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Both high-intensity interval training and training in hypoxic conditions have gained popularity in recent years due to their cardiorespiratory and metabolic benefits. Recent studies focus on the combined effects of both factors in detail. But there is still a scientific gap in the literature on the effects caused and its magnitude in response to this type of training. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the acute effects of Repeated Wingate Style HIIT applied in hypoxic and normoxic conditions on oxidant and antioxidant indicators of recreationally active men. Sixteen participants were randomly assigned to normoxic or hypoxic groups and then they were completed a wingate style 30s*4rps*4 min (sprint time * repeats * recover between sprints) HIIT on normoxic and hypoxic conditions (2500m, FiO2: 0.130) in the normobaric environment. The normality assumption calculated using a Shapiro-Wilk test to ensure the normal distribution of the quantitative for all data (p < 0.05). To analyze differences in baseline data between groups an Independent Sample t-test was performed. The Two-way analysis of variance was used in repeated measurements to reveal the effects of training under hypoxia and normoxia conditions (time, time × group interactions) oxidant and antioxidants. The activities of blood oxidant and antioxidant did not change significantly after training in the hypoxic and normoxic group. As a result, repeated Wingate style HIIT applied in hypoxic and normoxic conditions, did not change both MDA (p=0.79), which is an indicator of oxidant stress, and SOD (p=0.46), CAT (p=0.26), and GSHPX (p=0.17), which are general indicators of antioxidant defense.

Background This study aims to determine and compare the effects of exercise modalities with different intensities on the secretion of key inflammation and hypoxia markers in amateur athletes. Methods Twenty-three athletes with a mean age of 20.1 years, living at low altitude (1850 m) participated in this study. The participants' maximal oxygen consumption values (VO2 max) were determined with an incremental cycle exercise test as 54.15 ± 6.14 mL kg min−1. Athletes performed four protocols: at rest, 50% VO2 max, 75% VO2 max and 100% VO2 max (until exhaustion) with one-week intervals. 50% VO2 max, 75% VO2 max sessions were performed continuously for 30 min on a bicycle ergometer and 100% VO2 max session was performed by cycling until exhaustion. Blood samples were obtained at rest and immediately after each exercise session. Serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) levels were measured. Results There were significant differences in serum TNF-α levels in 75% VO2 max and 100% VO2 max sessions (489.03 ± 368.37 and 472.70 ± 365.21 ng/L, respectively) compared to rest conditions (331.65 ± 293.52 ng/L). Serum CRP levels of 50% VO2 max and 75% VO2 max sessions (1.19 ± 0.50; 1.07 ± 0.52 mg/L) were significantly higher than the rest condition (0.74 ± 0.35 mg/L). There were significant differences in serum IL-10 levels of rest condition and 50% VO2 max; 50% VO2 max, and 100% VO2 max sessions (328.09 ± 128.87; 446.36 ± 142.84; 347.44 ± 135.69; 324.88 ± 168.06 pg/mL). Serum HIF-1α levels were significantly higher in 75% VO2 max session compared to rest (1.26 ± 0.16; 1.08 ± 0.19 ng/mL) (P Conclusions Both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathway is induced on different exercise intensities. Exercise protocols performed until exhaustion may lead to activation of inflammatory pathways and hypoxia-induced damage.

Purpose: The effects of high intensity interval exercises on antioxidant defence system are not clear. Since there is an evident lack of studies focused on oxidative stress in moderately trained males following high intensity interval training, we investigated oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde [MDA], catalase [CAT], glutathione peroxidase [GPX], superoxide dismutase [SOD]) by completing a high intensity interval training program (HIITP) under hypoxic and normoxic conditions in a normobaric environment. Material: The study was carried out on moderately trained university students who had regular exercising habits. The participants completed 8-week wingate based high intensity interval training under normoxic and hypoxic conditions (2500 m.) in the normobaric environment. They were instructed to maintain their normal dietary practices during the study not to take any antioxidant containing vitamin tablets. Results: The interaction effect (time×group) for SOD (p=0.230), CAT (p=0.736), GPX (p=0.517), and MDA (p=0.596), revealed no significant change in repeated response. Conclusions: Although 8 weeks of high-intensity interval training significantly affected only SOD and GPX (p

Sprint interval training (SIT) is a concept that has been shown to enhance aerobic-anaerobic training adaptations and induce larger effects in hypoxia. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 4 weeks of SIT with 15 or 30 s in hypoxia on aerobic, anaerobic performance and critical power (CP). A total of 32 male team players were divided into four groups: SIT with 15 s at FiO2: 0.209 (15 N), FiO2: 0.135 (15 H), SIT with 30 s at FiO2: 0.209 (30 N), and FiO2: 0.135 (30 H). VO2max did not significantly increase, however time-to-exhaustion (TTE) was found to be significantly longer in the post test compared to pre test (p = 0.001) with no difference between groups (p = 0.86). Mean power (MPw.kg) after repeated wingate tests was significantly higher compared to pre training in all groups (p = 0.001) with no difference between groups (p = 0.66). Similarly, CP was increased in all groups with 4 weeks of SIT (p = 0.001) with no difference between groups (p = 0.82). This study showed that 4 weeks of SIT with 15 and 30 s sprint bouts in normoxia or hypoxia did not increased VO2max in trained athletes. However, anerobic performance and CP can be increased with 4 weeks of SIT both in normoxia or hypoxia with 15 or 30 s of sprint durations.

The problem of muscle dysmorphia can be seen on bodybuilders. It has been suggested that this may be associated with unconscious use of ergogenic aids, excessive exercise, and bad nutrition behavior. A survey was conducted in Samsun among 100 male volunteers who were ages between 18-45 and spent at least 3 years in bodybuilding. The survey questions which including participant’s personal and demographic data, their nutritional habits and knowledge about the sport of bodybuilding and the use of ergogenic aids and Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS) and subscales of Physical Self-Description Questionnaire (PSDQ) were performed on the volunteers. Descriptive statistical analysis, t test, one-way analysis of variance and pearson product moment correlation analysis were used for data analysis.The mean DMS score was found to be 3.60 ± 0.86, while the mean subscale score for Muscularity-Oriented Body Image Attitudes (MBIA) was found to be 3.94 ± 1.13, and score for Muscle Development Behaviors (MDB) was found to be 3.95 ± 0.97. The mean of total scale score was 50.4 ± 12.1. 53% of individuals had a higher score of DMS than the mean score (X> 3,6), and 51% of the individuals had a higher mean score of MDB subscale(X> 3,95). When the total scale score was examined, 53% of the individuals scored more than the total scale score (X> 50.46). There was no significant difference between muscle dysmorphia and the duration and frequency of the exercise training (p = 0.264; p = 0.87 p> 0.05). There was observed that the score of DMS was higher in the individuals who frequently used ergogenic aids. As a result, it was determined that bodybuilders tend to show more muscular dysmorphic symptoms. While the symptoms are often seen in young people, it was also determined that bodybuilders with these symptoms are more likely to use ergogenic aids., Vücut geliştirme sporcularında kas yoksunluğu problemi görülebilmektedir. Bunun bilinçsiz ergojenik yardımcı kullanımı, aşırı egzersiz yapma ve kötü beslenme davranışları ile ilişkili olabileceği öne sürülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı vücut geliştirme yapan kişilerde kas yoksunluğu (kas dismorfisi) belirtilerini araştırmaktır. Çalışma, Samsun ilinde, en az 3 yıl vücut geliştirme sporunu yapan, 18-45 yaş aralığındaki 100 erkek gönüllü katılımcı ile yürütülmüştür. Araştırmaya katılan bireylere, kişisel ve demografik bilgilerini, beslenme alışkanlıklarını ve besin tüketim bilgilerini, vücut geliştirme sporu ile bilgileri ve sporcu destek ürün kullanım bilgilerini içeren bir anket ve Kas Yoksunluğu Ölçeği (KYÖ) ve Kendini Fiziksel Tanımlama Envanterinin (PSDQ) 3 alt ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde betimsel istatistik analizi, t testi, tek yönlü varyans analizi ve pearson çarpım momentler korelasyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Bireylerin kas yoksunluğu ortalama puanı 3,60±0,86, Kas Yönelimli Beden İmaj Tutumları (KYBİT) alt boyut ortalama puanı 3,34±1,13, Kas Geliştirme Davranışı (KGD) alt boyut ortalama puanı 3,95±0,97 olarak bulunmuştur. Toplam ölçek puan ortalaması ise 50,4±12,1’dir. Bireylerin %53’ünün, KYÖ ortalama puanından (X>3,6) ve %51’inin, KGD alt ölçeğinin ortalama puanından (X>3,95) daha yüksek bir ortalamaya sahiptir. Toplam ölçek puanına bakıldığında ise bireylerin %53’ü toplam ölçek puanından(X>50,46) daha fazla puan almıştır. Vücut geliştirme sporuyla ilgilenme süresi ve bu sporun yapılma sıklığı ile kas yoksunluğu arasında anlamlı bir fark bulunamamıştır (p=0,264; p=0,87 p>0,05). Ergojenik yardımcıları sıklıkla kullanan bireylerde kas yoksunluğu puanının daha yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak, vücut geliştirme sporcularının kas yoksunluğu semptomlarını gösterebildiği ve genç yaştaki sporcularda anlamlı olmasa da semptomların daha fazla olduğu, bu semptomlara sahip kişilerin ergojenik yardımcıları daha fazla kullandığı belirlenmiştir.

