used to characterise a chamber within a virtual nuclear facility. This study examines the potential utility and impact of sonification as a means of communicating salient operator data in such an environment. However, the question of what sound should be used and how it can be applied in different applications is far from resolved. This paper explores and compares two sonification design approaches. The first is inspired by the theory of cognitive metaphor to create sonifications that align with socially acquired contextual and ecological understanding of the application domain. The second adopts a computationalist approach using auditory mappings that are commonplace in the literature. The results suggest that the computationalist approach outperforms the cognitive metaphor approach in terms of predictability and mental workload. However, qualitative data analysis demonstrates that the cognitive metaphor approach resulted in sounds that were more intuitive, and were better implemented for spatialisation of data sources and data legibility when there was more than one sound source., Comment: Accepted for publication in Frontiers in Virtual Reality->Technologies for VR under the research topic 'Interactive Audio Systems and Artefacts within Extended Reality: Innovation, Creativity and Accessibility'

Published
2024
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7. Motility Modulates the Partitioning of Bacteria in Aqueous Two-Phase Systems

Author

Cheon, Jiyong, Choi, Kyu Hwan, Modica, Kevin J., Mitchell, Robert J., Takatori, Sho C., and Jeong, Joonwoo

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Soft Condensed Matter
Abstract

We study the partitioning of motile bacteria into different thermodynamic states of a phase-separated dextran (DEX)/polyethylene glycol (PEG) aqueous mixture. While non-motile bacteria partition exclusively into the DEX-rich phase in all conditions tested, we observed that motile bacteria transverse the soft DEX/PEG interface and partition variably among the two phases. For our model organism \textit{Bacillus subtilis}, the fraction of motile bacteria in the DEX-rich phase increased from 0.58 to 1 as we increased DEX composition within the two-phase region. We hypothesized that the chemical affinity between dextran and the bacteria cell wall acts to weakly confine the bacteria within the DEX-rich phase; however, motility can generate sufficient mechanical forces to overcome the soft confinement and propel the bacteria into the PEG-rich phase. Using optical tweezers to drag a bacterium across the DEX/PEG interface, we developed a model to predict the overall phase partitioning based on a competition between the interfacial forces and bacterial propulsive forces. Our measurements are supported by a theoretical model of dilute active rods embedded within a periodic soft confinement potential., Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, See Supporting Information in ancillary files (1 appendix, 3 movies)

Published
2024

8. Evolution of the nuclear spin-orbit splitting explored via the $^{32}$Si($d$,$p$)$^{33}$Si reaction using SOLARIS

Author

Chen, J., Kay, B. P., Hoffman, C. R., Tang, T. L., Tolstukhin, I. A., Bazin, D., Lubna, R. S., Ayyad, Y., Beceiro-Novo, S., Coombes, B. J., Freeman, S. J., Gaffney, L. P., Garg, R., Jayatissa, H., Kuchera, A. N., MacGregor, P., Mitchell, A. J., Mittig, W., Monteagudo, B., Munoz-Ramos, A., Müller-Gatermann, C., Recchia, F., Rijal, N., Santamaria, C., Serikow, M. Z., Sharp, D. K., Smith, J., Stecenko, J. K., Wilson, G. L., Wuosmaa, A. H., Yuan, C. X., Zamora, J. C., and Zhang, Y. N.

Subjects
Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

The spin-orbit splitting between neutron 1$p$ orbitals at $^{33}$Si has been deduced using the single-neutron-adding ($d$,$p$) reaction in inverse kinematics with a beam of $^{32}$Si, a long-lived radioisotope. Reaction products were analyzed by the newly implemented SOLARIS spectrometer at the reaccelerated-beam facility at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory. The measurements show reasonable agreement with shell-model calculations that incorporate modern cross-shell interactions, but they contradict the prediction of proton density depletion based on relativistic mean-field theory. The evolution of the neutron 1$p$-shell orbitals is systematically studied using the present and existing data in the isotonic chains of $N=17$, 19, and 21. In each case, a smooth decrease in the separation of the $1p_{3/2}$-$1p_{1/2}$ orbitals is seen as the respective $p$-orbitals approach zero binding, suggesting that the finite nuclear potential strongly influences the evolution of nuclear structure in this region., Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures

Published
2024

9. Integrity-protecting block cipher modes -- Untangling a tangled web

Author

Mitchell, Chris J

Subjects
Computer Science - Cryptography and Security
Abstract

This paper re-examines the security of three related block cipher modes of operation designed to provide authenticated encryption. These modes, known as PES-PCBC, IOBC and EPBC, were all proposed in the mid-1990s. However, analyses of security of the latter two modes were published more recently. In each case one or more papers describing security issues with the schemes were eventually published, although a flaw in one of these analyses (of EPBC) was subsequently discovered - this means that until now EPBC had no known major issues. This paper establishes that, despite this, all three schemes possess defects which should prevent their use - especially as there are a number of efficient alternative schemes possessing proofs of security., Comment: Minor typos fixed

Published
2024

11. Effects of atmospheric pressure change during flight on insulin pump delivery and glycaemic control of pilots with insulin-treated diabetes: an in vitro simulation and a retrospective observational real-world study

Author

Garden, Gillian L., Fan, Ka Siu, Paterson, Megan, Shojaee-Moradie, Fariba, Borg Inguanez, Monique, Manoli, Antonios, Edwards, Victoria, Lee, Vivienne, Frier, Brian M., Hutchison, Ewan J., Maher, Declan, Mathieu, Chantal, Mitchell, Stuart J., Heller, Simon R., Roberts, Graham A., Shaw, Kenneth M., Koehler, Gerd, Mader, Julia K., King, Bruce R., and Russell-Jones, David L.

Published
2024
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15. Combinatorial design of siloxane-incorporated lipid nanoparticles augments intracellular processing for tissue-specific mRNA therapeutic delivery

Author

Xue, Lulu, Zhao, Gan, Gong, Ningqiang, Han, Xuexiang, Shepherd, Sarah J., Xiong, Xinhong, Xiao, Zebin, Palanki, Rohan, Xu, Junchao, Swingle, Kelsey L., Warzecha, Claude C., El-Mayta, Rakan, Chowdhary, Vivek, Yoon, Il-Chul, Xu, Jingcheng, Cui, Jiaxi, Shi, Yi, Alameh, Mohamad-Gabriel, Wang, Karin, Wang, Lili, Pochan, Darrin J., Weissman, Drew, Vaughan, Andrew E., Wilson, James M., and Mitchell, Michael J.

Published
2024
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20. Motile bacteria crossing liquid-liquid interfaces

Author

Cheon, Jiyong, Son, Joowang, Lim, Sungbin, Jeong, Yundon, Park, Jung-Hoon, Mitchell, Robert J., Kim, Jaeup U., and Jeong, Joonwoo

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Soft Condensed Matter, Physics - Biological Physics
Abstract

Real-life bacteria often swim in complex fluids, but our understanding of the interactions between bacteria and complex surroundings is still evolving. In this work, rod-like \textit{Bacillus subtilis} swims in a quasi-2D environment with aqueous liquid-liquid interfaces, i.e., the isotropic-nematic coexistence phase of an aqueous chromonic liquid crystal. Focusing on the bacteria motion near and at the liquid-liquid interfaces, we collect and quantify bacterial trajectories ranging across the isotropic to the nematic phase. Despite its small magnitude, the interfacial tension of the order of 10 $\mathrm{\mu N/m}$ at the isotropic-nematic interface justifies our observations that bacteria swimming more perpendicular to the interface have a higher probability of crossing the interface. Our force-balance model, considering the interfacial tension, further predicts how the length and speed of the bacteria affect their crossing behaviors. We also find, as soon as the bacteria cross the interface and enter the nematic phase, they wiggle less, but faster, and that this occurs as the flagellar bundles aggregate within the nematic phase.