Caffeine mouth rinsing (CMR) has been shown to enhance exercise performance. However, no studies have analyzed the effects of different dosages of CMR on muscular performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of different dosages of CMR on strength (bench press 1 repetition maximum (1-RM)) and muscular endurance (60% of 1-RM repetitions to failure) in resistance-trained males. Fourteen resistance-trained males (age: 23 ± 2 years, height: 179 ± 3 cm, body mass: 83 ± 4 kg, BMI: 17 ± 2 kg/m2) completed four conditions in random order. The four conditions consisted of a mouth rinse with 25 mL solutions containing either 1% (250 mg) of CMR (low dose of CMR: LCMR), 2% (500 mg) of CMR (moderate dose of CMR: MCMR), 3% (750 mg) of CMR (high dose of CMR: HCMR) and sweetened water (placebo: PLA) for 5 s prior to a bench press strength and muscular endurance test. Maximal strength, muscular endurance, heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded for each condition. There were no significant differences in strength (p = 0.30) and HR (p = 0.83) between conditions. HCMR significantly increased muscular endurance performance (p = 0.01) and decreased RPE values (p = 0.01). In conclusion, CMR did not affect bench press 1-RM strength performance, but muscular endurance responses to CMR seems to be dose-dependent.

Aim: Carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinsingin the oral cavity has been shown to increase especially endurance exerciseperformance. Mechanisms responsible for this ergogenic effect may be related toreceptors in oral cavity that detect CHO, in turn, increase neural drive to themotor unite. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of CHO mouthrinsing on intermittent sprint performance in soccer players.Materialand Method: Withrandomised, double-blind, crossover, counterbalanced research design, fifteenamateur male soccer players (Mean±SD age:20.00±2.44 years, height:177.66±4.80cm, body mass:75.02±6.42 kg) completed 3 sessions consisting of 12x4 secondsintermittent sprint tests with administering 10-second mouth rinse protocolsbefore each sprint; a-) %6.4 carbohydrate solution (CHO) b-) water as a placebo (PLA) and 3-) no rinseas a control (CON). At rest, immediately after test and in active and passiverecevory periods, blood glucose (BG), blood lactate (BL), heart rate (HR) andrating of perceived exertion (RPE) were assessed.Results: Compared withthe CON condition, CHO and PLA increased significantly peak and mean poweroutput (P0.05)but HR were significantly different in CON than CHO and PLA. Morover, RPE wassignificantly different in CON than PLA but not than CHO.Conclusion: CHO mouth rinsing does not improve peak and mean power whencompared to PLA, but as a nocebo effect, CHO and PLA improve peak and meanpower output with regard to CON., Amaç: Ağız boşluğunda karbonhidratın (CHO) çalkalanması özellikledayanıklılık performansında artışlar yaratmaktadır. Bu ergojenik etkidensorumlu mekanizmalar CHO'yu algılayan ağız boşluğundaki reseptörlerle ilişkiliolabilir, dolayısıyla motor ünite sinir uyarımını artırabilir. Bu çalışmanınamacı CHO ağızda çalkalamanın futbolcularda aralıklı sprint performansı üzerineetkilerini araştırmaktır.Gereç ve Yöntem: Randomize, çift kör, çapraz döngülü, karşılıklı dengeliaraştırma dizaynı ile, 15 amatör futbolcu (Ortalama±SD yaş: 20,00±2,44 yıl, boyuzunluğu: 177,66±4,80 cm, vücut ağırlığı: 75,02±6,42 kg) toplamda 3 kez, 12x4saniyelik aralıklı sprintlerden oluşan protokolü her sprintten önce [a-) %6,4karbonhidrat solüsyonu (CHO) b-) plasebo olarak su (PLA) ve c-) kontrol olarakçalkalama yapmadan (CON)] 10 saniye ağızda çalkalayarak tamamladı. Dinlenimde,testten hemen sonra, aktif ve pasif toparlanmada kan glikozu (GL), kan laktatı(BL), kalp atımı (HR) ve algılanan zorluk derecesi (RPE) kayıt edildi.Bulgular: CON ile kıyaslandığında, CHO ve PLA zirve ve ortalama güçverilerinde anlamlı artışlar vardı ancak CHO ve PLA arasında herhangi bir farkbulunamadı. BL ve BG değerlerinde koşullar arasında fark bulunamazken(P>0.05) HR değerleri CHO ve PLA'ya göre CON koşulunda anlamlı derecedefarklıydı. Ayrıca, RPE CON koşulunda PLA'dan anlamlı derecede fark bulunduancak CHO koşulu ile bir fark bulunamadı.Sonuç: CHO ağızda çalkalama, PLA ile kıyaslandığında zirve ve ortalama gücü geliştirmez ancak birnosebo etkisi olarak, CHO ve PLA CON'a göre zirve ve ortalama gücü geliştirir.

Summary Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of active recovery and CHO intake after a vigorous-intensity physical activity during 48 hours by using heart rate variability (HRV) measurements in athletes. Equipments and methods A total of 12 professional soccer players participated in the study voluntarily. After evaluating body composition and cardiovascular endurance, active recovery and normal diet, passive recovery and normal diet, active recovery and CHO assisted diet and passive recovery and CHO assisted diet were applied in four different times after one hour running at 70% of VO 2 max. In order to evaluate the effects of these implementations on recovery process; HRV measurements were performed before the running, and 30 minutes, 24 hours, and 48 hours after the running. Results According to the findings; it was understood that intake of 1 g of CHO per 1 kg of the body weight and active recovery implementation did not create a significant effects HRV recovery process. The changes arising with vagal activity in 30 minutes after the running have reached to beginning level in 24 hours. In conclusion, it is necessary to measure the HRV at different times between 30 minutes and 24 hours for the evaluation of recovery process more correctly.

Son yıllarda kısa süre içerisinde fiziksel performansı ve sağlıkla ilişkili bazı parametreleri iyileştirdiği bilimsel olarak birçok çalışmada ispatlanan yüksek şiddetli antrenman programlarına olağanüstü düzeyde bir ilgi ve alaka doğmuştur. Bu antrenman yöntemi sporcuların aerobik ve anaerobik kapasitelerini kısa sürede geliştirmesinin yanında obezite, kardiyovasküler hastalıklar, Tip 2 diyabet gibi hastalıklar ile meydana gelen mortalite riskini azaltarak, yaşam kalitesinde artış sağlamaktadır. Ayrıca düzenli uygulanan yüksek şiddetli interval antrenman programlarının insulin duyarlılığını artırdığı, kan lipid profilinde iyileşmeye neden olduğu da bildirilmektedir. Son çalışmalar ise bu antrenman yönteminin ergenlerde zihinsel ve bilişsel sağlık üzerine etkilerini incelemektedir. Bu göstergeler ışığında Amerikan Spor Hekimliği Koleji (American College of Sports Medicine - ACSM) ve Hastalıkları Kontrol ve Önleme Merkezi (Centres for Disease Control and Prevention-CDC) gibi kuruluşlar egzersizlerin tipi, şiddeti, süresi ve sıklığı göz önüne alınarak bireye özel, aerobik kapasiteyi geliştiren, kas kuvveti ve esnekliği artıran egzersiz reçetelerinin hazırlanması ve bunların düzenli olarak yapılması gerektiğini belirtmektedir. ACSM sedanterler için yüksek şiddetli interval antrenman yöntemini, haftada 3-7 gün, 30 saniye - 2 dakika, ≥ %80 KAH şiddetinde egzersizi ve aralarda ≥ %40-50 kalp atım hızına düşene kadar dinlenmeyi ve bunu 3-5 tekrar olarak uygulamayı tavsiye etmektedir, In last years, high intensity interval training programs got a lot of interest and attention by many, which are proven to increase physical performance and some parameters which are related to heatlh through scientific studies. This training menthod not only helps athletes to increase their aerobic and anaerobic capacities in a short time, they also decrease mortality risks that are caused by illnesess such as obesity, cardiac vascular illnesses, Type – 2 diabetes and increase life quality. Moreover, routinely applied HIIT is known to increase insuline sensivity and cures blood lipid profile. Final studies are inspecting effects of this method on teenagers’ mental and cognitive healths.Taking account of these indicators, institutions like American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) indicate that personaltraining prescriptions should be prepared which develop aerobic capacity, muscle force and increase flexiblity by taking into consideration the causes such as type, intensity, duration and frequency of training and these should be done regularly. ACSM suggests high intensity interval training as 3-7 days in a week, 30 second – 2 minutes, training with instensity of ≥80% heart rate and resting during pauses until dropping heart rate to ≥ 40-50% and repeating this 3-5 times

Kafeinin, aerobik dayanıklılık performansı üzerine etkisi bilinmektedir fakat anaerobik güç üzerine etkisini inceleyen çok az çalışma mevcuttur ve sonuçlar birbiri ile farklılık göstermektedir. Ayrıca, son yıllarda kafeinli kahve ve toz kafeinin aerobik ve kassal kuvvet performansları üzerine etkilerinde farklılık olmadığını gösteren çalışmalar mevcuttur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, düşük doz kafeinli kahvenin fiziksel olarak aktif erkeklerde 30 saniyelik wingate anaerobik test (Want) performansına etkisinin incelenmesidir. Araştırmaya 11 erkek (yaş: 24,90 ± 3,61 yıl, boy: 177,36 ± 7,55 cm, vücut ağırlığı: 76,35 ± 14,70 kg, vücut yağ yüzdesi: 19,44 ± 4,20) gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Vücut kompozisyonu ölçümü ve alışma test gününün ardından, randomize, çapraz geçişli, karşıt dengeli ve tek kör çalışma dizaynı ile katılımcılar test başlamadan 60 dakika önce 0,093 gr/kg kafeinli kahve (KAF) veya 0,093 gr/kg kafeinsiz kahve (PLA) alarak veya kahve almadan (KON) toplamda 3 Want testine katılmışlardır. Test öncesinde farklı zaman noktalarında dinlenim kalp atım hızı (KAH) ölçülmüş, Want performans parametreleri olarak zirve güç (ZG) ve ortalama güç (OG) saptanmış ve testten hemen sonra, 50 Watta 5 dakika aktif ve 5 dakika pasif toparlanma periyotlarından sonra KAH, algılanan zorluk derecesi (RPE), ve kas ağrısı (KA) ölçümleri alınmıştır. Verilerin analizinde ZG ve OG parametreleri için tekrarlayan ölçümlerde tek yönlü varyans analizi kullanılmış, RPE, KA ve KAH verilerinin denemeler arası farklarını incelemek için ise tekrarlayan ölçümlerde iki yönlü varyans analizi kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak denemeler arası OG ve ZG değerlerinde anlamlı bir fark bulunamamıştır (p>0,05). Ayrıca test protokolü boyunca farklı zaman noktalarında ölçülen RPE, KA ve KAH değerleri arasında da denemeler arası anlamlı bir fark bulunamamıştır (p>0,05). Kafeinli kahvenin fiziksel aktif erkeklerde anaerobik güce bir etkisi olmadığı düşünülmektedir, It is well known that effects of caffeine on aerobic endurance but there isn’t many research that investigating the effect on anaerobic power and the results vary. Furthermore, there are researches that demonstrating caffeinated coffee and anhydrous caffeine has same effects on aerobic and muscular strength performance. The purpose of this study was to investigating the effect of low dose caffeineated coffee on 30 seconds wingate anaerobic test (Want) performance in physically active males. 11 male (age: 24,90 ± 3,61, height; 177,36 ± 7,55 cm, weight: 76,35 ± 14,70 kg; body fat percentage:19,44 ± 4,20) volunteered to participate in this investigation. Following measurement of body composition and familirization, participants totally take part in 3 Want tests while 60 minutes before each Want test, participants ingested 0,093 gr/kg caffeinated coffee (KAF) or 0,093 gr/kg decaffeinated coffee (PLA) or no coffee (KON) with randomized, counter balanced and crossover reseach design. At different time points before test, Heart rate (KAH) was measured, as Want performance parameters peak power (ZG) and mean power (OG) was determined and, KAH, rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and muscle pain(KA) was measured immediately after test and after 5 minutes 50 Watt active and passive recovery periods. To analyse ZG and OG parameters, repeated measure one-way Anova was used, to anaylse RPE, KA and KAH datas, repeated meausure two-way Anova was used. In conclusion, there aren’t significant differences between trials for OG and ZG (p>0,05). Further, it wasn’t found any significant difference between trials for RPE, KA and KAH which was meausured at different time points throughout test protocol (p>0,05). It is believed that there is no effect of caffeinated coffee on anaerobic power in physically active males

Caffeine has been shown to increase aerobic and anaerobic performance especially in elite level athletes. Recently, caffeine mouth rinsing without ingestion has had same ergogenic potential with ingestion in some performance parameters. The purpose of this study was to investigate serial rinsing of caffeine during the warm-up period before wingate anaerobic test (Want) performance. Ten physically active male completed the following 10-s mouth rinsing protocols; a-) %2 w/v caffeine solution (Caf) b-) water (Pla) c-) no rinse as a control (Con) with a randomised, double-blind, crossover and counterbalanced research design. Serial mouth rinse protocol was implemented (8x25 ml solutions at 30-s intervals during 5 minutes warm up). Following to last rinse, participants were asked to cycle 30s maximal sprint on a cycle ergometer. Peak and Mean power output were calculated via cycle ergometer software, also at rest and immediately after Want, heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (Rpe) were assessed. In comparison with Pla and Con, Caf trial had no significant effect on peak (p>0.05) and mean (p>0.05) power output, there were also no significant effects on heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion (p>0.05)

Rinsing of carbohydrate in the oral cavity has been shown to improve performance especially in endurance type activities. The exact mechanism responsible for this ergogenic effect remains unestablished but it is speculated that related to carbohydrate receptors in oral cavity which increase neural drive. A randomised double-blind crossover counterbalanced study design was used to examine the effects of repeated carbohydrate mouth rinsing (%6.4 maltodextrine) on physically active female’s 30-s sprint power output on a cycle ergometer. Fifteen physically active female (age 20.87 ± 2 years) completed the following 10-second mouth rinse trials; a-) %6.4 carbohydrate solution (Cho) b-) water as a placebo (PLA). Repeated mouth rinsing was carried out with 8x25 ml doses of the flavour matched solutions at 30-s intervals during 5 minutes warm up. Immediately after the last rinsing, participants cycled 30-second maximal sprint on a cycle ergometer. Peak Power and Mean Power output were obtained via cycle ergometer software, blood glucose (BG), blood lactate (BL), heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) at rest, immediately after test and several time points in active and passive recovery period were assessed. Compared with the PLA trials, Cho didn’t significantly increase peak and mean power output (P>0,05). As for RPE, BG, BL and HR parameters, there wasn’t statistical significance between trials though.