Published
2024

26. Shape polarization in the tin isotopes near $N=60$ from precision $g$-factor measurements on short-lived $11/2^-$ isomers

Author

Gray, T. J., Stuchbery, A. E., Dobaczewski, J., Blazhev, A., Alshammari, H. A., Bignell, L. J., Bonnard, J., Coombes, B. J., Dowie, J. T. H., Gerathy, M. S. M., Kibédi, T., Lane, G. J., McCormick, B. P., Mitchell, A. J., Nicholls, C., Pope, J. G., Reinhard, P. -G., Spinks, N. J., and Zhong, Y.

Subjects
Nuclear Experiment, Nuclear Theory
Abstract

The $g$ factors of $11/2^-$ isomers in semimagic $^{109}$Sn and $^{111}$Sn (isomeric lifetimes $\tau = 2.9(3)$ ns and $\tau = 14.4(7)$ ns, respectively) were measured by an extension of the Time Differential Perturbed Angular Distribution technique, which uses \LaBr detectors and the hyperfine fields of a gadolinium host to achieve precise measurements in a new regime of short-lived isomers. The results, $g(11/2^-; {^{109}\textrm{Sn}}) = -0.186(8)$ and $g(11/2^-; {^{111}\textrm{Sn}}) = -0.214(4)$, are significantly lower in magnitude than those of the $11/2^-$ isomers in the heavier isotopes and depart from the value expected for a near pure neutron $h_{11/2}$ configuration. Broken-symmetry density functional theory calculations applied to the sequence of $11/2^-$ states reproduce the magnitude and location of this deviation. The $g(11/2^-)$ values are affected by shape core polarization; the odd $0h_{11/2}$ neutron couples to $J^{\pi}=2^+,4^+,6^+...$ configurations in the weakly-deformed effective core, causing a decrease in the $g$-factor magnitudes., Comment: 8 pages, 7 figures. Accepted in Physics Letters B

Published
2023

30. Review of clinical trials and guidelines for children and youth with mucopolysaccharidosis: outcome selection and measurement

Author

Howie, Alison H., Tingley, Kylie, Inbar-Feigenberg, Michal, Mitchell, John J., Angel, Kim, Gentle, Jenifer, Smith, Maureen, Offringa, Martin, Butcher, Nancy J., Campeau, Philippe M., Chakraborty, Pranesh, Chan, Alicia, Fergusson, Dean, Mamak, Eva, McClelland, Peyton, Mercimek-Andrews, Saadet, Mhanni, Aizeddin, Moazin, Zeinab, Rockman-Greenberg, Cheryl, Rupar, C. Anthony, Skidmore, Becky, Stockler, Sylvia, Thavorn, Kednapa, Wyatt, Alexandra, and Potter, Beth K.

Published
2024
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33. Vascular endothelial-derived SPARCL1 exacerbates viral pneumonia through pro-inflammatory macrophage activation

Author

Zhao, Gan, Gentile, Maria E., Xue, Lulu, Cosgriff, Christopher V., Weiner, Aaron I., Adams-Tzivelekidis, Stephanie, Wong, Joanna, Li, Xinyuan, Kass-Gergi, Sara, Holcomb, Nicolas P., Basal, Maria C., Stewart, Kathleen M., Planer, Joseph D., Cantu, Edward, Christie, Jason D., Crespo, Maria M., Mitchell, Michael J., Meyer, Nuala J., and Vaughan, Andrew E.