Bu çalışmanın amacı yoğun fiziksel aktivite sonrası aktif toparlanma ve CHO alımının antrenmanlı kişilerde ve sporcularda alaktasit (ALG) ve laktasit güç (LG) değerlerine etkisinin 48 saat boyunca incelenmesi ve yüklenmeden ne kadar sonra başlangıç değerlerine ulaşılacağının anlaşılması idi. Araştırmaya 24 erkek (12 egzersiz yapan; yaş: 22,42 ± 1,31 yıl, boy: 172,51 ± 8,88 cm, vücut ağırlığı: 66,65 ± 5,71 kg;ve 12 profesonel futbolcu yaş: 18,33 ± 0,98 yıl, boy: 178,83 ± 4,57 cm, vücut ağırlığı: 71,68 ± 4,82 kg) gönüllü olarak katıldı. İlk olarak vücut kompozisyonu, aerobik ve anaerobik güç, enerji harcaması değerleri ölçüldü. Sonrasında katlımcılara dört farklı zamanda, maksimal oksijen tuketiminin (VO2maks) % 70’ine denk gelen bir saatlik koşuyu takiben aktif toparlanma ve normal diyet (AT-ND), pasif toparlanma ve normal diyet (PT-ND), aktif toparlanma CHO destekli diyet (AT-CHO) ve pasif toparlanma CHO destekli diyet (PT-CHO) uygulandı. Bu uygulamaların ALG ve LG parametrelerine etkilerinin incelenmesi için; koşu öncesinde, koşudan 30 dk sonra, 24 saat sonra ve 48 saat sonra ölçümler yapıldı.Gruplar arası istetistiklerde parametrik veriler için Bağımsız Örneklem T-testi, non-parametrik olanlarda ise Mann Whitney U testi kullanıldı. Grup içi analizlerde ise parametrik veriler Tekrarlı Ölçümlerde Varyans Analizi ile, non-parametrik olanlar da Friedman testi ile değerlendirildi. Bulgulara göre sporcuların güç değerleri, PT-ND uygulamasında koşu öncesi ALG değeri dışında, tüm ölçümlerde antrenmanlı yetişkinlerden yüksek bulundu. Bununla birlikte farklı toparlanma uygulamalarının bazı ölçümlerinde anlamlı farklılıklar gözlendi. Ancak bu değişiklikler karbonhidrat (CHO) alımı ve aktif toparlanma uygulamasından bağımsız idi. Sonuç olarak, VO2maks’ın % 70’ine denk gelen kalp atım hızlarında bir saatlik koşu sonrası vücut ağırlığının kg’ı başına alınan 1 gr CHO’nun ve aktivite sonrası yapılan aktif toparlanma uygulamasının sporcularda ve antrenmanlı yetişkinler üzerinde sıçrama testleriyle ölçülen alaktasit ve laktasit güç değerlerine anlamlı etki yaratmadığı elde edildi, The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of active recovery and CHO intake on alactacid (ALP) and lactacid power (LP) after intense physical activity during 48 hours in athletes and trained adults, and to find out how long it takes to reach the initial level after loading. A total of 24 men (12 trained adults; age: 22,42 ± 1,31 years, body height: 172,51 ± 8,88 cm, body weight: 66,65 ± 5,71 kg; and 12 professional soccer players: age: 18,33 ± 0,98 years, body height: 178,83 ± 4,57 cm, body weight: 71,68 ± 4,82 kg) participated in the study voluntarily. First of all, body composition, aerobic and anaerobic power, and energy expenditure of the participants were evaluated. Afterwards, active recovery and normal diet, passive recovery and normal diet, active recovery and CHO assisted diet and passive recovery and CHO assisted diet were applied to participants in four different times after one hour running at 70% of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). In order to evaluate the effects of these applications on ALP and LP; the measurements were performed before the running, and 30 minutes, 24 hours, and 48 hours after the running. Intergroup statistics for normal distribution parametric Independent Paired Sample T-Test, and for nonparametric distribution Mann Whitney U test were used. For in group statistics in accordance with the distribution parametric Variance Analysis in Repetitive Measurements test and nonparametric Friedman test were utilized. According to the findings; the power levels of athletes were recorded significantly higher than trained adults except for the ALP value obtained before the running measurement during PT-ND application. Moreover, significant changes were observed in some of the measurements of different recovery applications. However, those changes seemed that they occured indepentendly from CHO intake and active recovery. In conclusion, it was understood that the intake of 1 gr of CHO per kg, and active recovery applications after a one-hour running at 70 % of VO2max did not have any significant effect on alactacid and lactacid power levels obtained from jump tests of athletes and trained adults

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of current physical activity levels on pain in patients included in a physical therapy program for various musculoskeletal diseases. The data were collected from 250 patients aged 35 to 65 years who were included in a physical therapy program, and diagnosed as cervical or lumbar spondylosis, lumbar or cervical herniated nucleus pulposus, carpal tunnel syndrome and gonarthrosis, Pain was assessed with visual analog scale (VAS) and physical activity was measured with a Physical Activity Assessment Questionnaire (PAAQ) and categorized based on metabolic equivalent value minutes per week (MET, min/weeks). Our results showed that physical activity levels were low in the majority of the cases and it was found that physical activity levels had no effect on pain. Male patients consumed more energy at workplace while female patients spent more energy in the household. It was found that gonarthrosis, obesity, being retirement or a housewife, and advanced age had negative effect on physical activity levels. Patients’ physical activity levels must be increased without arising pain and weight control should be implemented

Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the acute effects of different stretching types on sprint performance in taekwondo practitioners. Methods: Twelve male taekwondo practitioners performed stretching exercises using different types (ballistic, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation [PNF], static stretching) in a random order at three-day intervals; there was also a control condition involving no stretching exercises. The subjects performed 2 maximal 20-m sprints (with 10-m split times also recorded) with a recovery period of 1 minute immediately post stretching and at 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes after stretching. They also performed these sprints before doing the stretching exercises. Results: The study results showed that sprint times significantly increased after static stretching (10-m pre =1.84±0.07 s, 10-m post =1.89±0.08 s; 20-m pre =3.33±0.19 s, 20-m post= 3.38±0.2 s), PNF stretching (10-m pre =1.84±0.07 s, 10-m post =1.89±0.08 s; 20-m pre =3.33±0.19 s, 20-m post =3.38±0.20 s) and ballistic stretching (pre =1.84±0.08 s, post =1.86±0.07 s; 20-m pre =3.33±0.20 s, 20-m post =3.35±0.21 s) (P

Bu arastirmanin amaci; egzersiz yapan kisilerin KHD’sini 1 saatlik kosu sonrasindaki 48 saat boyunca incelemektir. Arastirmaya 8 saglikli erkek gonullu olarak katilmistir. Her katilimci, VO2maks’inin % 70’ine denk gelen KAH’da 1 saat boyunca kosmustur. KHD olcumleri kosu oncesinde, tamamlandiktan 30 dk sonrasinda, 24 saat sonrasinda ve 48 saat sonrasinda tekrar edilmistir. Test sonuclarina gore; KAH degerinin kosudan 30 dk sonraki alimda diger olcumlerden anlamli olarak yuksek ciktigi gorulmustur. SDNN, TP ve HF icin; aktiviteden 30 dk sonraki alimin diger olcumlere gore anlamli olarak dusuk ciktigi gorulmustur. SDSD, RMSSD degerlerinde; kosudan 30 dk sonraki olcumun 24 ve 48 saat sonraki olcumlerden anlamli olarak dusuk ciktigi anlasilmistir. HFnu icin; kosudan 30 dk sonraki alimin egzersiz oncesine gore anlamli olarak dusuk ciktigi gorulmustur. LF, yuklenmeden 30 dk sonraki alimda, 24 saat sonraki olcume gore anlamli olarak dusuk cikmistir. LFnu ise kosudan 30 dk sonraki olcumde, dinlenik zamana gore anlamli olarak yuksek kaydedilmistir. LF/HF’de kosudan 30 dk sonra, oncesi ve 24 saat sonrasina gore artis gorulmustur. Sonuc olarak KAH’da ve KHD parametrelerinde kosudan 30 dk sonra gorulen anlamli degisikliklerden KAH ve LF/HF’deki artis, SDNN, SDSD ve RMSSD’deki azalma, sempatik aktivitedeki artisin kosudan 30 dk sonra da devam ettiginin gostergesidir. TP, HF, Hfnu ve LF’deki azalma da sempatik aktivitenin baskinligini gosteren diger sonuclardir. Bu arastirmadan cikarilabilecek baska bir sonuc ise; yogun fiziksel aktivitenin kalp uzerindeki etkilerinin 24 saat icerisinde normale dondugu, kalbin bu sure icerisinde toparlandigidir

Amac: Bu calismada tip 1 diyabetli cocuklarin fiziksel veya sportif aktivitelere katilim durumlari ile cinsiyet, yasanilan sehir, ebeveyn egitim duzeyi ve glikolize hemoglobin (HbA1c) duzeyi arasindaki iliskinin incelenmesi amaclanmaktadir. Gerec ve Yontem: Calismada tip 1 diyabetli hastalarin ebeveynlerine yonelik web tabanli anket formu kullanilmistir. Calismanin orneklem grubunu Ankara, Istanbul, Izmir ve Trabzon’da yasayan tip 1 diyabetli cocuga sahip toplam 173 ebeveyn olusturmaktadir. Elde edilen veriler frekans ve yuzde olarak sunulmustur. Kategorik degiskenler Ki Kare yontemi ile analiz edilmistir. Bulgular: Rekreatif amacli fiziksel aktivite yapan cocuklarin orani (%78) yuksek bulundu.. Herhangi bir spor daliyla lisansli olarak ilgilenen cocuklarin oraninin ise (%32.4) dusuk oldugu saptandi. Cinsiyet ile fiziksel aktivite yapma arasinda anlamli bir iliski olmadigi tespit edildi (p > .05). Cinsiyet ile lisansli olarak spor yapma arasinda ise anlamli bir iliski oldugu saptandi (p .05). Yasanilan sehir ile duzenli olarak fiziksel aktivitelere katilim arasinda anlamli bir iliski oldugu saptandi. (p .05). Sonuc: Arastirmada tip 1 diyabetlilerin buyuk cogunlugunun rekreatif amacli fiziksel aktiviteye katildigi, lisansli olarak herhangi bir spor daliyla ilgilenenlerin oranin ise oldukca dusuk oldugu sonucuna ulasilmistir.

This study aims to determine the body weight and hydration levels of wrestlers within the cadet super league and to investigate their affects upon performance. Measurements were recorded four times: on the first day of training, which is 17 days prior to competition, three days out from weigh ins, immediately prior to weigh-in and immediately before the competition. During these study periods, body weight and urine specific gravity (Usg) were measured. Body composition was measured in the first round of testing. Results of these measurements were compared to competition results. Body weight and hydration levels did not change significantly until the third day before weigh in (P> 0.05). A significant level of weight loss (% 3.9 ± 2, 7) and an increase in Usg levels (1.024-1.028 g/cm3) were discovered in the last three days before official weigh-ins. However, no significant change in Usg values (P> 0.05) were observed between weigh in and the competition, although a significant weight gain (P< 0.05)...

We planned to study the body weights, bone sizes and bone mineral (Ca, Mg, Zn) contents of growing mice subjected to treadmill training. Twelve 4-week-old male Swiss Albino mice were divided into sedentary and exercise groups. The mice were trained by running exercise on a flat bed treadmill with 15 m/min, 30 min/day motion, throughout 5 days per week, for 12 weeks. The body weight of animals, and length, fat-free dry weight and Ca, Mg, and Zn contents of bones were measured in both groups. Body weights of animals, and lengths and wet and dry weights of the femur and the tibia were significantly higher in the exercised group. Also, the Zn, Mg and Ca mineral contents of bones in the group that underwent exercise were higher than in the other group. Running exercise with a flat bed treadmill performed by the growing mice is an effective exercise mode, especially for bone morphology.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, literatürdeki çalışmalara dayanarak Wingate Anaerobik Güç Testi (WAnT) için en uygun optimal yükün belirlenmesidir. WAnT İsrail’de, Wingate Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Enstitüsü’nün Araştırma ve Spor Sağlığı Bölümü’nde 1970’lerde geliştirilmiştir. İlk prototipi sunulduğundan beri tüm dünyada birçok laboratuarda kas gücünü, kas dayanıklılığını ve yorgunluğunu belirlemekte kullanılan bir test olarak kabul görmektedir (1). WAnT uygulaması basit, özel becerili personel gerektirmeyen, ucuz ve kolay edinilebilir aletlerle yapılabilen, invaziv olmayan ve toplumun her kesimine, hatta çocuklara ve engellilere bile uygulanabilen bir test olarak geliştirilmiştir. WAnT alt ekstremitelere olduğu kadar üst ekstremitelere de uygulanabilir. WAnT 30 saniye süre ile vücut ağırlığına dayanan sabit bir yüke karşı maksimum hızla pedal çevirmeyi kapsayan supramaksimal bir testtir. Uygulanacak sabit yük, en yüksek mekanik gücü sağlayacak şekilde belirlenir. Wingate Anaerobik Güç Testi’nde optimal yükü belirlerken elde edilen anaerobik güç ve anaerobik kapasite değerleri bisiklet ergometresine yerleştirilen yükten etkilenmektedir. Bu yüzden maksimal anaerobik gücün değerlendirilmesinde, her denek için en yüksek pik güç ve ortalama güç değerlerine ulaşabilecekleri yükün ayarlanması çok önemlidir. Wingate testi için orjinal olarak ileri sürülen yük vücut ağırlığının kg'ı başına 75 gr'dır. Bu yük antrenmansız gençlerden oluşan küçük bir grup üzerinde yapılan bir çalışmaya dayanarak tespit edilmiştir ve çoğu yetişkin için düşük kalmıştır. Sonuç olarak literatüerde yapılan çalışmalarda genellikle önerilen optimal yük sporcu olmayan erkekler için vücut ağırlığının kg'ı başına 95 g.kg-1, kadınlar için 86 g.kg-1, çocuklar için 75 g.kg-1 iken yetişkin atletler için 100 g.kg-1’dır, The purpose of this study was to determine if it was more appropriate assignment of the load of the The Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) according to the studies. WAnT was developed during the 1970s at the Department of Research and Sport Medicine of the Wingate Institute for Physical Education and Sport in Israel. Since the introduction of its prototype, the WAnT has been accepted in laboratories around the world to assess muscle power, muscle endurance and fatigability (1). WAnT was designed to be simple to administered without the need for particularly skilled personnel; inexpensive; used with commonly available equipment; non-invasive; feasible for administraction to a wide spectrum of the population, according young children and physically disable. The test should be applicable to the upper and lower limbs alike. WAnT is a supramaximal exercise test involves pedaling a cycle ergometer for 30 seconds at a maximal speed against a resistance which is determined according to the subject’s body weight. Indeed, as summarized in literature, subsequent reports have shown that the optimal force is higher than originally suggested. Choosing a force setting that would elicit the highest possible peak power and mean power for each subjects is important and as yet is only. The force originally suggested by the Wingate group was 75 g.kg-1 to body mass (assuming the use of a Monark ergemeter). The choice of this force was based on a study of a small group of young untrained individuals and in retrospect, appears to be too low for most. As a conclusion, the findings of the present study indicated that various studies recommended that loads of 95 kg-1, for men, 86 g.kg-1 for women, 75 g.kg-1 for children and 100 g.kg-1 for adults athletes