Published
2024
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34. A mixed-methods study to investigate feasibility and acceptability of an early warning score for preterm infants in neonatal units in Kenya: results of the NEWS-K study: Neonatal early warning scores in Kenya

Author

Mitchell, Eleanor J, Aluvaala, Jalemba, Bradshaw, Lucy, Daniels, Jane P, Emadau, Caren, Muthumbi, Bernadine, Nabwera, Helen, Ojee, Ednah, Opira, Jacqueline, Pallotti, Phoebe, Qureshi, Zahida, Sigei, Mark, Su, Yuanfei, Swinden, Richard, Were, Fredrick, and Ojha, Shalini

Published
2024
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35. High-throughput barcoding of nanoparticles identifies cationic, degradable lipid-like materials for mRNA delivery to the lungs in female preclinical models

Author

Xue, Lulu, Hamilton, Alex G., Zhao, Gan, Xiao, Zebin, El-Mayta, Rakan, Han, Xuexiang, Gong, Ningqiang, Xiong, Xinhong, Xu, Junchao, Figueroa-Espada, Christian G., Shepherd, Sarah J., Mukalel, Alvin J., Alameh, Mohamad-Gabriel, Cui, Jiaxi, Wang, Karin, Vaughan, Andrew E., Weissman, Drew, and Mitchell, Michael J.

Published
2024
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37. Short-term hypercaloric carbohydrate loading increases surgical stress resilience by inducing FGF21

Author

Agius, Thomas, Emsley, Raffaella, Lyon, Arnaud, MacArthur, Michael R., Kiesworo, Kevin, Faivre, Anna, Stavart, Louis, Lambelet, Martine, Legouis, David, de Seigneux, Sophie, Golshayan, Déla, Lazeyras, Francois, Yeh, Heidi, Markmann, James F., Uygun, Korkut, Ocampo, Alejandro, Mitchell, Sarah J., Allagnat, Florent, Déglise, Sébastien, and Longchamp, Alban

Published
2024
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39. The quality of care delivered to residents in long-term care in Australia: an indicator-based review of resident records (CareTrack Aged study)

Author

Hibbert, Peter D., Molloy, Charlotte J., Cameron, Ian D., Gray, Leonard C., Reed, Richard L., Wiles, Louise K., Westbrook, Johanna, Arnolda, Gaston, Bilton, Rebecca, Ash, Ruby, Georgiou, Andrew, Kitson, Alison, Hughes, Clifford F., Gordon, Susan J., Mitchell, Rebecca J., Rapport, Frances, Estabrooks, Carole, Alexander, Gregory L., Vincent, Charles, Edwards, Adrian, Carson-Stevens, Andrew, Wagner, Cordula, McCormack, Brendan, and Braithwaite, Jeffrey

Published
2024
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40. Nanoparticle-based DNA vaccine protects against SARS-CoV-2 variants in female preclinical models

Author

Guimaraes, Lays Cordeiro, Costa, Pedro Augusto Carvalho, Scalzo Júnior, Sérgio Ricardo Aluotto, Ferreira, Heloísa Athaydes Seabra, Braga, Ana Carolina Soares, de Oliveira, Leonardo Camilo, Figueiredo, Maria Marta, Shepherd, Sarah, Hamilton, Alex, Queiroz-Junior, Celso Martins, da Silva, Walison Nunes, da Silva, Natália Jordana Alves, Rodrigues Alves, Marco Túllio, Santos, Anderson Kenedy, de Faria, Kevin Kelton Santos, Marim, Fernanda Martins, Fukumasu, Heidge, Birbrair, Alexander, Teixeira-Carvalho, Andréa, de Aguiar, Renato Santana, Mitchell, Michael J., Teixeira, Mauro Martins, Vasconcelos Costa, Vivian, Frezard, Frederic, and Guimaraes, Pedro Pires Goulart

Published
2024
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41. Assessing the quality and value of metabolic chart data for capturing core outcomes for pediatric medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency

Author

Iverson, Ryan, Taljaard, Monica, Geraghty, Michael T., Pugliese, Michael, Tingley, Kylie, Coyle, Doug, Kronick, Jonathan B., Wilson, Kumanan, Austin, Valerie, Brunel-Guitton, Catherine, Buhas, Daniela, Butcher, Nancy J., Chan, Alicia K. J., Dyack, Sarah, Goobie, Sharan, Greenberg, Cheryl R., Jain-Ghai, Shailly, Inbar-Feigenberg, Michal, Karp, Natalya, Kozenko, Mariya, Langley, Erica, Lines, Matthew, Little, Julian, MacKenzie, Jennifer, Maranda, Bruno, Mercimek-Andrews, Saadet, Mhanni, Aizeddin, Mitchell, John J., Nagy, Laura, Offringa, Martin, Pender, Amy, Potter, Murray, Prasad, Chitra, Ratko, Suzanne, Salvarinova, Ramona, Schulze, Andreas, Siriwardena, Komudi, Sondheimer, Neal, Sparkes, Rebecca, Stockler-Ipsiroglu, Sylvia, Tapscott, Kendra, Trakadis, Yannis, Turner, Lesley, Van Karnebeek, Clara, Vandersteen, Anthony, Walia, Jagdeep S., Wilson, Brenda J., Yu, Andrea C., Potter, Beth K., and Chakraborty, Pranesh

Published
2024
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46. Cerastecins inhibit membrane lipooligosaccharide transport in drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii

Author

Wang, Hao, Ishchenko, Andrii, Skudlarek, Jason, Shen, Pamela, Dzhekieva, Liudmila, Painter, Ronald E., Chen, Yun-Ting, Bukhtiyarova, Marina, Leithead, Andrew, Tracy, Rodger, Babaoglu, Kerim, Bahnck-Teets, Carolyn, Buevich, Alexei, Cabalu, Tamara D., Labroli, Marc, Lange, Henry, Lei, Ying, Li, Wei, Liu, Jian, Mann, Paul A., Meng, Tao, Mitchell, Helen J., Mulhearn, James, Scapin, Giovanna, Sha, Deyou, Shaw, Anthony W., Si, Qian, Tong, Ling, Wu, Chengwei, Wu, Zhe, Xiao, Jing Chen, Xu, Min, Zhang, Li-Kang, McKenney, David, Miller, Randy R., Black, Todd A., Cooke, Andrew, Balibar, Carl J., Klein, Daniel J., Raheem, Izzat, and Walker, Scott S.

Published
2024
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50. Coronal Heating as Determined by the Solar Flare Frequency Distribution Obtained by Aggregating Case Studies