[Purpose] The application of kinesio taping may improve strength and performance, inhibit and facilitate motor activity, and increase range of motion. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of kinesio taping facilitation and inhibition applications on spatiotemporal knee kinematics and kinetics during walking activity in healthy subjects. [Subjects and Methods] A three-dimensional quantitative gait evaluation was performed without tape and with, facilitation and inhibition kinesio taping application on the knee. Sixteen healthy female college students (age, 19.7 ± 0.4 years; height, 1.64 ± 3.4 cm; body mass, 51.5 ± 4.8 kg) participated in the study. [Results] Spatiotemporal parameters (cadence, walking speed, stride length) were significantly different among the trials. Knee joint sagittal plane range of motion was not different with either kinesio taping application. Knee external flexion moment during the early stance phase decreased significantly with facilitation kinesio taping and increased with the inhibition kinesio taping. Knee external extension moment during the mid-stance phase increased with facilitation kinesio taping. Knee power parameters, eccentric activity in the rectus femoris during the pre-swing phase was significantly increased with inhibition kinesio taping application, while eccentric activity of the hamstrings during the terminal swing of gait was decreased. [Conclusion] These findings showed that facilitation kinesio taping application affected the terminal stance phase and that inhibition kinesio taping influenced the terminal swing phase compared with the no tape condition.

Koz, Mitat/0000-0002-5793-6999 WOS: 000357270000015 PubMed: 25559900 Demirkan, E, Koz, M, Kutlu, M, and Favre, M. Comparison of physical and physiological profiles in elite and amateur young wrestlers. J Strength Cond Res 29(7): 1876-1883, 2015The aim of this study is to examine the physical and physiological determinants of wrestling success between elite and amateur male wrestlers. The wrestlers (N = 126) were first assigned to 3 groups based on their competitive level (top elite, elite, and amateur) and then to 6 groups according to their body mass (light, middle, and heavy weight) and their competitive level (elite and amateur). Top elite and elite wrestlers had significantly (p 0.05) more training experiences and maximal oxygen uptake compared with the amateur group. In separating weight classes, light- and middle-weight elite (MWE) wrestlers had significantly (p 0.05) more training experience (7-20%) compared with the light- and middle-weight amateur (MWA) wrestlers. No significant differences were detected between elite and amateur groups (light-, middle-, and heavy-weight wrestlers) for age, body mass, height, body mass index, and body fat (p > 0.05), with the exception of height for heavy wrestlers. Leg average and peak power values (in watts and watts per kilogram) in MWE were higher than MWA (6.5 and 13%, p 0.05). Relative leg average power value in heavy-weight elite (HWE) (in watts per kilogram) was higher than heavy-weight amateur (HWA) (9.6%, p 0.05). It was seen that elite wrestlers in MWE and HWE statistically possessed a higher V.o(2)max (12.5 and 11.4%, respectively) than amateur middle- and heavy-weight wrestlers (p 0.05). The results of this study suggest that training experience, aerobic endurance, and anaerobic power and capacity will give a clear advantage for the wrestlers to take part in the elite group.

Summary Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between speed, agility and vertical jump performance in young soccer players. Material and methods Fifteen soccer players (average age 16.0 ± 0.8 years; average height 168.4 ± 4.7 cm; average body mass 62.6 ± 7.7 kg; average training age 6.0 ± 2.0 years) participated in this study voluntarily. The sprinting ability of each player was determined using 10-m and 30-m single-sprint times; zigzag agility with the ball (ZAWB) and without the ball (ZAWHB) test times were used to determine their agility; and squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ) heights were used for the determination of vertical jump ability. Results The results of Pearson Product Moment Correlation analysis indicated moderate to strong correlations between 10-meter sprint times and 30-meter sprint times ( r = 0.714; P = 0.01) and ZAWHB ( r = 0.567; P = 0.02). Similarly, 30-meter sprint times were moderate to strong correlated with CMJ ability ( r = –0.599; P = 0.02) and ZAWHB ( r = 0.744; P = 0.01). A strong correlation was also found between CMJ ability and SJ ability ( r = 0.706; P = 0.01) and between CMJ ability and ZAWHB ( r = –0.769; P = 0.01). In addition, SJ ability was strongly correlated with ZAWHB ( r = –0.712; P = 0.01). Finally, ZAWHB was moderate correlated with ZAWB ( r = 0.566; P = 0.02). In conclusion, the findings of the present study indicated that there is a significant correlation between sprint ability and agility. In addition, significant correlations were found both between vertical jumping ability and sprinting ability and between vertical jumping ability and ZAWHB test performance in soccer players. Conclusion The results of the study therefore suggest that speed, agility without the ball and vertical jumping ability share common physiological and biomechanical determinants.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare values of aerobic performance in the 1-mile run test (1-MRT) using different formulae. Material and Methods: Aerobic capacities of 351 male volunteers working for the Turkish National Police within the age range of 20-23 years were evaluated by the 1-MRT and the 20-metre shuttle run (20-MST). VO 2max values were estimated by the prediction equations developed by George et al. (1993), Cureton et al. (1995) and Kline et al. (1987) for the 1-MRT and by Leger and Lambert (1982) for the 20-MST. Results: The difference between the results of the different formulae was significant (p = 0.000). The correlation coefficient between the estimated VO 2max using Cureton's equation, George's equation, Kline's equation and the 20-MST were 0.691 (p < 0.001), 0.486 (p < 0.001) and 0.608 (p < 0.001), respectively. The highest correlation coefficient was between the VO 2max estimated by the 20-MST and Cureton's equation. Similarly, the highest correlation coefficient (r = -0.779) was between the 1-mile run time and the VO 2max estimated by Cureton's equation. Conclusions: When analysing more vigorous exercise than sub-maximal exercise, we suggest that Cureton's equation be used to predict the VO 2max from 1-mile run/walk performance in large numbers of healthy individuals with high VO 2max . This research compares the use of 3 different formulae to estimate VO 2max from 1-mile run/walk performance in male law enforcement officers aged 20-23 years for the first time and reports the most accurate formula to use when evaluating aerobic capacities of large numbers of healthy individuals. © 2014 Versita Warsaw and Springer-Verlag Wien.

The aim of the present study was to examine physical fitness differences between Freestyle and Greco-Roman junior wrestlers. One hundred twenty-six junior wrestlers, comprising 70 Freestyle and 56 Greco-Roman wrestlers, participated in this study. The somatic and physical fitness profile included body mass, body height, body mass index, body composition, flexibility, maximal anaerobic power of the legs and arms, aerobic endurance, hand grip strength, leg and back strength, and speed. No significant differences were found in the anthropometric and physical features between Freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestlers. The Greco-Roman wrestlers had a significantly higher level of relative leg power, peak arm power, relative peak arm power, and relative average arm power than Freestyle wrestlers (p < 0.05). Greco-Roman wrestlers were significantly faster, had better agility, and had a greater level of leg strength than Freestyle wrestlers, but Freestyle wrestlers were more flexible than Greco-Roman wrestlers (p < 0.05). Discriminant function analysis indicated that peak arm power, agility, speed, and flexibility were selective factors for the differences between Freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestlers. In conclusion, the present study indicates that the differences between these wrestling styles promote physical fitness differences in elite wrestlers. The results reflect specific features of each wrestling style.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between selected physical-physiological parameters and efficiency of pistol shooting. Design/methodology/approach – In all, 237 male volunteers, studying at a Turkish Police Academy within the age range of 19-20 years old were investigated. The physical fitness levels were evaluated by valid and reliable test batteries. The efficiency of pistol shooting was evaluated by the total points of the bullets which hit the target from 10 m. Findings – Significant differences were found between the sets of students according to shot accuracy groups for wrist circumference, biceps circumference, femur diameter, hand grip strength, flexibility, aerobic capacity, reaction time, balance, coordination, state anxiety level, anxiety variability, average heart rate, maximal heart rate and heart rate changes. The correlation coefficient between the pistol shooting result and change in heart rate, anxiety variability, mean heart rate during shooting, coo...

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between body composition, anaerobic performance and sprint performance of amputee soccer players. Fifteen amputee soccer players participated in this study voluntarily. Subjects’ height, body weight, body mass index, body fat percentage (Jackson and Pollock formula) and somatotype characteristics (Heath-Carter system) were determined. The sprint performance at 10m, 20m and 30m was evaluated, whereas the counter movement jump (CMJ), relative CMJ (RCMJ), squat jump (SJ) and relative SJ (RSJ) tests were used for the determination of anaerobic performance. The results of the Pearson Product Moment correlation analysis indicated that body composition was significantly correlated with CMJ and SJ (p < 0.01), on the other hand, no measure of body composition was significantly related to the other component (p > 0.05). A significant correlation was found between CMJ, RCMJ, SJ, 10 m, 20 m and 30 m sprint performance (p < 0.05); whereas, in contrast, no measure of body composition was significantly related to the 10 m, 20 m and 30 m sprint performance (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the findings of the present study indicated that sprint performance was described as an essential factor in anaerobic performance whereas body composition and somatotype play a determinant role in anaerobic and sprint performance in amputee soccer players.

Dehidrasyon, sporcularda sadece atletik performansı düşürmekle kalmaz bununla birlikte ciddi derecede sağlık sorunlarına hatta ölümlere bile yol açabilmektedir. Özellikle uzun süreli dayanıklılık gerektiren yarışma ve antrenman ortamlarında sporcuların hidrasyon düzeyinin takip edilmesi ve uygun hidrasyon düzeyinin sağlanması performansın maksimum düzeye çıkarılmasında önem oluşturmaktadır. Bu derleme çalışmasında, yapılan araştırmalar doğrultusunda, sıvı kaybının performans üzerindeki olumsuz etkileri ve hidrasyon düzeyinin tespit edilmesine yönelik olarak kullanımı kolay, pratik ve aynı zamanda güvenilir yöntemler hakkında bilgi verilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Vücut hidrasyon düzeyinin belirlenmesine yönelik çok sayıda yöntem kullanılmaktadır. Hidrasyon düzeyinin belirlenmesinde kullanılan mükemmel bir yöntem olmamasına rağmen vücut ağırlık değişimleri, bazı kan değerleri, idrar parametreleri sıklıkla kullanılan yöntemler arasındadır. Vücut ağırlığı değişimi ve idrar testleri, kullanımı kolay ve girişimsel olmayan (nonivasive) yöntemler olması sebebiyle spor ortamlarında akut ve kronik hidrasyon düzeyinin belirlenmesinde daha yaygın olarak kullanılabilecek yöntemler olarak önerilmektedir, Dehydration not only reduced athletic performance, but also may lead to severe health problems and death. Especially, for athletes, monitoring hydration and ensuring proper hydration levels have significant effect in maximizing performance requiring long term durability training and competition environments. The purpose of this review is to provide information about negative effects of water loss on performance, and to determine the level of hydration with an easy to use, practical and reliable methods also had been known by athletes and coaches by previous studies. A lot of methods are used to determine the level of body hydration. Although there is no gold standard for determining the level of body hydration changes, body weight changes, some blood values and urine parameters are the commonly used methods. Because using body weight change and urine test methods are easy and noninvasive, they are recommended for determining the level of acute and chronic hydration as the more commonly used methods in the sport settings

Bu çalışmada elit genç kürekçilerin laktat ve oksiken tüketimi profillerini analiz ederek ortaya koymak amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmaya 10 elit genç kürekçi gönüllü olarak katılmıştır (yaş 18.8±2.1 yıl). Denekler boy ve vücut ağırlığı ölçümlerinin yanısıra, Avustralya Spor Enstitüsü’nün önerdiği yedi aşamalı kürek ergometresi testini tamamlamışlardır. Protokol giderek artan hızlarda, aralarında birer dakika dinlenme bulunan yedi aşama içermektedir. Dinlenmelerde laktik asit alımı yapılmış ve tüm test süresince oksijen tüketimini ergospirometre ile ölçülmüştür. Oksijen tüketimi, 4 mmol laktat konsantrasyonuna karşılık gelen oksijen tüketimi, kalp atım hızı, iş yükü, güç, maksimal oksijen tüketimi yüzdesi gibi değerler saptanmıştır. Maksimal oksijen tüketimi değerleri 58,88 ± 3,8 ml/kg/dk olarak ölçülmüş, 4 mmol laktat seviyesindeki oksijen tüketiminin maksimal oksijen tüketimine yüzdesi 80,98±4,5% olarak hesaplanmıştır. 4 mmol laktat seviyesindeki oksijen tüketimi ve kalp atım hızı sırasıyla 43,47 ± 4,13 ml/kg/dk, 179,7±12,17 atım/dk olarak bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, uluslararası kürekçilerle karşılaştırıldığında elit genç Türk kürekçilerin VO2max değerleri benzer bulunmasına karşın anaerobik eşikteki güç ve oksijen tüketimi değerleri daha düşüktür, Purpose of this study was to analyze and demonstrate lactate and oxygen consumption profiles of elite junior rowers. Ten rowers participated in this study voluntarily (age 18,2 ±2,9years). Besides the measurements of height and weight, subjects performed incremental seven step rowing ergometer test which is recommended by Australian sports institute. The protocol consisted of 7 progressive stages with 1 min rest intervals. Blood samples for lactate analysis (LA) were collected at rest. Oxygen uptake kinetics also measured via ergospirometer during test. VO2, percent VO2, power, workload and heart rate at 4 mmol lactate level were determined.. VO2max values of subjects were determined as 58,88 ± 3,8 ml/kg/min. Percent VO2Max values at 4 mmol were found 80,98±4,5%. VO2and heart rate at 4mmol lactate was 43,47 ± 4,13 ml/kg/min, 179,7±12,17 beats per minute, respectively. As a result, although VO2Maxvalues of Turkish elite junior rowers were found to be similar to international class rowers, peak power output and VO2 values at 4 mmol lactate levels found lower

We identified the local treatment effect of epidermal growth factor on corneal wound healing of alloxan diabetic mice. The corneal wounds were induced by 0.5 M NaOH solution on the corneal surfaces of the diabetic and non-diabetic groups. The local epidermal growth factor solution (100 ng ml-1) was dropped in 5-microliters aliquots into the eye twice a day. The corneal wounds were measured daily for 15 days and examined histologically at the end of 15th day of experimental period. The results indicated that topical epidermal growth factor treatment of diabetic and non-diabetic mice greatly improved the incidence of healing of wounded corneas.

Vücut hidrasyon durumundaki değişimler sportif performansı etkileyebilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı vücut hidrasyon düzeyinin belirlenmesine yönelik olarak kullanılan 2 farklı yöntemin karşılaştırılmasıdır. Çalışmaya, 2008 Türkiye Yıldızlar Süper Liginde mücadele eden, Çorum Güreş Eğitim Merkezinin 13 elit sporcusu (yaş ortalaması 14.7 ± 0.8) katılmıştır. Yarışmaya katılan sporculardan her birinden ayrı ayrı, yarışma öncesi 17 günlük süre içerisinde ilk gün, yarışma öncesi 3. gün, yarışma tartısı günü ve müsabaka öncesi anı içine alan dört farklı zamanda idrar örnekleri toplandı. Toplanan idrar örnekleri ile idrar özgül ağırlığı (Urine spesifik gravite (Usg)) ve renk analizleri yapıldı. Yapılan analizler sonucunda sporcularda yarışma kampı süresinde kronik dehidrasyon bulgusu ortaya çıktı. Ayrıca, dört farklı zamanda alınan numunelerin hepsinde her iki yöntem (Usg ve renk skalası) arasında yüksek derecede korelasyon tespit edildi (P< 0,01). Sonuç olarak, sporcularda vücut hidrasyon düzeyinin belirlenmesine yönelik olarak, Usg yöntemi ile idrar renk skalası yönteminin saha çalışmalarında birbiri yerine güvenli bir şekilde kullanılabileceği söylenebilir, Changes in body hydration status can affect athletic performance. The purpose of this study is to compare two different methods which is used to determine the level of body hydration. 13 elite wrestlers (age mean 14.7 ± 08), whom struggled in the cadet premier league 2008 Turkey from Corum Wrestling Center participated in study. Urine samples were taken from each of the athletes in 17 days before comepetition, 3 days before competition, weigh in competition and before competition. With the urine samples that collected, urine specific gravity and colour analysis were performed. As a result of analysis, signs of chronic dehydration appeared in athletes during the competition camp. İn addition,all the urine samples which were taken at four different time, high degree of correlation was found between both of methods (Usg and colour scale) (P