Author

Mason, James Paul, Werth, Alexandra, West, Colin G., Youngblood, Allison A., Woodraska, Donald L., Peck, Courtney, Lacjak, Kevin, Frick, Florian G., Gabir, Moutamen, Alsinan, Reema A., Jacobsen, Thomas, Alrubaie, Mohammad, Chizmar, Kayla M., Lau, Benjamin P., Dominguez, Lizbeth Montoya, Price, David, Butler, Dylan R., Biron, Connor J., Feoktistov, Nikita, Dewey, Kai, Loomis, N. E., Bodzianowski, Michal, Kuybus, Connor, Dietrick, Henry, Wolfe, Aubrey M., Guerrero, Matt, Vinson, Jessica, Starbuck, Peter, Litton, Shelby D, Beck, M. G., Fisch, Jean-Paul, West, Ayana, Muniz, Alexis A., Chavez, Luis, Upthegrove, Zachary T., Runyon, Brenton M., Salazar, J., Kritzberg, Jake E., Murrel, Tyler, Ho, Ella, LaFemina, Quintin Y., Elbashir, Sara I., Chang, Ethan C., Hudson, Zachary A., Nussbaum, Rosemary O., Kennedy, Kellen, Kim, Kevin, Arango, Camila Villamil, Albakr, Mohammed A., Rotter, Michael, Garscadden, A. J., Salcido-Alcontar JR, Antonio, Pearl, Harrison M., Stepaniak, Tyler, Marquez, Josie A., Marsh, Lauren, Andringa, Jesse C, Osogwin, Austin, Shields, Amanda M., Brookins, Sarah, Hach, Grace K., Clausi, Alexis R., Millican, Emily B., Jaimes, Alan A, Graham, Alaina S., Burritt, John J., Perez, J. S., Ramirez, Nathaniel, Suri, Rohan, Myer, Michael S., Kresek, Zoe M., Goldsberry, C. A., Payne, Genevieve K., Jourabchi, Tara, Hu, J., Lucca, Jeffrey, Feng, Zitian, Gilpatrick, Connor B., Khan, Ibraheem A., Warble, Keenan, Sweeney, Joshua D., Dorricott, Philip, Meyer, Ethan, Kothamdi, Yash S., Sohail, Arman S., Grell, Kristyn, Floyd, Aidan, Bard, Titus, Mathieson, Randi M., Reed, Joseph, Cisneros, Alexis, Payne, Matthew P., Jarriel, J. R., Mora, Jacqueline Rodriguez, Sundell, M. E., Patel, Kajal, Alesmail, Mohammad, Alnasrallah, Yousef A, Abdullah, Jumana T., Molina-Saenz, Luis, Tayman, K. E., Brown, Gabriel T., Kerr-Layton, Liana, Berriman-Rozen, Zachary D., Hiatt, Quinn, Kalra, Etash, Ong, Jason, Vadayar, Shreenija, Shannahan, Callie D., Benke, Evan, zhang, Jinhua, Geisman, Jane, Martyr, Cara, Ameijenda, Federico, Akruwala, Ushmi H., Nehring, Molly, Kissner, Natalie, Rule, Ian C., Learned, Tyler, Smith, Alexandra N., Mazzotta, Liam, Rounsefell, Tyndall, Eyeson, Elizabeth A., Shelby, Arlee K., Moll, Tyler S, Menke, Riley, Shahba, Hannan, House Jr., Tony A., Clark, David B., Burns, Annemarie C., de La Beaujardiere, Tristan, Trautwein, Emily D., Plantz, Will, Reeves, Justin, Faber, Ian, Buxton, B. W., Highhouse, Nigel, Landrey, Kalin, Hansen, Connor M, Chen, Kevin, Hales, Ryder Buchanan, Borgerding, Luke R., Guo, Mutian, Crow, Christian J., Whittall, Lloyd C., Simmons, Conor, Folarin, Adeduni, Parkinson, Evan J., Rahn, Anna L., Blevins, Olivia, Morelock, Annalise M., Kelly, Nicholas, Parker, Nathan L., Smith, Kelly, Plzak, Audrey E., Saeb, David, Hares, Cameron T., Parker, Sasha R., McCoy, Andrew, Pham, Alexander V., Lauzon, Megan, Kennedy, Cayla J., Reyna, Andrea B., Acosta, Daniela M. Meza, Cool, Destiny J., Steinbarth, Sheen L., Mendoza-Anselmi, Patricia, Plutt, Kaitlyn E., Kipp, Isabel M, Rakhmonova, M., Brown, Cameron L., Van Anne, Gabreece, Moss, Alexander P., Golden, Olivia, Kirkpatrick, Hunter B., Colleran, Jake R., Sullivan, Brandon J, Tran, Kevin, Carpender, Michael Andrew, Mundy, Aria T., Koenig, Greta, Oudakker, Jessica, Engelhardt, Rasce, Ales, Nolan, Wexler, Ethan Benjamin, Beato, Quinn I, Chen, Lily, Cochran, Brooke, Hill, Paula, Hamilton, Sean R., Hashiro, Kyle, Khan, Usman, Martinez, Alexa M., Brockman, Jennifer L., Mallory, Macguire, Reed, Charlie, Terrile, Richard, Singh, Savi, Watson, James Adam, Creany, Joshua B., Price, Nicholas K., Miften, Aya M., Tran, Bryn, Kamenetskiy, Margaret, Martinez, Jose R., Opp, Elena N., Huang, Jianyang, Fails, Avery M., Belei, Brennan J., Slocum, Ryan, Astalos, Justin, East, Andrew, Nguyen, Lena P., Pherigo, Callie C, East, Andrew N., Li, David Y., Nelson, Maya LI, Taylor, Nicole, Odbayar, Anand, Rives, Anna Linnea, Mathur, Kabir P., Billingsley, Jacob, Polikoff, Hyden, Driscoll, Michael, Wilson, Orion K., Lahmers, Kyle, Toon, Nathaniel J., Lippincott, Sam, Musgrave, Andrew J., Gregory, Alannah H., Pitsuean-Meier, Sedique, Jesse, Trevor, Smith, Corey, Miles, Ethan J., Kainz, Sabrina J. H. T., Ji, Soo Yeun, Nguyen, Lena, Aryan, Maryam, Dinser, Alexis M., Shortman, Jadon, Bastias, Catalina S, Umbricht, Thomas D, Cage, Breonna, Randolph, Parker, Pollard, Matthew, Simone, Dylan M., Aramians, Andrew, Brecl, Ariana E., Robert, Amanda M., Zenner, Thomas, Saldi, Maxwell, Morales, Gavin, Mendez, Citlali, Syed, Konner, Vogel, Connor Maklain, Cone, Rebecca A., Berhanu, Naomi, Carpenter, Emily, Leoni, Cecilia, Bryan, Samuel, Ramachandra, Nidhi, Shaw, Timothy, Lee, E. C., Monyek, Eli, Wegner, Aidan B., Sharma, Shajesh, Lister, Barrett, White, Jamison R., Willard, John S., Sulaiman, S. A, Blandon, Guillermo, Narayan, Anoothi, Ruger, Ryan, Kelley, Morgan A., Moreno, Angel J., Balcer, Leo M, Ward-Chene, N. R. D., Shelby, Emma, Reagan, Brian D., Marsh, Toni, Sarkar, Sucheta, Kelley, Michael P., Fell, Kevin, Balaji, Sahana, Hildebrand, Annalise K., Shoha, Dominick, Nandu, Kshmya, Tucker, Julia, Cancio, Alejandro R., Wang, Jiawei, Rapaport, Sarah Grace, Maravi, Aimee S., Mayer, Victoria A., Miller, Andrew, Bence, Caden, Koke, Emily, Fauntleroy, John T, Doermer, Timothy, Al-Ghazwi, Adel, Morgan, Remy, Alahmed, Mohammed S., Mathavan, Adam Izz Khan Mohd Reduan, Silvester, H. 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R., Ortiz, Jorge L Ramirez, and Lewandowski, H. J.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