Relationships of the Simple Reaction Time with Plasma Lipids, Athletic Performance and Body Composition in Sportsmen and Sedentaries

Bu çalışmada farklı sıklıkta yapılan basketbol antrenmanının 10-13 yaş grubu bireylerin fiziksel, fizyolojik ve antropometrik özelliklerine etkileri incelenmiştir. Çalışma 5 ay süreyle basketbol antrenmanı yapan Ankara Üniversitesi Spor Okulundan (SO) 9 sporcu (haftada 2 gün) ve Ankara Üniversitesi Spor Kulübünden (SK) 8 sporcu (haftada 5 gün) üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Tüm araştırma grubunun boy, vücut ağırlığı, vücut yağ yüzdesi ve esneklik ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Ayrıca yine tüm araştırma grubuna; 20 metre sürat, dikey sıçrama, durarak uzun atlama, 505 beceri ve 20 metre mekik koşusu testleri de uygulanmıştır. Tüm ölçümler çalışmanın başlangıcında ve sonunda olmak üzere iki kez yapılmıştır. İstatistiksel analiz student t testi ile yapılmıştır. Hem SO, hem de SK grubunun 1. ölçümleri ile 2. ölçümleri arasında boy, vücut ağırlığı, sürat, durarak uzun atlama, dikey sıçrama, aerobik dayanıklılık ve anaerobik güç değerlerinde anlamlı farklılıklar (p < 0,05) gözlenmiştir. SO ile SK grupları birbiriyle karşılaştırıldığında hem 1. ölçüm hem de 2. ölçüm sonuçları açısından % yağ, aerobik dayanıklılık ve beceri testi (sola dönüş) değerlerindeki farklılıkların anlamlı (p < 0,05) olduğu gözlenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın sonucunda haftada 5 gün basketbol antrenmanı yapan 10-13 yaş grubu bireylerin bazı fiziksel, fizyolojik ve antropometrik değerlerinin haftada 2 gün antrenman yapanlara göre daha yüksek olduğu, bununla birlikte haftada 2 gün yapılan spor okulu çalışmalarının da bir takım fiziksel uygunluk parametreleri üzerinde olumlu iyileşmeler sağlayabileceği gözlenmiştir, The aim of this was to analyze the effect of sport school and sport clup trainings on physical, physiological and antropometric properties of boys whose ages range from 10-13. Seventeen boys were included to study. Subjects were divided into two groups according to their sports participition groups: participition in the basketball activities of the Sport School of Ankara University (SS; n=9) whose they were exercising 2 hour a week, and participition in the basketball trainings of the Sport Clup of Ankara University (SC; n=8) whose they were exercising 5 hour a week . Two measurement were made in the study. The first meausrements were made at beginning of study and the second measurements were made 5 monts later. On the both measurements were carried out height, weigth, flexibilty and body fat percent measures, and 20 meter speed, jumping tests, standing board jump, sit and reach, 505 agilty and 20 meter shuttle run tests. Data were analyzed by student t test. Analysis of first measurement’s results revealed significant diferences for body fat percent, agility run and 20 meter shutle run (VO2 max) tests between the SS group (body fat percent ;18,80 ± 9,27, agility run ;3,21 ± 0,20 (left), VO2 max 32,83 ± 2,55 and the SC group (body fat percent ;9,53 ±5,66, agility run; 3,00 ± 0,12(left), VO2 max; 43,32 ± 3,09) (P 0 < 0,05). Analysis of second measurement’s results revealed significant diferences for body fat percent, agilty run and 20 meter shutle run (VO2 max) tests between the SS group (body fat percent ;18,76 ± 9,36, agility run; 3,23 ± 0,16(rigth), agility run; 3,20 ± 0,17(left), VO2 max; 34,12 ± 3,02 and the SC group (body fat percent ;10,39 ± 11,92, agility run ;2,93 ± 0,12 (right) agility run ;2,99 ± 0,10 (left), VO2 max 46,06 ± 3,05) (P 0 < 0,05). As result of this study there has been some differences between sport club members who exercises 5 hour in a week and sport school members who exercises 2 hour in a week. From our findings it may conluded that exercising 5 hour in a week may improve more than 2 hour exercising in a week some physical, physilogical and antrophometric properties of 10-13 aged boys, but exercising 2 hour a week in the sport school organisations may improve some physical fittness parameters

Yonetim Yeri – Administration Office Yazisma Adresi – Correspondence Address Ankara Universitesi Spor Bilimleri Fakultesi, Golbasi Yerleskesi 06830 Golbasi - ANKARA / TURKEY Tel: +90(312) 221 16 01 - Fax: +90(312) 212 29 86 E-mail: spormetre@ankara.edu.tr www.sporbilimleri@ankara.edu.tr/spormetre/ 5187 Sayili Basin Yasasina Uygundur It is proper to press law No: 5187 in Turkey

The local treatment effects of EGF forms on alkali burned mice corneal wounds were identified. The corneal wounds were induced by 0.5 M NaOH solution on the corneal surfaces of the mice. The local epidermal growth factor solutions (100 ng/ml) and gel form in 0.2 per cent w w carbopol 940 (100 ng/ml) were dropped in 5 μl aliquots into the eye twice a day. The corneal wounds were measured for 15 days at 7-day intervals and examined histologically at the end of 15th day of the experimental period. The results indicated that topical epidermal growth factor treatment in solution improved the healing of alkali burned corneal wounds when compared with epidermal growth factor delivered in a polymer system.

We have investigated the generation of a prooxidant state and effect on prostaglandin E (PGE) levels after administration of diethylnitrosamine (DENA) to rats. Lipid peroxides were assayed by monitoring thiobarbituric acid (TBA) a reactive material. PGE - like activity was assayed by using bioassay procedure. Our results demonstrate that increased lipid peroxide and decreased PGE levels were found in a dose dependent manner in DENA injected groups when compared to control groups. According to these findings, it is suggested that there is a negative correlation between carcinogenic DENA induced lipid peroxidation and PGE in rat's liver, lung, and renal tissue.

Acute exercise may induce free-radical production in mitochondria during basal metabolism of aerobic cells. Ascorbic acid is a strong antioxidant agent, whereas myoglobin is known to act as an oxygen reservoir. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acute exercise on malondialdehyde levels in gastrocnemius, vastus medialis, and triceps brachi muscles and erythrocytes. In addition, we investigated the ascorbic acid levels and serum myoglobin concentrations in rats, following acute swimming exercise. We found that the levels of muscle malondialdehyde and serum myoglobin increased and the levels of plasma ascorbic acid decreased, in proportion to the duration of exercise; however, the levels of erythrocyte malondialdehyde did not change.Key words: lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde, myoglobin, ascorbic acid, acute swimming exercise.

The effect of topically administered epidermal growth factor (EGF) dosage forms was investigated on skin wound healing in mice. Two EGF dosage forms were prepared containing 100 ng mL−1 EGF. The solution dosage form was prepared in 0·9% w/v NaCl. A bioadhesive gel form was prepared in 0·2% Carbopol 940 polymer. The two dosage forms were applied on the skin incision wounds of mice at the rate of 5 μL twice a day for 7 and 15 days. The wound tear strength was tested for skin wound healing at the 7th and 15th days of treatment and compared with controls. The results indicate that the wound tear strength of mice were significantly higher at the 15th day of treatment in the gel-treated group compared with the solution-treated mice and controls (P < 0·001).