Flare frequency distributions represent a key approach to addressing one of the largest problems in solar and stellar physics: determining the mechanism that counter-intuitively heats coronae to temperatures that are orders of magnitude hotter than the corresponding photospheres. It is widely accepted that the magnetic field is responsible for the heating, but there are two competing mechanisms that could explain it: nanoflares or Alfv\'en waves. To date, neither can be directly observed. Nanoflares are, by definition, extremely small, but their aggregate energy release could represent a substantial heating mechanism, presuming they are sufficiently abundant. One way to test this presumption is via the flare frequency distribution, which describes how often flares of various energies occur. If the slope of the power law fitting the flare frequency distribution is above a critical threshold, $\alpha=2$ as established in prior literature, then there should be a sufficient abundance of nanoflares to explain coronal heating. We performed $>$600 case studies of solar flares, made possible by an unprecedented number of data analysts via three semesters of an undergraduate physics laboratory course. This allowed us to include two crucial, but nontrivial, analysis methods: pre-flare baseline subtraction and computation of the flare energy, which requires determining flare start and stop times. We aggregated the results of these analyses into a statistical study to determine that $\alpha = 1.63 \pm 0.03$. This is below the critical threshold, suggesting that Alfv\'en waves are an important driver of coronal heating., Comment: 1,002 authors, 14 pages, 4 figures, 3 tables, published by The Astrophysical Journal on 2023-05-09, volume 948, page 71

Published
2023
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